64 research outputs found
์ ๋ช ์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ์ด๋ฑํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ํ ํ๋๊ณผ์ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ก์ ๊ณต, 2017. 8. ๋ฅ์ฌ๋ช
.๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ค์ ํ๊ต ๊ต์กํ์ฅ์์ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ก์ฌ๋ก๋ค์ ๋ณด๋ฉด '์ง์์ฑ๋ e', 'Discovery' ๋ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋ง์ ํ์๋ค์ด ๋งํ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ก์ ๋ชฉํ์ธ ๋ฐ๋์งํ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ํ์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ๋งค์ฒด ํ์ฉ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ก์ ํ์์ ๋ ๋ง์ ํ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฐ์๋ ์ง์คํ์ง๋ง ๊ธ๋ฐฉ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์์ด ์์์ ๋ณด๋ ๋์ ๋์๋ฅผ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ ์น๊ตฌ์ ๋ ๋ ๋ค. ์ง์์ฑ๋ e์ ๊ฐ์ ์์์ ๋ด์ฉ๋ฉด์์๋ ์ฐ์ํ ์ง ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ข
๋งค์ฒด์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ๋ด์ฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋นํ๋ฉด ํ์๋ค์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ญ๋ถ์กฑ์ธ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋์์๋ก ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ํ๋์ ํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค๋ ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ฉด ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ก์์๋ ํ์๋ค์ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ๋งค์ฒด ํ์ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.
๋งค์ฒด์ ๋ํด ๋ค์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ, ๊ด๊ณ ํ ๋ฑ์ ๋ถ์ผ์์๋ ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ ํ์ฉํ ๋ง์ผํ
์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ ์งํ๋์๋ค. ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ํธ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ ๋ช
์ธ๋ค์ ์ ๋ขฐ๋์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋๊ฐ ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํฌ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก ๊ธ์ฐ ์บ ํ์ธ์ ์ ๋ช
ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ฌ ๊ธ์ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๋น๋ถํ ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ฌ ๊ธ์ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๋น๋ถํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ด ์ ์ํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋๋๋ฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํนํ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์ธ ์ด๋ฑํ์๋ค์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ฑ์ธ๋ณด๋ค ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ด ๊ฐ์ ธ์ค๋ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋์ฑ ํด ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ด์ฒ๋ผ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ์ฆ์ง์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ํ๊ณ , ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ก์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ฆ, ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋๋ผ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ผ ๋ ํ์๋ค์ด ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์๊ฐํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฐ์ค์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ์๊ณ ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ์ด๋ฑํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋๊ฐ?, ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ์ด๋ฑํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋๊ฐ?๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ ์คํ์ ์ค๊ณํ์๋ค.
์คํ์ ์์ธ์ Y์ด๋ฑํ๊ต 5ํ๋
, 6ํ๋
ํ์ 149๋ช
(์ด 8๋ฐ)์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ ๋ค 3์ฃผ๊ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ์ง๋ก ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋๋ก ์ค๊ณํ์๋ค. ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ธฐ 1์ฃผ์ผ ์ ์คํ๊ตฐ(75๋ช
)๊ณผ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ(74๋ช
) ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ์ฌ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ก ํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ์ธก์ ํ๋ ์ค๋ฌธ 14๋ฌธํญ์ Likert 5์ ์ฒ๋๋ก ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ํ, 3์ฃผ ๋์ ์คํ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ๊ต์ค ๋คํธ์๋ ์ ๋ช
์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ ์ฌ์ง์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ธ์๋ ๋์ผํ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ด๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ์๋ฌผ์ด ์คํ ์๊ทน๋ฌผ๋ก์จ ๊ฒ์๋์๋ค. ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ ๋ค ํ์๋ค์ ํ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ณํ์๋์ง ์ฌ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ๋์ผํ ๋ฌธํญ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค.
ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋ ์คํ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ์ฌ์ -์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ํ๋ณธ t-test๋ก ๊ฒ์ฆํด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ ์ง๋จ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, ANCOVA๋ก ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์คํ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๊ณ , ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ์ฆ์ง ์ ๋๋ ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์คํ๊ตฐ์ด ๋ ์ปธ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ณด๋ค ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ๊ธ์ ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ต๊ทผ, ๋ฏธ์ธ๋จผ์ง ๊ธ์ฆ ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋์์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ด์ธ๋ก TV ์ฌ๋ฌ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํนํ, ํ์๋ค์ด ๋ง์ด ์์ฒญํ๋ ์๋ฅ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์์ ์ฐ์์ธ๋ค์ด ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ํ์์ฑ์ ๋งํ๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ด ๋ณผ ๋ ํ๊ต ๊ต์กํ์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ก์ ํ๋ค๋ฉด ํ์๋ค์ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ์ฆ์ง์ํค๋ ๋ฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ์ฐจ 5
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7
์ 1 ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋ 7
1. ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ๊ฐ๋
7
2. ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์ 10
3. ํ๊ฒฝ ํ๋์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์์ธ 13
์ 2 ์ ์ ๋ช
์ธ 19
1. ์ ๋ช
์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค 19
2. ์ ๋ช
์ธ ํจ๊ณผ 21
1) ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ 21
2) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 23
์ 3 ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง 24
1. ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง ์ ๋ฌ ๋งค์ฒด 24
2. ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง ๋์์ธ 25
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 30
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ 30
1. ์คํ ์ค๊ณ 30
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์ 30
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ 31
4. ๋ณ์ธ 33
์ 2 ์ ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ 35
์ 3 ์ ์๋ฃ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์ 38
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39
์ 1 ์ ์ฌ์ ๋์ง์ฑ ๊ฒ์ฌ 39
์ 2 ์ ์ฌ์ -์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ฌ 40
1. ์ ๋ช
์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง ์ฌ์ -์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋น๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 40
2. ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง ์ฌ์ -์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋น๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42
3. ์ ๋ช
์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ์์ง ํจ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ์ 43
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 49
์ 1 ์ ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 49
์ 2 ์ ๊ต์ก์ ์๋ฏธ์ ์์ฌ์ 50
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 53
๋ถ๋ก 62
Abstract 69Maste
A study of the Nonlinear Piezoelectric ZnO Dual Sensor for the Detection of Bending Angle and Radius
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๋ถ, 2017. 8. ๊น์ฐ์.Internet of things (IOT) ๊ธฐ์ ์๋๊ฐ ๋๋ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฌ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฏธ์ธ ํ ์์ง์์ ์ธ์งํ๋ ์ผ์์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋ง์ด ๋์์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ผ์ ์ค ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ์ ์ธ์งํ๋ ์ ์์ฅ์น์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ์ค์์๋ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ์ผ์๋ ์ธ๋ถ ์ ์ ์ฅ์น๊ฐ ํ์ ์๊ณ , ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ ์ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ธก๋ฉด์์, ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ ์ผ์์์์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ์ ๋น์ ํ์ ์ธ ๋ณํ์ผ๋ก, ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ ์ผ์๊ฐ ์ ํ์ ์ธ ์์ ์์์ธ d33, d31๋ชจ๋์ด๋ฉฐ, ์์ง์ ํน์ ์ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์๋๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๊ทน์ ์ ๋ํ๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๊ทน์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ in-plane ๋ฐฉํฅ์ด๋ out-plane๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ ์ ์๊ณ , ์ผ์์ ๊ณต์ ํธ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด์๋ out-of-plane์ผ๋ก์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋น์ ํ์ ์ธ ์์ ๋ชจ๋์์, ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ์ ๋น์ ํ์ ๋ณํ์ ์์ ์ผ์์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ์ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ง๋ณด์ ์ธ ์ผ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ํด์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง ํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฃ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ์์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ ์ฐํ์์ฐ์ ํ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ ฌ์์ผ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋์ ์ธ์งํ ์ ์๋ ์ผ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์์ ์ฌ๋ฃ์๋ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ ์ฐํ์์ฐ์ ๋น์ ํ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋ณ์ ์์์ธ u31๋ชจ๋๋ก ํ์ฑํ๋๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ ๋ณํ์ ์ ํฉํ ๋น์ ํ์ ์ธ ์์ ํน์ง์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋น์ ํ ์์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์คํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๊ณ , COMSOL Multiphysics, ์ ํ ์์๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ํํธ์จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ณ์ฐ์ ํตํ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ณผ ์คํ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ์นํ๋ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ๊ณก๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ๋์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์งํ๋ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ ์กฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ค์ ๋ก ๋ค์ํ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ฆผ ๋ณํ์ ๊ฐํด์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ธ์ง๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.A non-linear piezoelectric dual sensor consisting of one-directionally and randomly aligned bi-axially grown zinc oxide nanorods was introduced for simultaneous detection of the bending radius and angle of a bending deformation. The tendency of the voltage peak according to the bending radius and angle was experimentally measured and theoretically calculated using COMSOL Multiphysicsยฎ. For the sensing measurements, the bending radius was set as the independent variable, and both the average voltage peak and the rate of change of the voltage peak value with respect to the bending angle were set as dependent variables. Based on these variables, an algorithm is designed to simultaneously recognize the bending radius and angle. Finally, a two-channel nonlinear piezoelectric dual sensor was fabricated and the bending radius and angle were successfully identified through the proposed algorithm with various bending deformations.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Bending detection technology 1
1.2 Recent research of Bending sensor 4
1.3 Nonlinear piezoelectricity 5
Chapter 2. Experimental details 9
2.1 Synthesis of bi-axially grown ZnO nanorods 9
2.2 Fabrication of nonlinear piezoelectric dual sensor 11
2.3 Charateristics of nonlinear piezoelectric dual sensor . 14
Chapter 3. Results and discussion 16
3.1 Investigation of the monolayer of bi-axially grown ZnO NRs 16
3.2 Output performance of bending sensor 20
3.3 Theoretical investigation based on COMSOL Multiphysics 27
3.4 Sensing algorithm based on experimental results 32
3.5 Application of the fabricated nonlinear piezoelectric dual sensor 36
Chapter 4. Conclusion 39
References 41
์ด๋ก(๊ตญ๋ฌธ) 44Maste
Effect of Botulinum Toxin injection into human masseter muscle on the mandibular angle area
์น๊ณผ๋ํ/๋ฐ์ฌInjection of botulinum toxin type (BoNT) into masseter muscle is a noninvasive treatment for the masseteric hypertrophy, which is safer than the surgical treatment. Most studies regarding the injection of BoNT reported its effect on reducing the masseter muscle using ultrasonography and computed tomography. Also, it was reported that localized masticatory muscle atrophy after injection of BoNT alters craniofacial growth and development in animal studies, such as decreased ramus height, increased gonial angle. However, most of those studies were performed on animals, thus, the effects of BoNT injection into masseter muscle on the craniofacial bony structure has not been fully elucidated in humans.
The aim of this study was to evaluate soft and hard tissue changes on the mandibular angle area after injection of BoNT in patients with massetric hypertrophy using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (3D CBCT).
Twenty volunteers were randomly divided into two groups. Group I (n=10) received a single BoNT injection into the bilateral masseter muscle, while group II (n=10) received double BoNT injections, the second being administered 4 months after the first. Each injection was comprised of 25 U of BoNT.
3D CBCT were taken before injection and after the first injection 6 months later in two groups.
Thicknesses and cross-sectional areas of the masseter muscle were measured on the 6 cutting images of masseter muscle parallel to the mandibular plane with interval of 5 mm distance, which were referred to as C5, C10, C15, C20, C25, and C30. For bony changes of mandibular angle area, three reference points were used (Go inf, Go post, distal surface of mandibular second molar). Inter-gonial width (inter Go inf Rt-Lt, inter Go post Rt-Lt) were measured. The bone volume of mandibular angle formulated by 3 reference points were measured.
The results of the present study were as follows,
1. The thicknesses and cross-sectional areas were significantly reduced in both groups (P<0.001), but the amount of reduction was significantly greater in group II.
2. The intergonial width of mandibular angle area was not significantly changed in groups I and II (P>0.05).
3. The bone volume of mandibular gonial angle area was significantly reduced only in group II (P<0.001).
BoNT injection reduced thicknesses and cross sectional areas of masseter muscle in both groups, but the amount of reduction were significantly greater in group II than group I. (P<0.05). The bone volume of mandibular angle area reduced only in group II. These finding demonstrate that the administration of double BoNT injections might induce change in bone volume at the mandibular angle area.ope
๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์๋ ๋ถ์์ ํตํ ๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ํ ํ๋๊ณผ์ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ก์ ๊ณต, 2022.2. ๋ฅ์ฌ๋ช
.Environmental issues are no longer future problems. As we have already started to face serious environmental problems, it is necessary to encourage and mobilize people to act together. It is not easy to change people to behave in an environmentally conscious way because several situational factors are involved. However, we can educate people to change their environmental behavioral intention, a variable with a strong impact on environmental behavior. So, in this study, the author saw the necessity to conduct research on eco-friendly consumption, one of the most poorly performed environmental behaviors, and decided to focus on products related to water, which are essential materials for human survival.
Meanwhile, previous research found that norms have significant leverage in explaining human environmental behavior, among various factors. However, compared to its influence, we cannot easily find well-conducted research on norms and environmental behavior. There have been a few past research that studied the relationship between norms and environmental behavior. However, most of them did not look at norms closely by subdividing them into categories. Moreover, the survey questions were often poorly organized. So, for Research Question 1, the author tried to investigate the relationship between norms and environmental behavioral intention by systemically organizing the survey questions about categorized norms. Also, although the role of trending normative messages (specific behaviors, gradually increasing in frequency of using, which can become a social trend within 1 to 5 years) to promote environmental behavior has been studied abroad, most cases were confined to studying descriptive trending normative messages. Therefore, at Research Question 2, the author tried to see the effects of trending normative messages in boosting the environmental behavioral intentions when given in descriptive and injunctive forms.
The experiment first led the participants to respond to the question about any prior knowledge of label-free bottled water before receiving the official explanation of the product. Then, the questionnaire continued to ask about โthe intention for purchasing label-free bottled water (pre-survey)โ, โsocial norms (descriptive norms/injunctive norms)โ, and โpersonal normsโ. Later, the experiment allowed each group of participants to see different trending normative messages. The trending normative messages indicated the increasing number of people who purchase label-free bottled water and were made into four different types of messages. The types consist of two descriptive trending normative messages (statistic vs. narrative) and two injunctive trending normative messages (involvement vs. exclusion). Finally, they answered questions about the intention of purchasing label-free bottled water (post-survey) and other questions related to personal properties, including demographic characteristics. The study recruited a total number of 792 adults over 19 years of age, who have purchased bottled water at least once in the previous 3 months regardless of the types of bottled water, through an online research company.
For Research Question 1, the author conducted a linear regression analysis using SPSS, based on the previous studies, to know the effects of descriptive, injunctive, and personal norms on the environmental behavioral intentions. The study took the descriptive norms and injunctive norms as the independent variable respectively, the personal norms as the mediator variable, and environmental behavioral intention as the dependent variable. Statistical verification of mediating effects was confirmed through the bootstrapping method. To verify the research problem, the author did ANCOVA using SPSS for Research Question 2. For the variables, the study took descriptive trending normative messages and injunctive trending normative messages as the independent variable respectively, prior knowledge of label-free bottled water as the moderating variable, environmental behavioral intention before viewing the normative messages as the covariate variable, and post-environmental behavior intent as the dependent variable.
The study findings first show that the social norms (injunctive norms/descriptive norms) have a positive impact on environmental behavioral intention mediated with personal norms. Through the results of Research Problem 1, it was possible to investigate the relationship between norms and pro-environmental consume(Green-suming). Second, one of the trending normative messages was effective in promoting environmental behaviors, especially in the group without prior knowledge about label-free bottled water. In other words, the findings from Research Question 2 showed that the trending normative message used to promote eco-friendly consumption could actually be used as an educational method that captivates people's minds to be eco-friendly (Green-suming).
The educational implications and suggestions based on this study are as follows. Further research can be conducted to find more in detail about how people's environmental behaviors are formed based on the questionnaire used in Research Question 1. Through this process, we will be able to investigate the relationship between the environmental behavior intention and environmental behavior intention factors more clearly. Further research could also be better developed by designing the survey to include norms that reflect personal views. In addition, the results of Research Question 2 open the door to use the effective trending normative messages for both the education and recruitment of environmental education programs in an appropriate way. However, there is a limitation in this study since it was solely conducted on adults regarding label-free bottled water. So, it is crucial that subsequent research studies more diverse materials with people of more various age ranges, hoping to open the door for more people to reach a level of green and get familiar with eco-friendliness.ํ๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๋ ์ด์ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋์ ์์๋ค์ ์ํด์ ๋
ธ๋ ฅํด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ค. ํ์ฌ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋น๋ฉดํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ค์์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ง๊ธ ํ๋ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ํฉ์ ์์ธ์ด ๊ฐ์
๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ํ๊ฒฝํ๋ํ๋๋ก ๋ณํ์ํจ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฝ์ง๋ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ต์ก์ ํตํด ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋๋ฅผ ๋ณํ์ํฌ ์๋ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋ ์ค์์๋ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ด๋ค์ง์ง ์๊ณ ์๋ ์นํ๊ฒฝ์๋น๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ํ๋, ์ธ๊ฐ ์์กด ํ์์ฌ์ธ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์์ฌ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ ํ์์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์๋ค.
์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ธ ์ค ๊ท๋ฒ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋นํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง, ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ๋นํ๋ฉด ๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ ์ด๋ค์ง์ง ์์๋ค. ๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์์ง๋ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ท๋ฒ์ ์ธ๋ถํํ์ฌ ๋ณด์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๊ณ , ์ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํญ๋ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 1์์๋ ์ธ๋ถํ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋ํด ์ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํญ์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์ฌ, ๊ท๋ฒ๋ค๊ณผ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์ ์ด๊ตฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ๊ตญ์ธ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ง๋ง, ์์ ์ ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง์ ๊ตญํํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ด์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 2์์๋ ์์ ์ ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์์ ๋, ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋๊ฐ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋์ง ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์คํ์ ์ฐ์ , ์คํ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ด ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์์์ ๋ํ ์ฌ์ ์ง์ ์ฌ๋ถ์ ์๋ตํ ๋ค, ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์์์ ๋ํ ์ค๋ช
๋ฌธ์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ โ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์๋(์ฌ์ )โ, โ์ฌํ์ ๊ท๋ฒ(์์ ์ ๊ท๋ฒ/๋ช
๋ น์ ๊ท๋ฒ)โ, โ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ท๋ฒโ์ ๋ํด ์ค๋ฌธํ๋ค. ์ดํ, ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ง๋จ๋ณ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์๋ค. ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ฌํ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก, 4๊ฐ์ง ์ข
๋ฅ๋ก ์ ์ํ๋ค(์์ ์ ๊ท๋ฒ[ํต๊ณ vs. ๋ด๋ฌํฐ๋ธ] ร ๋ช
๋ น์ ๊ท๋ฒ[์ฐธ์ฌ vs. ์์ธ]). ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์์ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์๋(์ฌํ) ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌํ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋น๋กฏํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ฌธํญ๋ค์ ์ค๋ฌธํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์ ์ด 792๋ช
์ผ๋ก, 3๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ด์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฌด๊ดํ๊ฒ ํ ๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ ์ ์ด ์๋ ๋ง 19์ธ ์ด์ ์ฑ์ธ๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์์น ์
์ฒด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ชจ์งํ๋ค.
๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 1์ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ๊ท๋ฒ, ๋ช
๋ น์ ๊ท๋ฒ, ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ท๋ฒ์ด ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ๊ท๋ถ์์ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ์์ ์ ๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ช
๋ น์ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์ธ์ผ๋ก, ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ณ์ธ์ผ๋ก, ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋๋ฅผ ์ข
์๋ณ์ธ์ผ๋ก ํ์๊ณ , ๋งค๊ฐํจ๊ณผ์ ํต๊ณ์ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ๋ถํธ์คํธ๋ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ํ์ธํ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 2์ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ์ํด์๋ ์ฌ์ ์ง์์ด ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค๋ค๋ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ, ์์ ์ ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง์ ๋ช
๋ น์ ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์ธ์ผ๋ก, ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์์์ ๋ํ ์ฌ์ ์ง์์ ์กฐ์ ๋ณ์ธ์ผ๋ก, ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ ์ฌ์ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ณ์ธ์ผ๋ก, ์ฌํํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋๋ฅผ ์ข
์๋ณ์ธ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๊ณต๋ณ๋๋ถ์์ ์ค์ํ๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฌํ์ ๊ท๋ฒ(๋ช
๋ น์ ๊ท๋ฒ/์์ ์ ๊ท๋ฒ)์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋์ ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 1์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ ์นํ๊ฒฝ์๋น(๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์๋ฐ, Green-suming)์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ํด ๊ท๋ช
ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋์งธ, ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง ์ค ์ผ๋ถ๋ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ํนํ ์ฌ์ ์ง์์ด ์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค ์ฌ์ด์์ ๋๋๋ฌ์ง๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 2์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์นํ๊ฒฝ์๋น๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฌ์ฉํ ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ง์์ ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ด๋๋ก ์ฌ๋ก์ก๋(๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์๋ฐ, Green-suming) ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์จ ํ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์ก์ ์์ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ ์์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 1์ ์ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํญ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์ด ํ์ฑ๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ ์๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์ ์ ์๋ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ 2์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฒฝ๊ต์กํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๊ต์ก ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ง ๋ฑ์ ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ ์ ํ ํ์ฉํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋จ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์์๋ฅผ ์์ฌ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์ฑ์ธ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ค์ฑ๋ก์ด ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ , ๋ค์ํ ์ฐ๋ น๋๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌํด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์นํ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ธต ๊ฐ๊น์์ง ์ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 3
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8
์ 1 ์ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋ 8
1. ํ๊ฒฝํ๋๊ณผ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋ 8
2. ์นํ๊ฒฝ์๋น 13
์ 2 ์ ๊ท๋ฒ 16
1. ๊ท๋ฒ 16
2. ์ฌํ์ ๊ท๋ฒ 18
3. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ท๋ฒ 27
์ 3 ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์๋ฐ 32
1. ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์๋ฐ 1 (๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋) 33
2. ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์๋ฐ 2 (ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง์ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋) 35
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 38
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ์ฐจ 38
์ 2 ์ ์คํ ์ค๊ณ 39
1. ์คํ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์คํ ์ ์ฐจ 40
2. ์คํ์๊ทน๋ฌผ 43
3. ์ฃผ์ ๋ณ์์ ์ธก์ 52
์ 3 ์ ์๋ฃ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 56
์ 4 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 57
์ 1 ์ ๊ท๋ฒ๊ณผ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋ 57
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 57
2. ๋
ผ์ 61
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ ์ธ 64
์ 2 ์ ํธ๋ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ๋ฉ์์ง์ ํ๊ฒฝํ๋์๋ 65
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 65
2. ๋
ผ์ 74
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ ์ธ 79
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 80
์ 1 ์ ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 80
์ 2 ์ ๊ต์ก์ ์๋ฏธ์ ์ ์์ 81
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 84
๋ถ๋ก 95
Abstract 106๋ฐ
Longitudinal interaction between APOA5 -1131T>C and overweight in the acceleration of age-related increase in arterial stiffness through the regulation of circulating triglycerides
Dept. of Science for Aging/์์ฌThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether the longitudinal interaction between APOA5 -1131C variants and overweight could accelerate age-related increases in arterial stiffness and circulating triglycerides (TG) in healthy subjects. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured in 503 healthy subjects at baseline and within a mean follow-up period of 3 years. triglycerides, APOA5 -1131T>C SNPs, apolipoprotein (apo) A-V levels and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size were measured. At the 3-year follow-up, the overweight group with the C allele showed increases in triglycerides and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity relative to the baseline. Additionally, in the overweight group, there was a genotype effect on the changes in triglycerides: subjects with the C allele had greater increases in triglyceride concentrations than those with the TT genotype. Furthermore, overweight subjects with the C allele had greater increases in triglycerides concentrations than normal-weight subjects with the C allele (P-interaction=0.013). Overweight subjects with the C allele had greater increases in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity than normal-weight subjects with the C allele (P-interaction=0.047). Changes in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were affected by age, baseline brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, and changes in systolic blood pressure (BP) and triglycerides. Changes in triglycerides were affected by the APOA5 -1131T>C genotype, age, baseline triglyceride levels, and changes in body mass index (BMI) and apolipoprotein A-V. In the overweight group, changes in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were affected by changes in systolic blood pressure, low density lipoprotein particle size and triglyceride. This prospective study shows that the interactive effect between APOA5 -1131C variants and overweight can accelerate age-related increase in arterial stiffness through the regulation of circulating triglycerides in healthy subjects.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ์ฌ๋์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋
ธํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๊ด๊ฒฝ์ง๋์ ๊ฐ์ํ์ ํ๋ฅ ๋ด ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ์ APOA5 -1131T>C์ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค์ด ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ: 3๋
์ถ์ ์ฝํธํธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ์ฑ์ธ 503๋ช
์ ์ ์์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ (349๋ช
)๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ (154๋ช
) ๋ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด ๋น๊ต ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ํ๊ด ๊ฒฝ์ง๋๋ brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV)์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ธก์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ, APOA5 -1131T>C SNP, apo A-V, LDL ์
์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: C allele (86๋ช
)์ ์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ์์ 3๋
ํ, ํ์ค ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ณผ baPWV์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ (154๋ช
)์์ ํ์ค ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ณํ๋ risk C allele์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋์์์์ TT ์ ์ ์ํ (68๋ช
)์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋์์๋ณด๋ค ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ risk C allele์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ์์ C allele (181๋ช
)์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ๋ณด๋ค ํ์ค ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ ๋๋๊ฐ ๋ ๋ง์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ค. baPWV ๋ณํ์์๋ risk C allele์ ์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ์์ C allele์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ์์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ๋ณด๋ค ๋ณํ์ ํญ์ด ๋ ์ปธ๋ค. ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ ๋์์์์ baPWV์ ๋ณํ๋ ๋์ด, ๊ธฐ์ค baPWV, ์์ถ๊ธฐ ํ์์ ๋ณํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ค ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ณํ๋ APOA5 -1131T>C ์ ์ ์ํ, ๋์ด, ์์ถ๊ธฐ ํ์์ ๋ณํ, ๊ธฐ์ค ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ณํ ๋ฐ BMI์ apo A-V์ ๋ณํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค๊ตฐ์์ baPWV์ ๋ณํ๋ ์์ถ๊ธฐ ํ์, LDL ์
์ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ณํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ APOA5 -1131T>C ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํธ ์์ฉ์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ๋์์์์ ํ์ค ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ ๋๋์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ฉฐ, ์ฐ๋ น ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๊ด ๊ฒฝ์ง๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ํ ํ ์ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.ope
Effect of botulinum toxin injection into human masseter muscle on the mandibular angle area
์น๊ณผ๋ํ/๋ฐ์ฌInjection of botulinum toxin type (BoNT) into masseter muscle is a noninvasive treatment for the masseteric hypertrophy, which is safer than the surgical treatment. Most studies regarding the injection of BoNT reported its effect on reducing the masseter muscle using ultrasonography and computed tomography. Also, it was reported that localized masticatory muscle atrophy after injection of BoNT alters craniofacial growth and development in animal studies, such as decreased ramus height, increased gonial angle. However, most of those studies were performed on animals, thus, the effects of BoNT injection into masseter muscle on the craniofacial bony structure has not been fully elucidated in humans.
The aim of this study was to evaluate soft and hard tissue changes on the mandibular angle area after injection of BoNT in patients with massetric hypertrophy using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (3D CBCT).
Twenty volunteers were randomly divided into two groups. Group I (n=10) received a single BoNT injection into the bilateral masseter muscle, while group II (n=10) received double BoNT injections, the second being administered 4 months after the first. Each injection was comprised of 25 U of BoNT.
3D CBCT were taken before injection and after the first injection 6 months later in two groups.
Thicknesses and cross-sectional areas of the masseter muscle were measured on the 6 cutting images of masseter muscle parallel to the mandibular plane with interval of 5 mm distance, which were referred to as C5, C10, C15, C20, C25, and C30. For bony changes of mandibular angle area, three reference points were used (Go inf, Go post, distal surface of mandibular second molar). Inter-gonial width (inter Go inf Rt-Lt, inter Go post Rt-Lt) were measured. The bone volume of mandibular angle formulated by 3 reference points were measured.
The results of the present study were as follows,
1. The thicknesses and cross-sectional areas were significantly reduced in both groups (P<0.001), but the amount of reduction was significantly greater in group II.
2. The intergonial width of mandibular angle area was not significantly changed in groups I and II (P>0.05).
3. The bone volume of mandibular gonial angle area was significantly reduced only in group II (P<0.001).
BoNT injection reduced thicknesses and cross sectional areas of masseter muscle in both groups, but the amount of reduction were significantly greater in group II than group I. (P<0.05). The bone volume of mandibular angle area reduced only in group II. These finding demonstrate that the administration of double BoNT injections might induce change in bone volume at the mandibular angle area.ope
MicroRNA targets prediction using a support vector machine
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :ํ๋๊ณผ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ๋ณดํ์ ๊ณต,2005.Maste
A study on gratified-needs and flow of game users through online-game : with focus on lineage 2
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ธ๋ก ์ ๋ณดํ๊ณผ,2007.Maste
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