A study on Limitation and Improvement Measures concerning the Application of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters

지구온난화 등의 기상이후 현상으로 인하여 극지해역의 해빙면적이 감소되었고, 항로단축과 자원개발 그리고 신사업 등의 경제적 이점으로 인하여 극지해역으로의 선박 유입량이 증가하고 있다. 하지만 극지해역을 운항하는 선박의 안전과 해양환경보호를 위한 국제규범은 상세하지 못하였으며 법적 강제력을 갖지 못한다는 한계를 지녔으므로 이를 해결한 국제규범이 필요하다는 국제사회의 합의가 도출되었다. 이에 따라 국제해사기구(IMO)의 MSC와 MEPC를 중심으로 ‘극지해역 운항선박기준(POLAR CODE)‘이 제정되었고, 2017년 1월부로 발효되었다. 이는 극지해역의 특수성을 반영한 최초의 상세규범이자 법적강제력을 지닌 강행규범으로서의 가치를 지닌다. 극지해역 운항선박기준(POLAR CODE)은 안전조치를 위한 PART I과 오염방지조치를 위한 PART II로 이루어져있으며, 각 PART는 강행규범인 A편과 권고규범인 B편의 구성을 띠고 있다. 극지해역 운항선박기준(POLAR CODE)이 지니는 중요성을 인식한 채 안전부문, 보안부문, 해양환경보호부문에 대한 기준의 내용을 분석하도록 한다. 따라서 극지해역의 특수성을 잘 반영하였는지 극지해역의 안전과 환경보호라는 목표의 실효성이 있는지를 중점으로 살펴보고, 이를 통하여 극지해역 운항선박기준(POLAR CODE)의 한계점을 살펴보도록 한다. 극지해역으로의 선박유입량이 점차 증가할 것임을 고려할 때, 극지해역의 선박안전과 환경보호에 대한 국제규범의 중요성 또한 높아 질것으로 보인다. 그러므로 앞에서 살펴본 한계점에 대한 분야별 개선방안을 알아보고, 극지해역 운항선박기준(POLAR CODE)에 대한 우리나라의 대응방안을 알아보도록 한다. |Global warming is bringing rapid change to the Arctic. The melting of sea ice and glaciers is increasing faster than scientist predicted. Consequently, the number of ships operating in the Arctic Ocean has increased because of the accessibility to to Arctic and the efficiency from shortening of the sea route. As a result, the interest of the international community in the safety of marine vessels operating in polar waters and the protection of the polar marine environment has begun to be shared. Although guidelines for vessels operating in Arctic Ocean were enacted in 2002, it has limitations as recommendation. In the meantime, The International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(POLAR CODE) has been developed io supplement existing IMO(International Maritime Organization) instruments in order to increase the safety of ships operation and mitigate the impact on the people and environment in the remote, vulnerable and potentially harsh polar waters. Finally, Polar Code which is detailed regulations with legal force emerged in the world. Polar Code is intended to regulate the nature of commercial shipping in the Arctic and Antarctic by setting minimum standards for ships transport through Polar Waters. This region of the world is unique, and has certain characteristics that make it both attractive and dangerous. The purpose of this Polar Code is to ensure the safety of ship operation and the protection of the polar environment by addressing risks present in polar waters and protect the polar environment. The Polar Code entered into force 1 January 2017 upon entry into force the associated amendments to MARPOL(International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships) and SOLAS(International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea). Maritime Safety Committee at its ninety fourth session on 21 November 2014 adopted the safety-related provisions of the introduction and the whole of parts Ⅰ-A and Ⅰ-B of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(Polar Code), by which it adopted, the new chapter XIV(Safety Measures for Ships Operating in Polar Waters) of International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) to make use the provisions of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters mandatory. Also, Marine Environment Protection Committee at its sixty eighth session on 15 May 2015 adopted the environment related provisions of the introduction, the parts Ⅱ-A and Ⅱ-B of the Code and the associated amendments to International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships(MARPOL) Annexes Ⅰ(Prevention of Pollution by Oil), Ⅱ(Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk), Ⅳ(Prevention of Pollution by Sewage) and Ⅴ(Prevention of Pollution by Garbage). Polar Code consists of Introduction, Parts I and II. The introduction contains mandatory provisions applicable to both Parts I and II. Part I is subdivided into Part I-A, which contains mandatory provisions on safety measures, and Part I-B containing recommendations on safety. Part II is subdivided into Part II-A, which contains mandatory provisions on pollution prevention, and Part II-B containing recommendations on pollution prevention. Therefore, this paper will review the background of enactment, main contents, legal status and development trends of Polar Code. In addition, the goal of this paper is to identify and analyze the core of standards related to Marine Safety, Marine Security and the Protection of marine environment of Polar Code. Moreover, this paper will draw the limitations of Polar Code, and suggest desirable improvement measures for those limitations related Marine Safety, Marine Security and Marine environment. In addition, at the same time, it aims to suggest counterplans for the policy, industry and research fields in Korea.第1章 序論 1 제1절 연구의 목적 및 배경 1 제2절 연구의 내용 및 방법 4 第2章 極地海域 運航船舶基準의 槪念과 動向 7 제1절 제정 배경 및 필요성 7 Ⅰ. 배경 7 Ⅱ. 필요성 14 제2절 주요 내용 27 Ⅰ. 안전조치에 관한 규정 28 Ⅱ. 오염방지조치에 관한 규정 32 제3절 법적 지위 34 Ⅰ. 의의 34 Ⅱ. 법적 지위 35 제4절 발전 동향 37 Ⅰ. Non-SOLAS 선박에 관한 적용 37 Ⅱ. 인적요소의 교육 및 훈련 43 Ⅲ. 극지연안국 국가체계 44 Ⅳ. 대형선의 비상상황 대응체계 45 Ⅴ. 전문용어의 표준화 46 Ⅵ. Polar Code의 시행 46 第3章 安全 및 保安 관련 基準의 適用과 限界 47 제1절 기준 및 적용 48 Ⅰ. 물리적 측면에서의 안전기준 및 적용 48 Ⅱ. 인적자원 측면에서의 안전기준 및 적용 56 Ⅲ. 체계적 측면에서의 안전기준 및 적용 61 Ⅳ. 보안에 관한 기준 및 적용 75 제2절 한계 85 Ⅰ. 안전관련 기준에 관한 한계 85 Ⅱ. 보안관련 기준에 관한 한계 89 第4章 海洋環境保護 관련 基準의 適用과 限界 93 제1절 기준 및 적용 93 Ⅰ. 구조적 측면에서의 해양환경보호 기준 및 적용 93 Ⅱ. 배출규제관련 해양환경보호 기준 및 적용 95 Ⅲ. 해양환경보호관련 권고규정의 기준 및 적용 97 제2절 한계 98 Ⅰ. MARPOL 협약에 관한 한계 98 Ⅱ. 신규오염원에 관한 한계 101 第5章 改善方案 및 對應方案 103 제1절 분야별 개선방안 103 Ⅰ. 안전기준에 대한 개선방안 103 Ⅱ. 보안기준에 대한 개선방안 107 Ⅲ. 해양환경보호 기준에 대한 개선방안 110 제2절 우리나라 대응방안 114 Ⅰ. 정책분야의 대응방안 114 Ⅱ. 산업분야의 대응방안 116 Ⅲ. 연구분야의 대응방안 119 第6章 結論 121 參考文獻 129Maste

Relationship between the Suicidal Ideation of the Married Women and the Characteristics of Their Children

Background: There are some data to support the theory of a protective effect of parenthood against suicide, as proposed by Durkheim in 1897. We conducted this study to examine the relationship between children characteristics and suicidal ideation among Korean married women. Methods: The data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys IV, conducted in 2007-2009, respectively (3,202 married women aged 20-49 years). The children characteristics are the age of the youngest child and the number of children living with subject. Data were analyzed by using logistic regression with SAS 9.2. Results: The risk for suicidal ideation was higher among married women having a young child (aged <7 years). It had strong effect on suicidal ideation in non-employee subjects. The odds ratio for suicidal ideation of women having a youngest child aged 2-3 years compared with reference groups was 1.673 with statistical significance. But the association of suicidal ideation with number of children shows insignificant. Conslusion: The findings suggest a different result with the theory, the protective effect of being a parent of young child on suicide risk for women, first suggested by Durkheim and supported by previous studies and the need for further prospective investigation that lead to policies according children characteristics aimed at improving married women's life.ope

Socioeconomic Inequity in Self-Rated Health Status and Contribution of Health Behavioral Factors in Korea

Objectives: The study is investigated socioeconomic variations in self-rated health status and contribution of health behavioral factors in Korea. Methods: A nationally representative sample (2,800 men and 3,230 women aged 20-64 years) from the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Surveys was analyzed using logistic regression. Results: Self-rated health was lower among lower socioeconomic groups compared with higher socioeconomic groups, with gender being irrelevant. This association was attenuated when health behavioral and socio-demographic factors were adjusted. When each health behavioral factor was considered separately, mediators such as smoking in men, and stress or exercise in women explained a large part of the decreased socioeconomic health inequalities. Conclusions: In Korea, subjective health inequalities arise from different socioeconomic status, but this difference is decreased by health behavioral factors. Therefore, socioeconomic inequity in self-rated health status can be corrected more effectively by promotional health behaviorsope

Why is high-risk drinking more prevalent among men than women? evidence from South Korea

Background: It is important to identify and quantify the factors that affect gender differences in high-risk drinking (HRD), from both an academic and a policy perspective. However, little is currently known about them. This study examines these factors and estimates the percentage contribution each makes to gender differences in HRD. Methods: This study analyzed information on 23,587 adults obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Surveys of 1998, 2001, and 2005. It found that the prevalence of HRD was about 5 times higher among men (0.37) than women (0.08). Using a decomposition approach extended from the Oaxaca-Blinder method, we decomposed the gender difference in HRD to an "overall composition effect" (contributions due to gender differences in the distribution of observed socio-economic characteristics), and an "overall HRD-tendency effect" (contributions due to gender differences in tendencies in HRD for individuals who share socio-economic characteristics). Results: The HRD-tendency effect accounted for 96% of the gender difference in HRD in South Korea, whereas gender differences in observed socio-economic characteristics explained just 4% of the difference. Notably, the gender-specific HRD-tendency effect accounts for 90% of the gender difference in HRD. Conclusion: We came to a finding that gender-specific HRD tendency is the greatest contributor to gender differences in HRD. Therefore, to effective reduce HRD, it will be necessary to understand gender differences in socioeconomic characteristics between men and women but also take notice of such differences in sociocultural settings as they experience. And it will be also required to prepare any gender-differentiated intervention strategy for men and women.ope

Factors influencing gender differences in smoking and their separate contributions: evidence from South Korea

This paper explores gender differences in smoking using information on 15,277 adults obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 2001 and 2005. Applying a decomposition approach extended from the Oaxaca-Blinder method, we obtained factors influencing gender differences in smoking and estimated their separate contributions. According to the outcomes of decomposition analyses, gender differences in smoking-tendency (or inclination to smoke) accounted for 98% of the total gender difference in smoking. When the gender difference in smoking was decomposed into specified factors, the difference in smoking-tendency between married men and women was found to be the most crucial factor as it explained 11% of the total gender difference in smoking. The gender difference in the proportion of persons attaining a low level of education contributed to a 6% reduction of the total gender difference in smoking. Additionally, factors influencing the gender-specific smoking-tendency were found to be important in explaining the gender difference in smoking. We conclude that, understanding separate contributions of sets of factors affecting gender differences in smoking and devising appropriate policies could effectively reduce the smoking rate of a target gender group to the level of that of a reference gender group.ope

Differences between the factors affecting high-risk drinking and those affecting smoking in Korea

This study examines the factors influencing high-risk drinking and cigarette smoking and assesses the differences in those factors between 2 risky behaviors in Korea. A national, cross-sectional health behavior survey was performed on 12,303 households in 2006 and a data set of 2925 adult males was analyzed using bivariate probit estimation model. The likelihood of high-risk drinking rose with an increase in the level of income, whereas that of smoking was lowest in a medium income. White-collar workers were more at risk of high-risk drinking than blue-collar workers. Conversely, blue-collar workers tended to smoke more frequently than white-collar workers. Body mass index showed a positive association with high-risk drinking, but it had no significant relationship with smoking. Significant differences may exist in associations between factors influencing high-risk drinking and those influencing smoking. The comprehensive understanding of these differences would allow for the development of appropriate public health programs.ope

The influence of housing tenure and marital status on smoking in South Korea.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the most influential socioeconomic indicator of smoking in South Korea. METHODS: This study analyzed a nationally representative sample (6141 men and 7133 women aged 20-65) from the 2001 and 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Surveys. Weighted estimates were computed, adjusting for a complex survey design using "surveyfreq" and "surveylogistic" procedures of SAS 9.1 software. RESULTS: The adjusted OR for smoking in renters compared to homeowners was 1.50 (95% CI: 1.32-1.71) in men and 3.21 (95% CI: 2.41-4.27) in women, and larger in the older than younger groups. For non-married versus married individuals, the OR was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.19-1.59) in men and 3.25 (95% CI: 2.48-4.25) in women; the OR in non-married renters compared married homeowners was 1.79 (95% CI: 1.45-2.22) in men and 10.63 (95% CI: 7.31-15.45) in women. CONCLUSION: Housing tenure was a strong predictor of smoking in South Korea and its significance was very pronounced in non-married individuals. Housing policies to encourage homeownership could be effective in reducing smoking in countries such as China, India, and Vietnam where house ownership is regarded as the ultimate financial safeguard, there are numerous, and traditional attitudes toward marriage are undergoing transition.ope

Economic burden of injuries in South Korea.

BACKGROUND STUDIES: on the cost of injury are useful in setting research and policy priorities and it is valuable to observe differences in the economic burden of injuries across countries. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the treated prevalence rate, economic burden and gender- and age-specific costs of injuries in Korea in 2006. DESIGN: Annual direct healthcare costs associated with injuries were estimated from the National Health Insurance, Medical Aid and Automobile Insurance databases. Annual direct non-health costs were estimated for transport and caregiver's costs. Indirect costs were estimated for premature death, absence from work and disability. Costs were adjusted to 2006 levels using the healthcare component of the Consumer Price Index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence-based direct costs, incidence-based indirect costs and total costs for injuries, stratified by gender, age group and type of injury. RESULTS: The treated prevalence rate of injury in 2006 of the Korean population was 26.5 per 100, resulting in an annual economic burden of $39837 million ($4703 million in direct and $35134 million in indirect costs). The cost of medical treatment associated with injuries accounted for 9.5% of the total health expenditure in Korea. The cost of premature death was the largest contributor to the total and automobile-related injuries accounted for 30.3% of total costs. CONCLUSIONS: The estimates were considerably understated because they did not include losses in household production and quality of life. Nevertheless, the size and main components of the injury burden were identified; this information should aid decision-making about research priorities and improve monitoring of the effects of policy initiatives.ope