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    ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2017. 8. ๋ฅ˜์žฌ๋ช….๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œกํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด '์ง€์‹์ฑ„๋„ e', 'Discovery' ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ธ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์• ์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์ฒด ํ™œ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์–ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‚™์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜†์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋– ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์ฑ„๋„ e์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์ƒ์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋งค์ฒด์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ๊ธฐ์—” ์—ญ๋ถ€์กฑ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งค์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™, ๊ด‘๊ณ ํ•™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…์ธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์™€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์— ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์—ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹น๋ถ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์—ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹น๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋„๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์ผ ๋•Œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?, ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์„œ์šธ์˜ Y์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 5ํ•™๋…„, 6ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 149๋ช…(์ด 8๋ฐ˜)์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋’ค 3์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ 1์ฃผ์ผ ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ(75๋ช…)๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ(74๋ช…) ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ‰์†Œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๋ฌธ 14๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ Likert 5์  ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, 3์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ต์‹ค ๋’คํŽธ์—๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด์  ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ์ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋’ค ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰์†Œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „-์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธ t-test๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ANCOVA๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ฆ์ง„ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด ๋” ์ปธ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ธ‰์ฆ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ TV ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋Šฅ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œกํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™ 7 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 7 2. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ 10 3. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์œ ๋ช…์ธ 19 1. ์œ ๋ช…์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 19 2. ์œ ๋ช…์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ 21 1) ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ 21 2) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 23 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ 24 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋งค์ฒด 24 2. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ๋””์ž์ธ 25 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 30 1. ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 30 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 30 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ 31 4. ๋ณ€์ธ 33 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ 35 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 38 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 39 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์ „-์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 40 1. ์œ ๋ช…์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ „-์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 40 2. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ „-์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 3. ์œ ๋ช…์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 43 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  49 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  49 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ต์œก์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  50 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 53 ๋ถ€๋ก 62 Abstract 69Maste

    A study of the Nonlinear Piezoelectric ZnO Dual Sensor for the Detection of Bending Angle and Radius

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ๊น€์—ฐ์ƒ.Internet of things (IOT) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ž˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์„ผ์„œ ์ค‘ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์ž์žฅ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์••์ „์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์› ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ์—†๊ณ , ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ, ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์••์ „ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ ์„ผ์„œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ์€ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์••์ „ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ ์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์••์ „์ƒ์ˆ˜์ธ d33, d31๋ชจ๋“œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ง์  ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๊ทน์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๊ทน์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ in-plane ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ out-plane๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ •ํŽธ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” out-of-plane์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์••์ „๋ชจ๋“œ์—์„œ, ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ์˜ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ์••์ „์„ผ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ธ ์„ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์••์ „์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์–‘์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์‚ฐํ™”์•„์—ฐ์„ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ ๊ณก๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋™์‹œ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์••์ „์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์‚ฐํ™”์•„์—ฐ์€ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์••์ „์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€์ „์ƒ์ˆ˜์ธ u31๋ชจ๋“œ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์••์ „ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์••์ „ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , COMSOL Multiphysics, ์œ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ๊ณก๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋™์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ฆผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.A non-linear piezoelectric dual sensor consisting of one-directionally and randomly aligned bi-axially grown zinc oxide nanorods was introduced for simultaneous detection of the bending radius and angle of a bending deformation. The tendency of the voltage peak according to the bending radius and angle was experimentally measured and theoretically calculated using COMSOL Multiphysicsยฎ. For the sensing measurements, the bending radius was set as the independent variable, and both the average voltage peak and the rate of change of the voltage peak value with respect to the bending angle were set as dependent variables. Based on these variables, an algorithm is designed to simultaneously recognize the bending radius and angle. Finally, a two-channel nonlinear piezoelectric dual sensor was fabricated and the bending radius and angle were successfully identified through the proposed algorithm with various bending deformations.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Bending detection technology 1 1.2 Recent research of Bending sensor 4 1.3 Nonlinear piezoelectricity 5 Chapter 2. Experimental details 9 2.1 Synthesis of bi-axially grown ZnO nanorods 9 2.2 Fabrication of nonlinear piezoelectric dual sensor 11 2.3 Charateristics of nonlinear piezoelectric dual sensor . 14 Chapter 3. Results and discussion 16 3.1 Investigation of the monolayer of bi-axially grown ZnO NRs 16 3.2 Output performance of bending sensor 20 3.3 Theoretical investigation based on COMSOL Multiphysics 27 3.4 Sensing algorithm based on experimental results 32 3.5 Application of the fabricated nonlinear piezoelectric dual sensor 36 Chapter 4. Conclusion 39 References 41 ์ดˆ๋ก(๊ตญ๋ฌธ) 44Maste

    Effect of Botulinum Toxin injection into human masseter muscle on the mandibular angle area

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    ์น˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™/๋ฐ•์‚ฌInjection of botulinum toxin type (BoNT) into masseter muscle is a noninvasive treatment for the masseteric hypertrophy, which is safer than the surgical treatment. Most studies regarding the injection of BoNT reported its effect on reducing the masseter muscle using ultrasonography and computed tomography. Also, it was reported that localized masticatory muscle atrophy after injection of BoNT alters craniofacial growth and development in animal studies, such as decreased ramus height, increased gonial angle. However, most of those studies were performed on animals, thus, the effects of BoNT injection into masseter muscle on the craniofacial bony structure has not been fully elucidated in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate soft and hard tissue changes on the mandibular angle area after injection of BoNT in patients with massetric hypertrophy using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (3D CBCT). Twenty volunteers were randomly divided into two groups. Group I (n=10) received a single BoNT injection into the bilateral masseter muscle, while group II (n=10) received double BoNT injections, the second being administered 4 months after the first. Each injection was comprised of 25 U of BoNT. 3D CBCT were taken before injection and after the first injection 6 months later in two groups. Thicknesses and cross-sectional areas of the masseter muscle were measured on the 6 cutting images of masseter muscle parallel to the mandibular plane with interval of 5 mm distance, which were referred to as C5, C10, C15, C20, C25, and C30. For bony changes of mandibular angle area, three reference points were used (Go inf, Go post, distal surface of mandibular second molar). Inter-gonial width (inter Go inf Rt-Lt, inter Go post Rt-Lt) were measured. The bone volume of mandibular angle formulated by 3 reference points were measured. The results of the present study were as follows, 1. The thicknesses and cross-sectional areas were significantly reduced in both groups (P<0.001), but the amount of reduction was significantly greater in group II. 2. The intergonial width of mandibular angle area was not significantly changed in groups I and II (P>0.05). 3. The bone volume of mandibular gonial angle area was significantly reduced only in group II (P<0.001). BoNT injection reduced thicknesses and cross sectional areas of masseter muscle in both groups, but the amount of reduction were significantly greater in group II than group I. (P<0.05). The bone volume of mandibular angle area reduced only in group II. These finding demonstrate that the administration of double BoNT injections might induce change in bone volume at the mandibular angle area.ope

    ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2022.2. ๋ฅ˜์žฌ๋ช….Environmental issues are no longer future problems. As we have already started to face serious environmental problems, it is necessary to encourage and mobilize people to act together. It is not easy to change people to behave in an environmentally conscious way because several situational factors are involved. However, we can educate people to change their environmental behavioral intention, a variable with a strong impact on environmental behavior. So, in this study, the author saw the necessity to conduct research on eco-friendly consumption, one of the most poorly performed environmental behaviors, and decided to focus on products related to water, which are essential materials for human survival. Meanwhile, previous research found that norms have significant leverage in explaining human environmental behavior, among various factors. However, compared to its influence, we cannot easily find well-conducted research on norms and environmental behavior. There have been a few past research that studied the relationship between norms and environmental behavior. However, most of them did not look at norms closely by subdividing them into categories. Moreover, the survey questions were often poorly organized. So, for Research Question 1, the author tried to investigate the relationship between norms and environmental behavioral intention by systemically organizing the survey questions about categorized norms. Also, although the role of trending normative messages (specific behaviors, gradually increasing in frequency of using, which can become a social trend within 1 to 5 years) to promote environmental behavior has been studied abroad, most cases were confined to studying descriptive trending normative messages. Therefore, at Research Question 2, the author tried to see the effects of trending normative messages in boosting the environmental behavioral intentions when given in descriptive and injunctive forms. The experiment first led the participants to respond to the question about any prior knowledge of label-free bottled water before receiving the official explanation of the product. Then, the questionnaire continued to ask about โ€˜the intention for purchasing label-free bottled water (pre-survey)โ€™, โ€˜social norms (descriptive norms/injunctive norms)โ€™, and โ€˜personal normsโ€™. Later, the experiment allowed each group of participants to see different trending normative messages. The trending normative messages indicated the increasing number of people who purchase label-free bottled water and were made into four different types of messages. The types consist of two descriptive trending normative messages (statistic vs. narrative) and two injunctive trending normative messages (involvement vs. exclusion). Finally, they answered questions about the intention of purchasing label-free bottled water (post-survey) and other questions related to personal properties, including demographic characteristics. The study recruited a total number of 792 adults over 19 years of age, who have purchased bottled water at least once in the previous 3 months regardless of the types of bottled water, through an online research company. For Research Question 1, the author conducted a linear regression analysis using SPSS, based on the previous studies, to know the effects of descriptive, injunctive, and personal norms on the environmental behavioral intentions. The study took the descriptive norms and injunctive norms as the independent variable respectively, the personal norms as the mediator variable, and environmental behavioral intention as the dependent variable. Statistical verification of mediating effects was confirmed through the bootstrapping method. To verify the research problem, the author did ANCOVA using SPSS for Research Question 2. For the variables, the study took descriptive trending normative messages and injunctive trending normative messages as the independent variable respectively, prior knowledge of label-free bottled water as the moderating variable, environmental behavioral intention before viewing the normative messages as the covariate variable, and post-environmental behavior intent as the dependent variable. The study findings first show that the social norms (injunctive norms/descriptive norms) have a positive impact on environmental behavioral intention mediated with personal norms. Through the results of Research Problem 1, it was possible to investigate the relationship between norms and pro-environmental consume(Green-suming). Second, one of the trending normative messages was effective in promoting environmental behaviors, especially in the group without prior knowledge about label-free bottled water. In other words, the findings from Research Question 2 showed that the trending normative message used to promote eco-friendly consumption could actually be used as an educational method that captivates people's minds to be eco-friendly (Green-suming). The educational implications and suggestions based on this study are as follows. Further research can be conducted to find more in detail about how people's environmental behaviors are formed based on the questionnaire used in Research Question 1. Through this process, we will be able to investigate the relationship between the environmental behavior intention and environmental behavior intention factors more clearly. Further research could also be better developed by designing the survey to include norms that reflect personal views. In addition, the results of Research Question 2 open the door to use the effective trending normative messages for both the education and recruitment of environmental education programs in an appropriate way. However, there is a limitation in this study since it was solely conducted on adults regarding label-free bottled water. So, it is crucial that subsequent research studies more diverse materials with people of more various age ranges, hoping to open the door for more people to reach a level of green and get familiar with eco-friendliness.ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋จผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ž์†๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์  ์š”์ธ์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‰ฝ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋˜, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์กด ํ•„์ˆ˜์žฌ์ธ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์—†์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ถ€ํ™”๋œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๋“ค๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„œ์ˆ ์  ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— ๊ตญํ•œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์  ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ๋ช…๋ น์  ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์šฐ์„ , ์‹คํ—˜์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „์ง€์‹ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๋’ค, ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฌธ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ€˜๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„(์‚ฌ์ „)โ€™, โ€˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”(์„œ์ˆ ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”/๋ช…๋ น์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”)โ€™, โ€˜๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”โ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ, 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(์„œ์ˆ ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”[ํ†ต๊ณ„ vs. ๋‚ด๋Ÿฌํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ] ร— ๋ช…๋ น์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”[์ฐธ์—ฌ vs. ์†Œ์™ธ]). ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„(์‚ฌํ›„) ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋ฌธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ด 792๋ช…์œผ๋กœ, 3๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด์— ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒ 19์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ์„ฑ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜ ์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 1์€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ๋ช…๋ น์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์ˆ ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๋ช…๋ น์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์ฆ์€ ๋ถ€ํŠธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ž˜ํ•‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 2์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „์ง€์‹์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„œ์ˆ ์  ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ๋ช…๋ น์  ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „์ง€์‹์„ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „ ์‚ฌ์ „ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌํ›„ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”(๋ช…๋ น์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”/์„œ์ˆ ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”)์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„์— ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 1์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†Œ๋น„(๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์Šˆ๋ฐ, Green-suming)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌ์ „์ง€์‹์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 2์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ด๋„๋ก ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก๋Š”(๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์Šˆ๋ฐ, Green-suming) ๊ต์œก์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 1์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋” ์—„๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 2์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ง‘ ๋“ฑ์— ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋กœ์šด ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ํ•œ์ธต ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 8 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™ 8 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„ 8 2. ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์†Œ๋น„ 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” 16 1. ๊ทœ๋ฒ” 16 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ” 18 3. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ” 27 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์Šˆ๋ฐ 32 1. ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์Šˆ๋ฐ 1 (๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„) 33 2. ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์Šˆ๋ฐ 2 (ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„) 35 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 38 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 39 1. ์‹คํ—˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 40 2. ์‹คํ—˜์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ 43 3. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 52 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 56 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 57 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„ 57 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 57 2. ๋…ผ์˜ 61 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 64 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋”” ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ–‰๋™์˜๋„ 65 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 65 2. ๋…ผ์˜ 74 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 79 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  80 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  80 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ต์œก์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ œ์•ˆ์  81 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 84 ๋ถ€๋ก 95 Abstract 106๋ฐ•

    Longitudinal interaction between APOA5 -1131T>C and overweight in the acceleration of age-related increase in arterial stiffness through the regulation of circulating triglycerides

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    Dept. of Science for Aging/์„์‚ฌThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether the longitudinal interaction between APOA5 -1131C variants and overweight could accelerate age-related increases in arterial stiffness and circulating triglycerides (TG) in healthy subjects. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured in 503 healthy subjects at baseline and within a mean follow-up period of 3 years. triglycerides, APOA5 -1131T>C SNPs, apolipoprotein (apo) A-V levels and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size were measured. At the 3-year follow-up, the overweight group with the C allele showed increases in triglycerides and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity relative to the baseline. Additionally, in the overweight group, there was a genotype effect on the changes in triglycerides: subjects with the C allele had greater increases in triglyceride concentrations than those with the TT genotype. Furthermore, overweight subjects with the C allele had greater increases in triglycerides concentrations than normal-weight subjects with the C allele (P-interaction=0.013). Overweight subjects with the C allele had greater increases in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity than normal-weight subjects with the C allele (P-interaction=0.047). Changes in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were affected by age, baseline brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, and changes in systolic blood pressure (BP) and triglycerides. Changes in triglycerides were affected by the APOA5 -1131T>C genotype, age, baseline triglyceride levels, and changes in body mass index (BMI) and apolipoprotein A-V. In the overweight group, changes in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were affected by changes in systolic blood pressure, low density lipoprotein particle size and triglyceride. This prospective study shows that the interactive effect between APOA5 -1131C variants and overweight can accelerate age-related increase in arterial stiffness through the regulation of circulating triglycerides in healthy subjects. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ฒฝ์ง๋„์˜ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”์™€ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜ ๋‚ด ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— APOA5 -1131T>C์™€ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 3๋…„ ์ถ”์  ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ 503๋ช…์„ ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ (349๋ช…)๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ (154๋ช…) ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋น„๊ต ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋„๋Š” brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV)์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ, APOA5 -1131T>C SNP, apo A-V, LDL ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: C allele (86๋ช…)์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ 3๋…„ ํ›„, ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ baPWV์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ (154๋ช…)์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” risk C allele์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ TT ์œ ์ „์žํ˜• (68๋ช…)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ risk C allele์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ C allele (181๋ช…)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. baPWV ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ๋„ risk C allele์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ C allele์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํญ์ด ๋” ์ปธ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ baPWV์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด, ๊ธฐ์ค€ baPWV, ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” APOA5 -1131T>C ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•, ๋‚˜์ด, ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ BMI์™€ apo A-V์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ baPWV์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••, LDL ์ž…์ž ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” APOA5 -1131T>C ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋†๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๋ น ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.ope

    Effect of botulinum toxin injection into human masseter muscle on the mandibular angle area

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    ์น˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™/๋ฐ•์‚ฌInjection of botulinum toxin type (BoNT) into masseter muscle is a noninvasive treatment for the masseteric hypertrophy, which is safer than the surgical treatment. Most studies regarding the injection of BoNT reported its effect on reducing the masseter muscle using ultrasonography and computed tomography. Also, it was reported that localized masticatory muscle atrophy after injection of BoNT alters craniofacial growth and development in animal studies, such as decreased ramus height, increased gonial angle. However, most of those studies were performed on animals, thus, the effects of BoNT injection into masseter muscle on the craniofacial bony structure has not been fully elucidated in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate soft and hard tissue changes on the mandibular angle area after injection of BoNT in patients with massetric hypertrophy using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (3D CBCT). Twenty volunteers were randomly divided into two groups. Group I (n=10) received a single BoNT injection into the bilateral masseter muscle, while group II (n=10) received double BoNT injections, the second being administered 4 months after the first. Each injection was comprised of 25 U of BoNT. 3D CBCT were taken before injection and after the first injection 6 months later in two groups. Thicknesses and cross-sectional areas of the masseter muscle were measured on the 6 cutting images of masseter muscle parallel to the mandibular plane with interval of 5 mm distance, which were referred to as C5, C10, C15, C20, C25, and C30. For bony changes of mandibular angle area, three reference points were used (Go inf, Go post, distal surface of mandibular second molar). Inter-gonial width (inter Go inf Rt-Lt, inter Go post Rt-Lt) were measured. The bone volume of mandibular angle formulated by 3 reference points were measured. The results of the present study were as follows, 1. The thicknesses and cross-sectional areas were significantly reduced in both groups (P<0.001), but the amount of reduction was significantly greater in group II. 2. The intergonial width of mandibular angle area was not significantly changed in groups I and II (P>0.05). 3. The bone volume of mandibular gonial angle area was significantly reduced only in group II (P<0.001). BoNT injection reduced thicknesses and cross sectional areas of masseter muscle in both groups, but the amount of reduction were significantly greater in group II than group I. (P<0.05). The bone volume of mandibular angle area reduced only in group II. These finding demonstrate that the administration of double BoNT injections might induce change in bone volume at the mandibular angle area.ope

    MicroRNA targets prediction using a support vector machine

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ •๋ณดํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste

    A study on gratified-needs and flow of game users through online-game : with focus on lineage 2

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ,2007.Maste
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