Who Is Responsible for the Death of Jo?

This paper aims to inquire the responsibility following the death of Jo in Bleak House. Jo and his 'habitat', Tom-all-Alone's are the critical links connecting the privileged and the under-privileged, the high and the low, so his death comes out to be central to the meaning of this novel, which is related with "class privilege and inequality" and also with the quality of life in this society. The recognition that, contrary to the apparent class distinctions, people cannot be ultimately separated and the so-called 'diseases' in one part of society soon contaminate the whole society comprises the main theme of this work, which is reinforced by the closely organized structure. The close relation of all the parts of this novel shows the writer's growing awareness of the social interconnections, and vice versa. If not, we don't have to pay attention to the social outcast like Jo. In order to establish connections between parts, Dickens resorts to, besides plot, many methods or motifs. We can enumerate the coherence of images, the mystery techniques, the motif of epidemic and parenthood, and "sudden relationships" among characters, and what not. In conclusion, it is clear the ultimate responsibility for the death of Jo should go to the whole social system, that is, the capitalist economy, not to the particular section. No one in this system is immune from the death of Jo.This paper aims to inquire the responsibility following the death of Jo in Bleak House. Jo and his 'habitat', Tom-all-Alone's are the critical links connecting the privileged and the under-privileged, the high and the low, so his death comes out to be central to the meaning of this novel, which is related with "class privilege and inequality" and also with the quality of life in this society. The recognition that, contrary to the apparent class distinctions, people cannot be ultimately separated and the so-called 'diseases' in one part of society soon contaminate the whole society comprises the main theme of this work, which is reinforced by the closely organized structure. The close relation of all the parts of this novel shows the writer's growing awareness of the social interconnections, and vice versa. If not, we don't have to pay attention to the social outcast like Jo. In order to establish connections between parts, Dickens resorts to, besides plot, many methods or motifs. We can enumerate the coherence of images, the mystery techniques, the motif of epidemic and parenthood, and "sudden relationships" among characters, and what not. In conclusion, it is clear the ultimate responsibility for the death of Jo should go to the whole social system, that is, the capitalist economy, not to the particular section. No one in this system is immune from the death of Jo

Exploring the benefits and challenges of establishing a DRI-like process for bioactives

Adequate intake; Bioactives; Dietary reference intakes; Non-essential nutrient

Dietary behavior and nutritional status among Chinese female college students residing in Korea

Chinese female students; Dietary changes; Dietary quality; Food intake; Immigrant; Nutritional statu

Macronutrient composition of human milk from Korean mothers of full term infants born at 37-42 gestational weeks

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; 32.0 +/- 3.3 years), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk

Some Chaaracteristics in F. R. Leavis's Literary Criticism Examined in Regard to His Critique on Walter Scott and Charles Dickens

본고의 목적은 F. R. Leavis의 문학비평이 지니고 있는 몇 가지 특징을 검토하는 것이다. 예술가의 창조성이나 사유의 힘이 위대한 문학작품을 판별하는 그의 기준인데 이것은 '극시로서의 소설'에 대한 그의 일관된 관심과 연결된다. '극시로서의 소설'에, 대한 관심은 '시적인 구조를 지닌 것으로 그러나 동시에 인간의 사회적 상호관계의 극적 형상화'로서 소설작품을 대하겠다는 의도이다. 이 기준이 Walter Scott에게 적용될때 Leavis는 역사소설가로서 Scott가 독창적으로 지니는 장점을 간과하는 잘못을 범하는데 이러한 잘못은 유기적 농촌공동체에 대한 생각이나 작품의 유기적 전체성에 대한 그의 집착과 연결되어 있는 듯하다. 그러나 이 기준이 T. A. Jackson을 위시한 다른 어떤 비평가보다도 Leavis가 Charles Dickens의 창조성에 주목할 수 있도록 해준 측면도 있다. 후기에 Leavis가 창조성이나 문명에 대한 작가의 책임을 강조하는 낭만적 감수성을 중시하게 된 것도 현대의 '기술공학적. 벤삼적 문명'이 문화의 연속성에 필수불가결한 창조성이나 진정한 사유를 억누른다는 인식이 Leavis에 있어서 점증해 나간다는 사실을 보여주는 것이다.The purpose of this paper is to investigate some characteristics of F.R. Leavis's literary criticism. An artist's creativity or 'potency of thought' is Leavis's criterion in evaluating great literary works. This criterion is related with his consistent concern for 'novel as a dramatic poem', which is his idea to see 'the novel as poetic structure but also as dramatic rendering of man's social interrelations.' When this criterion is applied to Walter Scott, he overlooks Scott's merits which Scott originally has as a historical novelist. This error, I suppose, is linked with his notion on the organic agrarian community and his adhesion to the organic whole of a work. However, this criterion makes him pay attention to Dicken's creativity more cogently than any other critic such as T. A. Jackson, and so on. In the later phase, his accentuation on the romantic sensibility which emphasizes creativity or artist's responsibility for civilization reflects his growing awareness that modern 'technologico Benthamite civilization' represses genuine creativity or thought which is indispensable to the continuity of culture.The purpose of this paper is to investigate some characteristics of F.R. Leavis's literary criticism. An artist's creativity or 'potency of thought' is Leavis's criterion in evaluating great literary works. This criterion is related with his consistent concern for 'novel as a dramatic poem', which is his idea to see 'the novel as poetic structure but also as dramatic rendering of man's social interrelations.' When this criterion is applied to Walter Scott, he overlooks Scott's merits which Scott originally has as a historical novelist. This error, I suppose, is linked with his notion on the organic agrarian community and his adhesion to the organic whole of a work. However, this criterion makes him pay attention to Dicken's creativity more cogently than any other critic such as T. A. Jackson, and so on. In the later phase, his accentuation on the romantic sensibility which emphasizes creativity or artist's responsibility for civilization reflects his growing awareness that modern 'technologico Benthamite civilization' represses genuine creativity or thought which is indispensable to the continuity of culture

Acquired activated protein C resistance, high tissue factor expression, and hyper-homocysteinemia in systemic lupus erythematosus

Activated protein C resistance (APCR), high tissue factor (TF) expression, and hyperhomocysteinemia are associated with thromboembolic diseases. Thromboembolism is a frequent complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of APCR, high TF, and homocysteine with correlation of the thrombotic tendency in SLE. Ninety-four SLE patients and 28 normal controls were included. APC ratio and TF antigen were measured using commercial kits. Plasma homocysteine level was measured using HPLC. The prevalence of APCR, high TF antigen level, and hyper-homocysteinemia in our SLE patients were 21.3%, 66.0%, and 23.4%, respectively. The median plasma level of TF antigen in SLE patients was 145.23 pg/mL (range, 31.00-778.50 pg/mL), which was significantly higher than the control value of 39.83 pg/mL (range, 1.55-168.50 pg/mL). The median APC ratio in SLE patients was 2.76 (range, 1.48-13.47), which was significantly lower than the control value of 3.59 (range, 0.26-5.66). The plasma level of homocysteine was not significantly different from that of control. A significant association was observed between the presence of APCR (OR = 8.59, P < 0.0001) but not with the presence of high plasma TF antigen level (OR = 1.24, P = 0.67) and thrombotic complications in SLE patients. In conclusion, APCR and high plasma TF levels are common in SLE, but a significant association was observed only between the presence of APCR and thrombosis in SLE patients. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Effect of folate deficiency on placental DNA methylation in hyperhomocysteinemic rats

We report that the maternal folate status can influence folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation in the placenta. Thirty-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following three dietary groups: folate-supplemented (FS; 8 mg/kg folic acid, n=12), homocystine- and folate-supplemented (HFS; 0.3% homocystine and 8 mg/kg folic acid, n=12) and homocystine-supplemented and folate-deficient (HFD; 0.3% homocystine and no folic acid, n=12). The animals were fed their experimental diets from 4 weeks prior to mating until Day 20 of pregnancy (n=7-9 per group). The HFS diet increased the plasma homocysteine and placental DNA methylation but did not affect plasma folate, vitamin B-12, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) or S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH) levels, or the SAM/SAH ratio in the liver and placenta compared with the FS diet. The HFD diet induced severely low plasma folate concentrations, with plasma homocysteine levels increasing up to 100 μmol/L, and increased hepatic SAH and decreased placental SAM levels and SAM/SAH ratio in both tissues, with a concomitant decrease in placental DNA methylation. Placental DNA methylation was significantly correlated with placental (γ=0.819), hepatic (γ=0.7) and plasma (γ=0.752) folate levels; plasma homocysteine level (γ=-0.688); hepatic SAH level (γ=-0.662) and hepatic SAM/SAH ratio (γ=0.494). These results suggest that the maternal folate status in hyperhomocysteinemic rats influences the homeostasis of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism and the methyl pool, which would, in turn, affect placental DNA methylation by altering the methylation potential of the liver. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved