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    ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์  ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์ด์ฐฝํฌ.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š”, ์ตœ๊ทผ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ตญ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋™๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น์—์„œ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ๋“ค์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋น„๊ต์  ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•จ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ฑ„๋ฌด์ž์˜ ๋„์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋จ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2012. 11. 29. ์„ ๊ณ  2013๋‘18810 ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŒ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋™๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น์ƒ ๋ฌธ์–ธ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ๋“ค์ด ์—†์Œ์—๋„ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹น์œ„์„ฑ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•จ์€ ๋ฌธ์–ธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„์ž„์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ํ™•๋ณด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํ•ด์„๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ธ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์š”๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋  ๋•Œ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ• ์ œ45์กฐ์˜2 ์ œ2ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ , ๋™๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ25์กฐ์˜2 ์ œ2ํ˜ธ ํ•ด์ œ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์†Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ก€๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ํ˜„์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŒ๋ก€๋Š” ์—†๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ œ5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ2์žฅ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ™•์ •์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์œ„๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“ ๊ณผ์„ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ธ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ6์žฅ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ œ7์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋” ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ™•์ •์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ™•์ •์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ51์กฐ ์ œ7ํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ด์„๋ก  ๋“ฑ์„ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํŒ๋ก€๋Š”, ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ19์กฐ์˜2 ๋Œ€์†๊ธˆ ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ, ์ฆ‰ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์นจํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์„ธ ์„ธ๋ชฉ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค๋งค๋Œ€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ์•ก์ด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ญ์‹œ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์„ธ ์„ธ๋ชฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์†์ต ๊ท€์†์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜์˜, ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ  ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์„ค๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€์†๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค๋งค๋Œ€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํŒ๋ก€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ69์กฐ ์ œ3ํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ด์„๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ5์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜โ€ค์ถ”์ง•์ด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ 2015๋…„๋„ ์„ ๊ณ  ํŒ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์œ„๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“ ์ƒ์‹ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํŒ๋ก€๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ† ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์—ญ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ† ์ง€๋งค๋งค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–‘๋„์†Œ๋“์„ธ ํŒ๋ก€์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ„๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์œ„๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“์„ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒ๋ก€์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ6์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ „์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ด ํ™•์ •์  ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฑ„๊ถŒํšŒ์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ƒ์†์žฌ์‚ฐํ‰๊ฐ€๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์™ธ์— ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํŒ๋ก€์ด๋ก ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋” ์ ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ7์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ตญ์„ธ์™€ ๊ด€์„ธ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ” ๊ทธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ธ๊ด€์žฅ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์ด ์—†์–ด ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํŠน๋ก€๊ทœ์ •์ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ํŠน๋ก€๊ทœ์ • ์ ์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋งค๋งค๋Œ€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ์•ก ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํŒ๋ก€ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์  ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์€ ๊ด€์„ธ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ8์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์„ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ ๋ฒ•์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ๊ณผ์„ธํ–‰์ •์ƒ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ2์žฅ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ก ์  ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก  3 I. ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก  3 1. ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์—ฐํ˜ ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 3 2. ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ž ๋“ฑ 5 II. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€ 5 III. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 7 1. ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ 7 (1) ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 7 (2) ๊ฒ€ํ†  9 2. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 10 (1) ๊ฐœ๋… 10 (2) ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์š”๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€ 10 (3) ๊ฒ€ํ†  11 (4) ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ 12 (5) ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ธ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„์ƒ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ์š”๊ฑด์ด ํƒˆ๋ฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ : ์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ œ4์กฐ ์ œ4ํ•ญ 12 (6) ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์„ธ ์„ธ๋ชฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 13 (7) ์ •๋ฆฌ 15 IV. ์ตœ๊ทผ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  15 1. ์†๊ธˆ๊ท€์†์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ ํ™•์ •ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 15 (1) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 15 (2) ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 16 (3) ๊ฒ€ํ†  17 (4) ํŒ๋ก€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 18 2. ํ˜•์‚ฌํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 19 (1) ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 19 (2) ๊ฒ€ํ†  19 (3) ํŒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 21 (4) ๋ฌด๋ณ€๋ก  ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 22 3. ์ƒ์†์„ธ์™€ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ 23 (1) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 23 (2) ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 24 (3) ๊ฒ€ํ†  24 (4) ํŠน๋ก€๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณ‘์กด๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 25 4. ์‚ฌํ•ดํ–‰์œ„ ์ทจ์†Œ์™€ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ 26 (1) ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์š”์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 26 (2) ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 28 (3) ๊ฒ€ํ†  28 5. ๋ฒ•๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 29 (1) ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 29 (2) ๊ธ์ •์„ค์˜ ์ƒ์ • 30 (3) ๊ฒ€ํ†  31 (4) ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 32 V. ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ „์ œ 33 ์ œ3์žฅ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์œ (๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2012. 11. 29. ์„ ๊ณ  2013๋‘18810 ํŒ๊ฒฐ) 34 I. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 34 1. ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„ 34 2. ์Ÿ์  35 3. ์›์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 36 II. ์ „์ œ๋…ผ์˜ : ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ™•์ •์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 37 1. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ™•์ •์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 37 2. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌํ™•์ •์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 37 (1) ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 37 (2) ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 38 (3) ๊ฒ€ํ†  39 III. ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”๊ฑด 39 1. ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ 39 2. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 40 3. ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ19์กฐ์˜2 ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 40 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  41 IV. ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ : ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ51์กฐ ์ œ7ํ•ญ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 41 1. ์ž…๋ฒ• ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ฒฝ์œ„ 41 2. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํ•ด์„๋ก  43 3. ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 44 (1) ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 44 (2) ๊ฒ€ํ†  45 ์ œ4์žฅ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์„ธ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์—์„œ ๋งค๋งค๋Œ€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ์•ก์ด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€(๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2013. 12. 26. ์„ ๊ณ  2011๋‘1245 ํŒ๊ฒฐ) 47 I. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 47 1. ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„ 47 2. ์Ÿ์  47 3. ์›์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 48 II. ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์„ธ ์„ธ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 49 1. ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ์„ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์†์ต ๊ท€์†์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜์˜ 49 2. ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 50 (1) ๊ธ์ •์„ค์˜ ๋…ผ๊ฑฐ 50 (2) ๋ถ€์ •์„ค์˜ ๋…ผ๊ฑฐ 51 (3) ๊ฒ€ํ†  53 (๊ฐ€) ๊ธ์ •์„ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 53 (๋‚˜) ๋ถ€์ •์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ 53 (๋‹ค) ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํ•ด์„๋ก ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 54 (๋ผ) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  55 III. ํ‰๊ฐ€ 56 IV. ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ : ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ69์กฐ ์ œ3ํ•ญ๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 58 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 58 2. ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 59 (1) ๊ธ์ •์„ค 59 (2) ๋ถ€์ •์„ค 60 3. ๊ฒ€ํ†  61 (1) ๋ถ€์ •์„ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€ 61 (2) ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฉด์— ํ•ด๋‹น 62 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ชฐ์ˆ˜์ถ”์ง•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ (๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2015. 7. 16. ์„ ๊ณ  2014๋‘5514 ์ „์›ํ•ฉ์˜์ฒด ํŒ๊ฒฐ) 63 I. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 63 1. ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„ 63 2. ์Ÿ์  63 3. ์›์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 64 II. ์œ„๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“ ๊ณผ์„ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ดํ•ด 65 1. ์œ„๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 65 2. ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์œ„๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 66 3. ์–‘๋„์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 67 (1) ์–‘๋„์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ข…์ „ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 67 (2) ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ฌดํšจ์ž„์—๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์‹ค์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€ 67 (3) ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ ์ •๋ฆฌ 69 (4) ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๊ณ ๋ ค 70 (5) ์ •๋ฆฌ 70 III. ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์š”๊ฑด ์ถฉ์กฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 71 1. ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 71 (1) ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 71 (2) ๋Œ€์ƒํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 72 2. ์œ„๋ฒ•์†Œ๋“์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๋‹ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 73 (1) ํŒ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ 73 (2) ๊ฒ€ํ†  73 IV. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  74 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ธˆ์ „์ฑ„๊ถŒ์˜ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2014. 8. 28. ์„ ๊ณ  2013๋‘26989 ํŒ๊ฒฐ) 76 I. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 76 1. ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„ 76 2. ์Ÿ์  77 3. ์›์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 78 II. ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 81 1. ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋ถˆ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์†๊ธˆ 81 2. ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์‹ค์ต 81 III. ์ƒ์† ์ฆ์—ฌ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 83 1. ์‹œ๊ฐ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์›์น™ 83 2. ์‹œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด์ถฉ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ 84 3. ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ธˆ์™ธ์ƒ๋งค์ถœ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ›์„ ์–ด์Œ ๋“ฑ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ๊ฐ€์•ก๊ณผ ์ž…ํšŒ๊ธˆ๋ณด์ฆ๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฑ„๋ฌด๊ฐ€์•ก ํ‰๊ฐ€(์ƒ์ฆ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ58์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ) 84 IV. ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 85 1. ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 85 2. ์ƒ์ •๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 86 3. ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 87 (1) ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  87 (2) ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 88 (3) ๋ถ€์ •์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ก  88 V. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  89 ์ œ7์žฅ ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ •๊ณผ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ (์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2012. 11. 30. ์„ ๊ณ  2012๋ˆ„1961 ํŒ๊ฒฐ) 91 I. ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 91 1. ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„ 91 2. ์Ÿ์  92 II. ๋Œ€์ƒํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 93 III. ์ „์ œ ๋…ผ์˜ : ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ์กฐ์ •์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 95 1. ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 95 2. ๋ณด์ƒ์กฐ์ •์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 95 IV. ๋‚ด๊ตญ์„ธ์™€ ๊ด€์„ธ์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  96 1. ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ์™€ ๊ตญ์„ธ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ 96 2. ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  98 (1) ๊ตญ์„ธ์™€ ๊ด€์„ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ๋น„๊ต 98 (2) ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ตญ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ณ‘์กด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  101 (3) ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ตญ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์‚ฌ์œ  ์œ ๋ฌด 102 3. ์ด์ „๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  103 (1) ๊ด€์„ธ ์˜์—ญ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ›„๋ฐœ์  ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 103 (2) ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ •์ฒญ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ 103 (3) ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ๋ณด์™„ ํ•„์š” 104 (4) ๊ฒ€ํ†  104 V. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  105 ์ œ8์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  106 I. ์š”์•ฝ 106 II. ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์ œ์–ธ 111 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 113Maste

    The Landscape Garden of Provincial Offices in the Joseon Dynasty

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™, 2022.2. ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•œ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๊ฐ์˜(็›ฃ็‡Ÿ)์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ•จ์˜์™€ ๋ฏธ์  ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ†ต์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋„ ์›๋ฆผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ด€์˜(ๅฎ˜็‡Ÿ) ์›๋ฆผ์ด ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒ€๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚ด ์ด์ „ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜•์‹์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์— ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ธ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์˜ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์ด ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์„ฑ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒ์  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๊ทธ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ ๋‚ด ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ , ์ง€์—ญ์  ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋„๋• ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œ ์  ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์˜ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์€ ๋„๋•์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋กœ์›€์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์— ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์  ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„๋•์  ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ๋น„์  ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ƒ, ๊ตํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์€ ๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์ดˆ์— ํƒœ์ข…์ด ๋„์„ฑ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํšŒ๋ฃจ ์›๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์ค‘์•™๊ด€์•„ ํ›„์›์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋„์„ฑ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์กฐ์„  ๋ง๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•œ ์›๋ฆผ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๋„์„ฑ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ด์ž ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์† ์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ง์„ ์ดˆ์— ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœํŽธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” 17์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋™ํ˜• ๊ด€์ฒญ[์ˆœ์˜(ๅทก็‡Ÿ)]์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ •ํ˜• ๊ด€์ฒญ[์œ ์˜(็•™็‡Ÿ)]์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆœํ–‰์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์ˆœํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง‘๋ฌด์ฒ˜์ด์ž ํœด์‹, ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ •์น˜์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋„์‹œ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฌผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ์ง€๋กœ ์ง‘์ค‘๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ •๋น„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ๊ณผ ์ ‘๋ชฉ๋œ ์›๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒญ์˜ ํ›„์›(ๅพŒๅœ’)์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ, ์„ฑ๊ณฝ, ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์‚ผ์•„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์กฐ์„  ์ „๊ธฐ์— ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ž„๋ž€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์„ค์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ์€ ๋†’์ด์™€ ์ „๋ง์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์ ‘๋ชฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฒธ๋น„ํ•œ ์žฅ๋Œ€(ๅฐ‡่‡บ)๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ ์œ„์— ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์กฐ์„  ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์ „๋ž€ ์ดํ›„ ์์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณด์™„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ํ›„์›์€ ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ์˜์ด ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ํ›„์›์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์•ˆ, ํ•จ๊ฒฝ, ๊ฐ•์›๊ฐ์˜์˜ ํ›„์›์€ ๋„“๊ณ  ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์›(ๅœ’)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉํ•ด, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ํ›„์›์€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ฒญ, ์ „๋ผ, ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜์—๋Š” ์›๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๋งŒํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ์™•๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์ค‘์•™ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์†์—์„œ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์— ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์ž…์ง€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ, ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ์›๋ฆผ ์ž์›, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์กฐ๋ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์—ญ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ น ์ˆ˜๋ คํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„๋‚œ ๊ฐ•์›๋„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‰์ดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ์•„์‰ฌ์›€์„ ์ž์•„๋ƒˆ๋˜ ์›์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ•์›๊ฐ์˜์—๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ธ์œ„ ์ž์—ฐ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ํ›„์›์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์›๋ฆผ์‚ฌ์  ์˜์˜๋Š” ์ž…์ง€์™€ ์™ธํ–ฅ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๋„์‹œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์€ํ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์ด ์€์ผ ๊ด€๋…, ์ฆ‰ ์„ธ์†์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„ํ”ผ์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์„ฑ์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๊ฐ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ˆ ์€ ์กฐ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ง์€ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋ฏธ์  ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์— ์ธ์œ„ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›๊ฒฝ์˜ ์กฐ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ์ •์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋“ฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํš์ผํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ์œ„ ์ž์—ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›๊ฒฝ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋•์  ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์  ์ทจํ–ฅ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†์ด ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐ˜์ „์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์—†์ด ์ฒด์ œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”, ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ถ, ์ฃผํƒ, ์„œ์›, ๊ตฌ๊ณก ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌํ•ด์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.This thesis explores the background and the development process through which the provincial office (็›ฃ็‡Ÿ, gamyeong) landscape gardens, or traditional gardens of the regional and municipal administration during the Joseon Dynasty, were actualized, to propose its historic significance and aesthetic accomplishment. Establishment of Joseon Dynasty and its politics brought great shifts in the ideology and policy, making lasting impact on the practice of government-run landscape garden in major cities including the capital. This thesis focuses on the landscape gardens of the provincial office in Koreaโ€™s eight provinces and their development processes, demonstrating a possibility that these government-run landscape gardens were instrumental in advancing and spreading the unique qualities of Joseon landscape garden. Joseon landscape garden style is simple and subdued in comparison to the styles found in other East Asian nations or even those of its predecessing dynasty. The existing scholarship has interpreted the Joseon landscape garden based on the broad ideological understanding of the East Asian culture, which has not considered sufficiently the principles and the processes through which the particularities of Joseon landscape garden proliferated. This thesis finds that the landscape garden principles under the neo-Confucianist ideology, the dominant belief during the Joseon period, was manifested and actualized through the capital landscape gardens during the early Joseon period. Because of the centralized authoritarian rulership, the government-run landscape gardens effectively spread the landscape garden principles and practices across the nation; in this regard, the provincial office landscape gardens occupy a significant position in history as they are the most influential case for such a practice. This thesis focuses on the cases of provincial office landscape gardens, which has remained largely missing in the academia, to found principles through which the particularities of Joseon landscape garden were formulated as part of the East Asian cultural discourse and to discover basis from which the regional developments are investigated. The characteristic of Joseon landscape garden is first and foremost founded on the neo-Confucianist view of nature where the qualities of nature and man can be interpreted in single principle. The neo-Confucianist view of landscape garden in Korea was developed and materialized in early Joseon period when King Taejong built capital landscape gardens. Capital landscape gardens such as the Gyeonghoeru Pavilion landscape garden and the central government office rear garden were maintained until the late Joseon period; one can argue therefore that these landscape gardens enjoyed visits by the greatest number of literary figures and bureaucrats for the longest time. Based on the neo-Confucianist views, the capital landscape gardens functioned as the ideal typology and the point of restraint when building other government-run landscape gardens, effectively positioning itself not as a mere literary reference but an actualized prototype. At the close of the Goryeo Dynasty and the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty, the regional political system was repaired to include the provincial governor (่ง€ๅฏŸไฝฟ, Gwanchalsa) system. This system was used throughout the Joseon period and brought about the construction of the provincial office landscape gardens in regional cities. The provincial office system shifted from mobile office (ๅทก็‡Ÿ) to fixed location office (็•™็‡Ÿ) during the 17th Century. This shift influenced the development of the provincial office landscape gardens. During the early Joseon period, the provincial office was run in accordance with the governorโ€™s tour and inspired developments in the landscape gardens of the official guesthouses. The official guesthouse landscape gardens were used by the governors as place of work, rest, and official events; recognized as a model political practice, many regional cities followed suit. During the late Joseon period, the provincial offices were run in fixed location within a city. As the provincial office became a fixture, it became the center of population and resources. The cities blossomed while their infrastructure was repaired, paving way for development of landscape gardens adjacent to city walls and the rear garden at the provincial office headquarters. The provincial office landscape gardens were established in conjunction to the official guesthouse, the city walls, and/or the provincial office headquarters. As such, each type demonstrates a different course of development. The official guesthouse landscape gardens propagated during the early Joseon period across the nation, leading the government-run landscape garden culture; however, its significance reduced significantly after the Imjin War (1592). A military facility, the city walls were connected to landscape gardens with its height and views. Commanderโ€™s podium (ๅฐ‡่‡บ, Jangdae) were constructed over the walls and functioned as landscape gardens while the upper stories of the city gates were recognized and adapted as garden pavilion (๏ฅŒไบญ). The earliest cases can be found in the early Joseon period; it became a wide-spread phenomenon in the late Joseon period with the repairs of fortress walls following the two consecutive wars. The provincial office rear gardens began to appear after the provincial office system became the norm during the late Joseon period and facilities specific to the system began to develop. What is interesting about the development of the provincial office rear gardens is the varied development levels among the different provinces. The rear gardens at Pyeongan, Hamgyeong and Gangwon provincial offices were large-scale and elaborate, with defined boundaries as gardens. Those at Hwanghae and Gyeonggi provincial offices were smaller in scale. In Chungcheong, Jeolla, and Gyeongsang provincial offices, one cannot find a defined area that may be specified as landscape gardens. As the garden run by the office whose role is to mediate between the central government and the regions, or between the king and his subjects, the landscape gardens at the provincial offices manifest central authority while reflecting regional characteristics. The provincial office landscape garden, as part of the public city infrastructure, bring focus among the stylized landscape and imbue landscape with symbolisms. There are a number of ways through which the provincial offices reflect regional characteristics. These gardens developed in varied manner, in relation to the physical situation of the location, the cultural tradition of the city, the landscape garden resources, the nature of regional politics, etc. In terms of its landscape, the provincial office landscape gardens reflected the regional characteristics by bringing in the adjacent scenery by means of carefully selected views. However, there are cases also where local identity beyond visual character made significant impact on the gardens. For example, at the Gangwon provincial office in Wonju, which was considered by the literary figures and bureaucrats as lacking in terms of mundane landscape in comparison to the rich natural landscape in Gangwondo Province, a rear garden with artificially designed nature, the most elaborate nation-wide, was developed. The significance of the provincial office landscape garden as a typology in the landscape garden history lies in its location and exterior. The provincial office landscape gardens, while located in city centers, remained exposed to the outside. The fact that it was visible from outside the city boundaries, and vice versa, is a key characteristic of the provincial office landscape gardens. Considering the traditional landscape gardens in East Asian culture typically sought for a refuge from the secular world, the provincial office landscape gardens seem to evade the traditionally binary concept of the urban and the nature. The key landscape strategy embodied by the provincial office landscape gardens that appropriate such characteristics is the use of view. View corresponded to the neo-Confucianist landscape garden view and engendered the aesthetic quality specific to the provincial office landscape gardens. The provincial office landscape gardens, rather than creating an artificial nature within its fenced walls, emphasized the view afar. The perspective one enjoyed at the provincial office landscape garden conveyed harmony between the nature and the city; this vision allowed for literary figures and bureaucrats to contemplate over the universality of existence and to strengthen their will for good governance. The history of the provincial office landscape gardens reflects the social shifts of its time while maintaining a close relationship to the regional situations, thereby developing in diverse ways. However, the preference for the view afar and the aesthetic taste for moral accomplishment remains relatively unchanged. This is because the neo-Confucianist ideology maintained its status throughout the Joseon period, and regardless of the national crisis, the government system based on such ideology remained intact without significant social upheaval and/or cultural shock. This thesis has defined and demonstrated the principles and the process through which the characteristics of the Joseon landscape gardens developed by exploring the neo-Confucianist ideology in relation to the government-run landscape garden practices. This thesis will be a turning point in further explorations regarding the fundamental nature of the Joseon landscape gardens while inspiring re-interpretive research on other typologies such as palace, house, academy, and Gu-gok valley.โ–ก ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก i โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  7 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 20 โ…ก. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 24 1. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์  ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€ 24 1.1. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€ 24 1.2. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์›๋ฆผ 29 1.3. ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๊ฑฐ 38 2. ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ 43 2.1. ํƒœ์ข…์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ ์›๋ฆผ 43 2.2. ์œก์กฐ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์•™๊ด€์•„์˜ ํ›„์› 74 2.3. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ 95 โ…ข. ๊ฐ์˜ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์›๋ฆผ ํ˜•์„ฑ 97 1. ์ˆœํ–‰ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์›๋ฆผ ์กฐ์„ฑ 97 1.1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœํŽธ๊ณผ ์›๋ฆผ ๊ฑด์„ค 97 1.2. ์›๋ฆผ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ญํ•  102 1.2. ์ˆœ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ํ™œ์šฉ 110 2. ์œ ์˜ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ๊ณผ ์›๋ฆผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 125 2.1. ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 125 2.2. ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ์ „ํ˜•ํ™”์™€ ์›๋ฆผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 141 2.3. ์œ ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ํ™œ์šฉ 147 โ…ฃ. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ 154 1. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํฅ๊ณผ ์‡ ํ‡ด 154 1.1. ์กฐ์„  ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํฅ 146 1.2. ์ž„๋ž€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด 175 2. ์„ฑ๊ณฝ๊ณผ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์ ‘๋ชฉ 178 2.1. ์„ฑ๊ณฝ ์œ„ ์žฅ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ˆ„์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ 178 2.2. ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€์˜ ๋ˆ„์ •ํ™” 207 3. ๊ฐ์˜ ํ›„์›์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 214 3.1. ํ›„์› ์ผ๊ณฝ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ: ํ‰์•ˆ๊ฐ์˜, ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์˜, ๊ฐ•์›๊ฐ์˜ 214 3.2. ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ›„์› ์กฐ์„ฑ: ํ™ฉํ•ด๊ฐ์˜, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์˜ 232 3.3. ํ›„์›์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ผ๋‚จ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜ 240 โ…ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ 245 1. ์ค‘์•™ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ‘œ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ 245 2. ์„ฑ์‹œ-์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๋„์‹œ ์›๋ฆผ 253 3. ์กฐ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์  ์›๋ฆผ ๋ฏธํ•™ 256 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  263 โ–ก ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 266 โ–ก ๋ถ€๋ก 280 โ–ก ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ๋ก 289 โ–ก ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ๋ก 290 โ–ก Abstract 297๋ฐ•

    The Landscape Garden of Provincial Offices in the Joseon Dynasty

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ํ–‰์ •๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๊ฐ์˜(็›ฃ็‡Ÿ)์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ•จ์˜์™€ ๋ฏธ์  ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ตญ๊ณผ ํ†ต์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋„ ์›๋ฆผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ๊ฐœ ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ด€์˜(ๅฎ˜็‡Ÿ) ์›๋ฆผ์ด ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒ€๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋‚ด ์ด์ „ ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜•์‹์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์— ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ธ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์˜ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์ด ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์„ฑ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒ์  ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋œ ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๊ทธ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ ๋‚ด ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ , ์ง€์—ญ์  ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋„๋• ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œ ์  ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์˜ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์€ ๋„๋•์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋กœ์›€์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์— ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์  ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„๋•์  ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ๋น„์  ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ƒ, ๊ตํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์—์„œ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์€ ๊ฐœ๊ตญ ์ดˆ์— ํƒœ์ข…์ด ๋„์„ฑ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํšŒ๋ฃจ ์›๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์ค‘์•™๊ด€์•„ ํ›„์›์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋„์„ฑ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์กฐ์„  ๋ง๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•œ ์›๋ฆผ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๋„์„ฑ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ด์ž ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์† ์ „๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ง์„ ์ดˆ์— ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœํŽธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์šด์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ์ฒด์ œ๋Š” 17์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋™ํ˜• ๊ด€์ฒญ[์ˆœ์˜(ๅทก็‡Ÿ)]์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ •ํ˜• ๊ด€์ฒญ[์œ ์˜(็•™็‡Ÿ)]์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆœํ–‰์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์ˆœํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง‘๋ฌด์ฒ˜์ด์ž ํœด์‹, ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ •์น˜์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋„์‹œ์— ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฌผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ์ง€๋กœ ์ง‘์ค‘๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ •๋น„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ๊ณผ ์ ‘๋ชฉ๋œ ์›๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒญ์˜ ํ›„์›(ๅพŒๅœ’)์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ, ์„ฑ๊ณฝ, ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณธ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์‚ผ์•„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์กฐ์„  ์ „๊ธฐ์— ์ „๊ตญ ๊ฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ž„๋ž€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์„ค์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ์€ ๋†’์ด์™€ ์ „๋ง์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๋ฆผ๊ณผ ์ ‘๋ชฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฒธ๋น„ํ•œ ์žฅ๋Œ€(ๅฐ‡่‡บ)๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณฝ ์œ„์— ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์กฐ์„  ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‘ ์ฐจ๋ก€์˜ ์ „๋ž€ ์ดํ›„ ์์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณด์™„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ํ›„์›์€ ์กฐ์„  ํ›„๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ์˜์ด ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ํ›„์›์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‰์•ˆ, ํ•จ๊ฒฝ, ๊ฐ•์›๊ฐ์˜์˜ ํ›„์›์€ ๋„“๊ณ  ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์›(ๅœ’)์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™ฉํ•ด, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ํ›„์›์€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ์ฒญ, ์ „๋ผ, ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜์—๋Š” ์›๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๋งŒํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ์™•๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์ค‘์•™ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ์ •ํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์†์—์„œ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์— ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์ž…์ง€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ, ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ์›๋ฆผ ์ž์›, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์กฐ๋ง์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ง€์—ญ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ น ์ˆ˜๋ คํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฆ„๋‚œ ๊ฐ•์›๋„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‰์ดํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ธ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ์•„์‰ฌ์›€์„ ์ž์•„๋ƒˆ๋˜ ์›์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ•์›๊ฐ์˜์—๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™”๋ คํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ธ์œ„ ์ž์—ฐ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ํ›„์›์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์›๋ฆผ์‚ฌ์  ์˜์˜๋Š” ์ž…์ง€์™€ ์™ธํ–ฅ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ๋„์‹œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์€ํ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€์ด ์€์ผ ๊ด€๋…, ์ฆ‰ ์„ธ์†์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋„ํ”ผ์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์„ฑ์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๊ฐ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ˆ ์€ ์กฐ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋ง์€ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋ฏธ์  ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์€ ์šธํƒ€๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์— ์ธ์œ„ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›๊ฒฝ์˜ ์กฐ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์กฐ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ์ •์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋“ฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํš์ผํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ์œ„ ์ž์—ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›๊ฒฝ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋•์  ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์  ์ทจํ–ฅ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†์ด ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐ˜์ „์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ ์—†์ด ์ฒด์ œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์œ ํ•™ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์กฐ์„  ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”, ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ถ, ์ฃผํƒ, ์„œ์›, ๊ตฌ๊ณก ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌํ•ด์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.This thesis explores the background and the development process through which the provincial office (็›ฃ็‡Ÿ, gamyeong) landscape gardens, or traditional gardens of the regional and municipal administration during the Joseon Dynasty, were actualized, to propose its historic significance and aesthetic accomplishment. Establishment of Joseon Dynasty and its politics brought great shifts in the ideology and policy, making lasting impact on the practice of government-run landscape garden in major cities including the capital. This thesis focuses on the landscape gardens of the provincial office in Koreaโ€™s eight provinces and their development processes, demonstrating a possibility that these government-run landscape gardens were instrumental in advancing and spreading the unique qualities of Joseon landscape garden. Joseon landscape garden style is simple and subdued in comparison to the styles found in other East Asian nations or even those of its predecessing dynasty. The existing scholarship has interpreted the Joseon landscape garden based on the broad ideological understanding of the East Asian culture, which has not considered sufficiently the principles and the processes through which the particularities of Joseon landscape garden proliferated. This thesis finds that the landscape garden principles under the neo-Confucianist ideology, the dominant belief during the Joseon period, was manifested and actualized through the capital landscape gardens during the early Joseon period. Because of the centralized authoritarian rulership, the government-run landscape gardens effectively spread the landscape garden principles and practices across the nation; in this regard, the provincial office landscape gardens occupy a significant position in history as they are the most influential case for such a practice. This thesis focuses on the cases of provincial office landscape gardens, which has remained largely missing in the academia, to found principles through which the particularities of Joseon landscape garden were formulated as part of the East Asian cultural discourse and to discover basis from which the regional developments are investigated. The characteristic of Joseon landscape garden is first and foremost founded on the neo-Confucianist view of nature where the qualities of nature and man can be interpreted in single principle. The neo-Confucianist view of landscape garden in Korea was developed and materialized in early Joseon period when King Taejong built capital landscape gardens. Capital landscape gardens such as the Gyeonghoeru Pavilion landscape garden and the central government office rear garden were maintained until the late Joseon period; one can argue therefore that these landscape gardens enjoyed visits by the greatest number of literary figures and bureaucrats for the longest time. Based on the neo-Confucianist views, the capital landscape gardens functioned as the ideal typology and the point of restraint when building other government-run landscape gardens, effectively positioning itself not as a mere literary reference but an actualized prototype. At the close of the Goryeo Dynasty and the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty, the regional political system was repaired to include the provincial governor (่ง€ๅฏŸไฝฟ, Gwanchalsa) system. This system was used throughout the Joseon period and brought about the construction of the provincial office landscape gardens in regional cities. The provincial office system shifted from mobile office (ๅทก็‡Ÿ) to fixed location office (็•™็‡Ÿ) during the 17th Century. This shift influenced the development of the provincial office landscape gardens. During the early Joseon period, the provincial office was run in accordance with the governorโ€™s tour and inspired developments in the landscape gardens of the official guesthouses. The official guesthouse landscape gardens were used by the governors as place of work, rest, and official events; recognized as a model political practice, many regional cities followed suit. During the late Joseon period, the provincial offices were run in fixed location within a city. As the provincial office became a fixture, it became the center of population and resources. The cities blossomed while their infrastructure was repaired, paving way for development of landscape gardens adjacent to city walls and the rear garden at the provincial office headquarters. The provincial office landscape gardens were established in conjunction to the official guesthouse, the city walls, and/or the provincial office headquarters. As such, each type demonstrates a different course of development. The official guesthouse landscape gardens propagated during the early Joseon period across the nation, leading the government-run landscape garden culture; however, its significance reduced significantly after the Imjin War (1592). A military facility, the city walls were connected to landscape gardens with its height and views. Commanderโ€™s podium (ๅฐ‡่‡บ, Jangdae) were constructed over the walls and functioned as landscape gardens while the upper stories of the city gates were recognized and adapted as garden pavilion (๏ฅŒไบญ). The earliest cases can be found in the early Joseon period; it became a wide-spread phenomenon in the late Joseon period with the repairs of fortress walls following the two consecutive wars. The provincial office rear gardens began to appear after the provincial office system became the norm during the late Joseon period and facilities specific to the system began to develop. What is interesting about the development of the provincial office rear gardens is the varied development levels among the different provinces. The rear gardens at Pyeongan, Hamgyeong and Gangwon provincial offices were large-scale and elaborate, with defined boundaries as gardens. Those at Hwanghae and Gyeonggi provincial offices were smaller in scale. In Chungcheong, Jeolla, and Gyeongsang provincial offices, one cannot find a defined area that may be specified as landscape gardens. As the garden run by the office whose role is to mediate between the central government and the regions, or between the king and his subjects, the landscape gardens at the provincial offices manifest central authority while reflecting regional characteristics. The provincial office landscape garden, as part of the public city infrastructure, bring focus among the stylized landscape and imbue landscape with symbolisms. There are a number of ways through which the provincial offices reflect regional characteristics. These gardens developed in varied manner, in relation to the physical situation of the location, the cultural tradition of the city, the landscape garden resources, the nature of regional politics, etc. In terms of its landscape, the provincial office landscape gardens reflected the regional characteristics by bringing in the adjacent scenery by means of carefully selected views. However, there are cases also where local identity beyond visual character made significant impact on the gardens. For example, at the Gangwon provincial office in Wonju, which was considered by the literary figures and bureaucrats as lacking in terms of mundane landscape in comparison to the rich natural landscape in Gangwondo Province, a rear garden with artificially designed nature, the most elaborate nation-wide, was developed. The significance of the provincial office landscape garden as a typology in the landscape garden history lies in its location and exterior. The provincial office landscape gardens, while located in city centers, remained exposed to the outside. The fact that it was visible from outside the city boundaries, and vice versa, is a key characteristic of the provincial office landscape gardens. Considering the traditional landscape gardens in East Asian culture typically sought for a refuge from the secular world, the provincial office landscape gardens seem to evade the traditionally binary concept of the urban and the nature. The key landscape strategy embodied by the provincial office landscape gardens that appropriate such characteristics is the use of view. View corresponded to the neo-Confucianist landscape garden view and engendered the aesthetic quality specific to the provincial office landscape gardens. The provincial office landscape gardens, rather than creating an artificial nature within its fenced walls, emphasized the view afar. The perspective one enjoyed at the provincial office landscape garden conveyed harmony between the nature and the city; this vision allowed for literary figures and bureaucrats to contemplate over the universality of existence and to strengthen their will for good governance. The history of the provincial office landscape gardens reflects the social shifts of its time while maintaining a close relationship to the regional situations, thereby developing in diverse ways. However, the preference for the view afar and the aesthetic taste for moral accomplishment remains relatively unchanged. This is because the neo-Confucianist ideology maintained its status throughout the Joseon period, and regardless of the national crisis, the government system based on such ideology remained intact without significant social upheaval and/or cultural shock. This thesis has defined and demonstrated the principles and the process through which the characteristics of the Joseon landscape gardens developed by exploring the neo-Confucianist ideology in relation to the government-run landscape garden practices. This thesis will be a turning point in further explorations regarding the fundamental nature of the Joseon landscape gardens while inspiring re-interpretive research on other typologies such as palace, house, academy, and Gu-gok valley.โ–ก ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก i โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  7 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 12 4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 20 โ…ก. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 24 1. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์  ์›๋ฆผ๊ด€ 24 1.1. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€ 24 1.2. ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์›๋ฆผ 29 1.3. ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๊ฑฐ 38 2. ์กฐ์„  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ 43 2.1. ํƒœ์ข…์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ ์›๋ฆผ 43 2.2. ์œก์กฐ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์•™๊ด€์•„์˜ ํ›„์› 74 2.3. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋„์„ฑ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ 95 โ…ข. ๊ฐ์˜ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์›๋ฆผ ํ˜•์„ฑ 97 1. ์ˆœํ–‰ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„์™€ ์›๋ฆผ ์กฐ์„ฑ 97 1.1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœํŽธ๊ณผ ์›๋ฆผ ๊ฑด์„ค 97 1.2. ์›๋ฆผ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ญํ•  102 1.2. ์ˆœ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ํ™œ์šฉ 110 2. ์œ ์˜ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ๊ณผ ์›๋ฆผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 125 2.1. ๊ฐ์˜์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ์˜ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 125 2.2. ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ์ „ํ˜•ํ™”์™€ ์›๋ฆผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ 141 2.3. ์œ ์˜ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ ํ™œ์šฉ 147 โ…ฃ. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ 154 1. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํฅ๊ณผ ์‡ ํ‡ด 154 1.1. ์กฐ์„  ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํฅ 146 1.2. ์ž„๋ž€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด 175 2. ์„ฑ๊ณฝ๊ณผ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ์ ‘๋ชฉ 178 2.1. ์„ฑ๊ณฝ ์œ„ ์žฅ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ˆ„์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ 178 2.2. ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€์˜ ๋ˆ„์ •ํ™” 207 3. ๊ฐ์˜ ํ›„์›์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 214 3.1. ํ›„์› ์ผ๊ณฝ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ: ํ‰์•ˆ๊ฐ์˜, ํ•จ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์˜, ๊ฐ•์›๊ฐ์˜ 214 3.2. ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ›„์› ์กฐ์„ฑ: ํ™ฉํ•ด๊ฐ์˜, ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์˜ 232 3.3. ํ›„์›์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ผ๋‚จ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฐ์˜ 240 โ…ค. ๊ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆผ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ 245 1. ์ค‘์•™ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ‘œ์ถœ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ 245 2. ์„ฑ์‹œ-์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๋„์‹œ ์›๋ฆผ 253 3. ์กฐ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ์‹ ์œ ํ•™์  ์›๋ฆผ ๋ฏธํ•™ 256 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  263 โ–ก ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 266 โ–ก ๋ถ€๋ก 280 โ–ก ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ๋ก 289 โ–ก ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ๋ก 290 โ–ก Abstract 297๋ฐ•
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