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    ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์ฃผํƒ์œ ํ˜• ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ๅœŸๆœจๅทฅๅญธ็ง‘ ้ƒฝๅธ‚ๅทฅๅญธๅฐˆๆ”ป,1997.Maste

    ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญํ• : ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„ใ†๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ์ •์ง„ํ™”.์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” IT๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œตยท๋ณตํ•ฉ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ, R&Dํˆฌ์ž, ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์› ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, R&Dํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ฐฝ์ถœ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํˆฌ์ž…์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›์€ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ถ•์ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ, R&Dํˆฌ์ž, ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ด๋ผ ํ•จ์€ ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ, R&Dํˆฌ์ž, ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด R&Dํˆฌ์ž๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ˜น์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋งŒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ถ•์ ์€ ๋น„์šฉ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ฑ๊ณผ์—๋งŒ ํ•œ์ •์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2000๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ˆ„์ ๋œ ํ˜„์žฌ์—, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ(๋…ผ๋ฌธ), R&D์ง€์ถœ์•ก, ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›์„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์„ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ž๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ 3๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ•์ ๋œ ์Šคํ†ก๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์กฐ์—…, ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—…, ๋†์—…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์—”๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณ„ํš(UNDP)์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ง€์ˆ˜(HDI)์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ, ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 120๊ฐœ๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํŒจ๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” Leamer(1983)์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฒ”์œ„๋ถ„์„(Extreme Bound Analysis: EBA)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ Levine and Renelt(2002)์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํŒจ๋„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋„๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” Hausman ๊ฒ€์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•(fixed effect model) ๋ฐ ์ž„์˜ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•(random effect model)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์Šคํ†ก์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ด ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ž๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ์—…๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ด ํŠน์ •์‚ฐ์—…์—๋งŒ ํŠนํ™”๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ํšจ๊ณผ(spill-over effect)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์ง์ ‘์  ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ถ•์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์ •์ฑ…์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฐ„ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์„ฑ์žฅ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฐ„ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Through the accumulation of intellectual capital, enterprises produce new products and services to create new demand, and countries establishes new economic structures to promote economic growth. In particular, the role of intellectual capital has recently been highlighted as an important factor in economic growth. This is due to the development of information technology and the emergence of fusion and hybrid industries led by the fourth industrial revolution. Although intellectual capital can be defined in various ways, the variables that have been mainly used in previous studies include research in science and technology, R&D investment, and patents. These variables are closely related to the characteristics of intellectual capital. For instance, R&D investment is an input factor for intellectual capital accumulation, and research in science and technology, and patent applications are the result of intellectual capital accumulation. In other words, each stage of intellectual capital can be grasped as a whole by analyzing research in science and technology, R&D investments, and patents simultaneously. In this paper, the intellectual capital is defined as research in science and technology, R & D investments, and patents. In this respect, existing studies have the following limitations. First, previous studies addressed each variable as factors of economic growth separately, which is inconsistent with the intellectual capital theory. In other words, previous studies sought to identify the effect of a single variable such as R&D investment on economic growth or firm performance. In addition, since it improves cost structure of the country, intellectual capital accumulation can also be characterized as a social overhead capital. However, previous studies failed to perform analysis in this perspective. Second, due to the lack of national level data, the majority of studies limited the role of intellectual capital to the effects on firm performance. However, international organizations have been providing accumulated intellectual capital data at national-level since 2000. Thus, unlike in the past, as there are sufficiently accumulated national-level intellectual capital data at this point, it is necessary to discuss the role of intellectual capital in economic growth in more depth. In order to clarify the holistic role of intellectual capital, in the current study, independent variables included research(paper) in science and technology, R&D expenditures, and patent applications in the same economic growth model. This paper also defined the intellectual capital as a social overhead capital of each country. To this end, each intellectual capital was set as the stock variables accumulated over the past three years, and the theoretical background that is used to explain the relationship between social overhead capital and economic growth was applied in this study. In addition, the current study analyzed the role of the intellectual capital by industry and country. To this end, the industries were classified as manufacturing, service, and agriculture, and the countries were classified into developed, developing, and low-developed countries according to UNDP 's national classification of human development index (HDI). For the analysis, panel data from 2000 to 2014 were constructed for 120 countries using databases from various international organizations. The model and explanatory variables were based on the long-run economic growth model of Levine and Renelt (2002), which is based on Leamer's (1983) Extreme Bound Analysis (EBA). However, the paper conducted panel analysis, which is different from previous studies. The results of the panel analysis are presented as fixed effect model and random effect model based on Hausman test results. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, every intellectual capital stock promoted economic growth. This implies that the intellectual capital plays a role as social overhead capital in the economic growth of each country. Second, the intellectual capital also plays a role in promoting growth in all industrial sectors. This suggests that the intellectual capital is not concentrated only on specific industries but directly or indirectly affects all industries through spill-over effects. Finally, even if analyzed by different country, accumulation of the intellectual capital is closely related to economic growth in all countries. These results provide important policy implications for the accumulation of the intellectual capital. According to the analysis, investment in intellectual capital is crucial for national economic growth, and it promotes economic growth in both developed and developing countries as well as low-developed countries. In addition, as there is a spill-over effect, it initiates an inter-industry ripple effect. Thus, in the cases of developing countries and the low-developed countries, it is crucial to set the investment of intellectual capital as a priority of the national growth policy since the marginal effect of intellectual capital is very high in the early development stage. As for developed countries, it is still necessary to accumulate enough intellectual capital considering the inter-industry ripple effect, even if the marginal effect of intellectual capital is minimal.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 10 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 11 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 17 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ 20 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 20 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€์‹์ž๋ณธ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 25 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 27 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 27 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„ 30 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 34 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 34 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 36 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  47 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 50 Abstract 54Maste

    Technological Innovation, Economic Performance, and Employment

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€(๋†๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2022. 8. ์ •์ง„ํ™”.Technological innovation is one of the major strategies adopted in most industries because of its benefits in boosting economic performance. The effects of technological innovation on economic performance and labor have been receiving much attention in the manufacturing sector. However, the most recent cutting-edge digital transformation technologies, such as smart farming, drone-based farming, and unmanned tractors, have been receiving less attention in the agricultural sector despite its magnificent impact on agricultural productivity. This paper analyzed the effects of technological innovation on economic performance and employment in both manufacturing and agricultural industries. In Chapter 3, since technological innovation is considered an endogenous variable determined by capital accumulation and labor inputs, this paper considered its endogenous characteristics by analyzing two-way causal relationships among firms technology innovation (stock of patent applications), corporate performance (sales per worker), and employment (number of workers, proportion of high-skilled workers). To this end, a three-stage least squares (3SLS) method was employed to estimate the system of equations in which the three dependent variables affected each other with a two-year time lag using firm-level panel data for Korean manufacturers with 100 or more workers over the period between 2005 and 2017. Exogenous variables, including firms managerial and other characteristics, were used in the model. Identification variables for the three equations were firms R&D intensity, investment in workers training, and labor cost per worker (or operation of firms own R&D center), respectively. The empirical results revealed that firms patent stock increased sales per worker, number of workers, and proportion of high-skilled workers and that the causal relationships in the opposite direction were also significant. This can imply that firms technological innovation is critical to employment growth and quality improvement as well as sustainable corporate growth. In Chapter 4, the paper focused on technological innovation in the agricultural sector and estimated the causal relationships between technological innovation (agricultural patent applications), labor productivity, and the number of agricultural workers using time-series analysis. A vector autoregression (VAR) model with a five-year time lag was applied to each time-series variable for the period of 1963-2018. Drawing on Lo and Zivot (2001), a two-threshold VAR model was also estimated employing two endogenous variables: the number of agricultural patent applications and agricultural workers. The VAR(5) model revealed that there was a substitute relationship between the applications of agricultural patent and number of agricultural workers over the entire period (1963-2018). The two-threshold VAR model, however, showed that this substitution effect has been less strong and even switched to a complementary relationship over three different regimes (1963-1989, 1990-2008, 2009-2018). Given that the two different years separating the three regimes were followed by the years when structural breaks of agricultural patents happened (i.e., 1986, 2008), the weakening of labor substitution effect might be caused by the changes in the characteristics of agricultural technological innovation. This may suggest the importance of education and training systems that enable farmers to follow-up with the latest technologies and the technologies to further expand its applicability to agriculture. In Chapter 5, I analyzed the effects of farms adoption of association rules (i.e., crop portfolio strategies) on their economic performance (crop sales) for the period of 2000-2020. Two approaches were employed in this analysis. First, I derived association rules related to farms crop choices using the Market Basket Analysis (MBA) with Census of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries dataset. Second, I estimated the effects of the farms adoption of the association rules on their crop sales using the Tobit model and the two-stage model in which the endogeneity problem of the adoption of association rules was controlled. In this step, I used explanatory variables including the farms adoption of the association rules, farm-specific characteristics, production characteristics, labor input, and other variables representing neighborhood effects. The main results of the analysis are as follows. First, the MBA analysis suggested that the number of association rules decreased over the two decades, while lift indices of the association rules increased, implying that crop portfolio strategies have become simpler and more reliable. Second, the Tobit model indicated that the adoption of association rules had positive effects on the farms crop sales for the years 2010-2020, but negative effects for the years 2000-2005. Third, the two-stage model, however, showed that the adoption of the association rules increased the farms crop sales significantly for the entire period 2000-2020. Moreover, the farmers education levels and the degree of information and communication technology (ICT) utilization for their farm activities were positively related to the probability of adopting the association rules. Therefore, the farmers entrepreneurship related to their crop portfolio strategies might be essential to enhancing their economic performance. From the abovementioned results, technological innovation, that could increase the economic performance of the two industries, has been the crucial determinant for sustainable economic growth in Korea over the past few decades. This may support the importance of enhancing farmers managerial ability that enables them to absorb agricultural information and/or new agricultural technologies, thereby increasing farm performance. Despite concerns about its labor substitution effects, this paper showed that the expansion of technological innovation led to employment growth in the Korean manufacturing sector. However, given the skill-biased characteristics of technological innovation, policy efforts would be required to respond to the possibilities of wage polarization and the unemployment of low-skilled workers. In terms of the agricultural sector, the degree of labor substitution tends to be larger than that in manufacturing because of its labor-intensive characteristics, implying that policy makers should take actions to deal with the decrease in agricultural workers by preventing rural out-migration and inducing rural in-migration. Additionally, increasing the supply of skilled agricultural workers for enhancing the complementary relationship between technological innovation and agricultural labor may be necessary.๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํŒœ, ๋“œ๋ก ๋†๋ฒ•, ๋ฌด์ธํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋†์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ œ์กฐ์—…๊ณผ ๋†์—…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ž๋ณธ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋™ํˆฌ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์ƒ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋‚ด์ƒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ์กฐ์—…์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ (ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›), ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ(๊ทผ๋กœ์ž 1์ธ๋‹น ๋งค์ถœ์•ก), ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ณ€ํ™”(๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ์ˆ˜, ์ˆ™๋ จ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ๋น„์ค‘)์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹œ์ฐจ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์Šน์ถ”์ •๋ฒ•(3SLS)์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” 2005๋…„โˆผ2017๋…„์˜ ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ๊ธฐ์—…ํŒจ๋„(HCCP)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์šฉ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ์ˆ˜์™€ ์ˆ™๋ จ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ˆ™๋ จํŽธํ–ฅ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ™๋ จ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž ๋น„์ค‘์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง‘์•ฝ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฐ์—… ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์œ ํšจํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋™์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›ํˆฌ์ž์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ™๋ จํŽธํ–ฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋†์—…์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ (๋†์—…ํŠนํ—ˆ ์ถœ์›), ๋…ธ๋™์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ, ๋†์—…์ทจ์—…์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1963๋…„โˆผ2018๋…„์ด๋ฉฐ, 5๋…„ ์‹œ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์ž๊ธฐํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•(VAR)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ์ž„๊ณ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•(threshold VAR)์œผ๋กœ ๋†์—…ํŠนํ—ˆ์™€ ๋†์—…์ทจ์—…์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. VAR์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋†์—…์ทจ์—…์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์‡„ํ†  ๋“ฑ ํ† ์ง€๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋†์—…์ทจ์—…์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‹ ํ’ˆ์ข…๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋†์—…์ทจ์—…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Threshold VAR ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ 1๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(1963๋…„โˆผ1989๋…„)์—์„œ์˜ ๋†์—…ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Š” ๋†์—…์ทจ์—…์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ 2๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(1990๋…„โˆผ2008๋…„)์—๋Š” ๋†์—…ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋†์—…์ทจ์—…์ž์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ 3๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(2009๋…„โˆผ2018๋…„)์—๋Š” ๋†์—…ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋†์—…์ทจ์—…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋†์—…ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‹จ์ ˆ(1986๋…„, 2008๋…„) ์‹œ์  ์ดํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ์ด ์˜๋†์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋†๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹  ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2000๋…„โˆผ2020๋…„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๏ฝข๋†์—…์ด์กฐ์‚ฌ๏ฝฃ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์žฅ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ๋ถ„์„(MBA)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™(์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ ์ „๋žต)์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋†๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™ ์ฑ„ํƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ† ๋น—๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฉด์  1ha๋‹น ํŒ๋งค๊ธˆ์•ก์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™ ์ฑ„ํƒ, ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฃผํŠน์„ฑ, ์ƒ์‚ฐํŠน์„ฑ, ์ธ๋ ฅํˆฌ์ž…, ์ด์›ƒํšจ๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. MBA๋ถ„์„์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ตœ๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ์ˆ˜๋ก ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋†๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํ† ๋น—๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™ ์ฑ„ํƒ์€ 2000๋…„๊ณผ 2005๋…„์— ๋†๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋งค๊ธˆ์•ก์— ์Œ(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์œผ๋‚˜, 2010๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์–‘(+)์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™ ์ฑ„ํƒ์˜ ๋‚ด์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™ ์ฑ„ํƒ์€ ํŒ๋งค๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™ ์ฑ„ํƒํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ฃผ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ICTํ™œ์šฉ, ์ด์›ƒํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ ์ „๋žต์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋†์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋†์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์ •์‹ ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋  ๋•Œ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜, ์ตœ๊ทผ 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋†์—…์— ์„ ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ œ์กฐ์—…๊ณผ ๋†์—… ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹  ์ „๋žต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ์—…์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์šฐ๋ ค์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ™•๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ˆ™๋ จํŽธํ–ฅ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ˆ™๋ จ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ €์ˆ™๋ จ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ฐ์†Œ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์—… ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋Œ€์ฒด์„ฑ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ง‘์•ฝ์  ์‚ฐ์—…์ธ ๋†์—…์—์„œ ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋†๊ฐ€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๋†๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…์— ์ •์ฑ… ์ง€์›์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์—…์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์—…๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ์ตœ์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๋†์—…๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋ณด์™„์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 3 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹  ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹  ํˆฌ์ž… ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณผ 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹  ํŠน์„ฑ 9 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›, ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜, ์ทจ์—…์ž์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ 14 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ , ๊ธฐ์—…์„ฑ๊ณผ, ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 17 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์„œ ๋ก  17 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 18 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 25 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 33 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 40 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ , ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ, ๋†์—…๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 42 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์„œ ๋ก  42 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 43 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 46 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ VAR๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ Threshold VAR๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 65 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 69 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ํƒ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์˜๋†์„ฑ๊ณผ 71 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์„œ ๋ก  71 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 73 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ 77 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ทœ์น™ ๋„์ถœ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 91 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 99 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 106 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  108 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 111 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 123 Abstract 136๋ฐ•
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