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    16 -19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„œ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์น˜์•„์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฒด์งˆ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์‹ ๋™ํ›ˆ.Introduction: Teeth are frequently analyzed and recorded in bioarchaeological and paleopathological research because they are highly mineralized, making them more resistant to taphonomic alterations. With the considerable numbers of teeth available in the archaeological evidence, dental status analysis has proved to be a useful tool in the assessment of health and diet of people in the past. In this study, dental remains from the two different populations having lived in West Siberia are examined in order to verify the differences of oral health status associated with distinct subsistence patterns: hunting and gathering and agriculture. Analyses focusing on the prevalence and severity of dental health standards, both within and among the groups of Siberian natives and Russian settlers, therefore test its possible differentials which may re๏ฌ‚ect the varying effectiveness of disparate adaptive systems. Methods: Siberian natives (n=75) exhumed from Khanty, Nenet, Selkup and Tatar graves along with Russian settler skeletons (n = 79) from Izyuk were examined in this study. General dental analysis of dental wear, Antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), calculus and caries were used to assess the dental health status and possible dietary patterns of individuals who represented hunter-gatherers (Siberian natives) and agriculturalists (Russian settlers) in the 16th to 19th century West Siberia. All above-mentioned pathologies were documented according to the widely used standard methodology. The resulting statistical inferences were tested using package R. Results: The Russian settlers showed a higher degree of dental wear (5.39) than did the Siberians natives (4.76) (t-test, p=0.0175). On the contrary, the prevalence of calculus deposition by teeth was significantly higher in Russian settlers (22.6%) than Siberian natives (10.8%). The agriculturalist Russian settlers also showed a significantly higher prevalence of dental caries (11.88%) than did the non-agriculturalist indigenous Siberian people (3.85%). As with the caries pattern, the prevalence of AMTL was also much higher in the Russian settlers than Siberian natives regardless of age. Conclusion: In a study on 16th to 19th century West Siberian populations, it could be shown that agriculturalists ingesting a carbohydrate-rich diet would have higher rates of dental calculus, AMTL and caries than hunter-gatherers. These results are consistent with most previous studies, which confirmed the influence of increased carbohydrate intake on dental health. Meanwhile, in case of tooth wear, the Russian settlers showed higher prevalence than the native Siberians did. The data also suggest that the foods of Siberian natives who were predominantly dependent on hunting activities were not as tough as I expected.์„œ๋ก : ๊ธฐ์กด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ ต-์ฑ„์ง‘๋ฏผ ๊ฐ„ ์น˜์•„ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ๊ฐ„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 16-19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„œ ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณต์กดํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ ต-์ฑ„์ง‘๋ฏผ (์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ)๊ณผ ๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ (๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ) ๊ฐ„ ์น˜์•„ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 16-19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„œ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฌด๋ค์—์„œ ์ถœํ† ๋œ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ธ๊ณจ 79๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€ ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ (ํƒ€ํƒ€๋ฅด, ๋„ค๋„ค์ธ , ์…€์ฟฑ, ์นธํ‹ฐ) ์ธ๊ณจ 75๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์˜์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋‚˜์ด ๋“ฑ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ ต-์ฑ„์ง‘๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์น˜์•„ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์น˜์•„ ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋„, ์ƒ์ „์น˜์•„ ๊ฒฐ์‹ค, ์น˜์„, ์ถฉ์น˜ ๋“ฑ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” RํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ: ์น˜์•„ ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ  ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์Œ์‹์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ ต-์ฑ„์ง‘๋ฏผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์น˜์•„ ๋งˆ๋ชจ ๋นˆ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ตํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด ์น˜์•„ ๋งˆ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์น ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์น˜์„, ์ถฉ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ „ ์น˜์•„ ๊ฒฐ์‹ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ ต-์ฑ„์ง‘๋ฏผ์ธ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ์ธ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์‹์Šต๊ด€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ์‹์Šต๊ด€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•„์ž๋Š” 16-19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์„œ์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ต-์ฑ„์ง‘๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋†๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ„์— ์น˜์„, ์ถฉ์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ „ ์น˜์•„ ๊ฒฐ์‹ค์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‹์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†๊ฒฝ์ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์น˜์•„ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ๋” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ํ†ต์„ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž ๊ฐ„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Materials 8 Methods 14 Result 22 Discussion 51 Conclusion 60 Bibliography 62 Appendix 78 Abstract in Korean 93Docto

    ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์˜์–‘์†Œ ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ž๋งค์ข…์ธ ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ(Drosophila melanogaster)์™€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ(D. simulans)์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ(๊ณค์ถฉํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ์ด๊ด‘๋ฒ”.์ตœ์‹  ์˜์–‘์ƒํƒœํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์˜์–‘์†Œ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๊ณค์ถฉ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”์  ์ ์‘๋„(evolutionary fitness)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ž๋งค์ข…์ธ ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ(Drosophila melanogaster)์™€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋…ธ๋ž‘์ดˆํŒŒ๋ฆฌ(D. simulans)๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ง„ํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ์ž๋งค์ข…์€ ์•ฝ 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „ ํ•œ ์กฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊น์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‘ ์ข…์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‘ ์ข…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜จ๋„์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์˜์–‘์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœ์œก, ์ƒ์กด, ์ƒ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ์‘๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ˜•์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตโˆ™์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ž๋งค์ข…์ธ D. melanogaster์™€ D. simulans์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์งˆ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”์  ์ ์‘๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตโˆ™๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ 1์—์„œ๋Š” D. melanogaster์™€ D. simulans์—์„œ ์œ ์ถฉ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ถฉ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋Œ€ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ D. melanogaster์™€ D. simulans๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ์ด 8๊ฐ€์ง€(1:16, 1:8, 1:4, 1:1, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1 ๋˜๋Š” 8:1)๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์˜์–‘์†Œ์˜ ์ดํ•ฉ์€ 120 gl-1๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆœํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, D. melanogaster๋Š” D. simulans๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ฑ์ถฉ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์ง€๋งŒ ์„ฑ์ถฉ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐํ™”ํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์กด์œจ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์ถฉ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฒด์ค‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์œก์ด ๋นจ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. D. melanogaster์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ 1:4 ์—์„œ ์ •์ ์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ตœ์  ๋น„์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ, D. simulans์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ๋‘ ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘, ์•”์ปท์ด ์ˆ˜์ปท๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด, D. melanogaster๋Š” ์ €๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ๊ณ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์‹๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ์ด 1:2 ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, D. simulans์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์•Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, D. melanogaster๋ณด๋‹ค D. simulans์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ์ด 1:2 ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐD. simulans๊ฐ€ D. melanogaster๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‹๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ 1์€ ์‹์ด P: C ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์˜์–‘์†Œ์˜ ๋‹จ๋…ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฒ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์˜์–‘ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(nutritional geometry)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ D. melanogaster์™€ D. simulans์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์งˆ๊ณผ ์ ์‘๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์–‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋„(nutritional performance landscape)๋ฅผ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‘ ์ž๋งค์ข…์€ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ:ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋น„์œจ(1:16, 1:8, 1:4, 1:2.1.1, 2:1, 4:1)๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ด ๋†๋„(60, 120, 180, 240gl-1)์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด 28๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆœํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ 1๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ, D. melanogaster๊ฐ€ D. simulans๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋” ๊ธธ๋ฉฐ ์ฒด์ค‘์ด ๋” ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์˜์–‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ์ด ์ ์‘๋„ ํ˜•์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋‘ ์ข…์—์„œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ž๋งค ์ข…์˜ ์ ์‘๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ˆœ์ƒ์‹๋ฅ (R0)๊ณผ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์œจ(r)์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ข… ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ ๋‚ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ ์‘๋„๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์‘๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋Š” D. melanogaster๋ณด๋‹ค D. simulans์—์„œ ๋” ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ถฉ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , D. simulans๋Š” D. melanogaster๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์€ ์ ์‘๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์Œ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‘ Drosophila ์ž๋งค์ข…์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์‚ฌ ํ˜•์งˆ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ™”์  ์ ์‘๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ด ๋‘ ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์–‘ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์ž๋งค์ข…์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์˜์–‘์  ์ง€์œ„(nutritional niche)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ์˜์–‘์  ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒน์นจ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ์ข…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์ƒ์‹๊ณผ ์ƒ์กด์˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์˜คํ”„(trade-off), ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€๋™(environmental heterogeneity), ์ž์› ๋ถ„ํ• (resource partitioning) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด ๋‘ ์ž๋งค์ข…์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์–‘์ด ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Recent advances in nutritional ecology suggest that the intake of macronutrients, such as protein and carbohydrate, is one of the most decisive determinants of evolutionary fitness in insects. The two sibling species of fruit fly (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and D. simulans Sturtevant, have long been used as the key model organisms in ecological and evolutionary research. These two species diverged from a common ancestor about 2 million years ago and are known to coexist all over the globe, including Korea. Despite their phylogenetic closeness, the two species are reported to differ substantially in many aspects of their biology. While there is a wealth of studies comparing thermal responses between the two species, studies that explicitly compared how these two species respond to dietary macronutrient composition are rare. The major goal of this thesis is to conduct a comparative analysis on the effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate composition on multiple life-history traits between D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Using the natural populations of these two species, I performed two separate experiments in this thesis. In Experiment 1, I tested the effect of dietary ratio of protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C ratio) on key life-history traits expressed during the larval and adult stages in D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Here, D. melanogaster and D. simulans were subjected to one of eight chemically defined diets that differed in P:C ratio (1:16, 1:8, 1:4, 1:2. 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, or 8:1) but with the fixed total protein and carbohydrate (P+C) concentration (120 g l-1). Compared to D. simulans, D. melanogaster took longer to complete the preadult stage but exhibited higher preadult survivorship and heavier body mass at adult emergence. For both species, an increase in dietary P: C ratio resulted in improved larval survivorship, increased body mass, and faster development. The body mass of D. melanogaster peaked at the P:C ratio of 1:4 and decreased as the ratio either increased or decreased from this optimal P:C ratio. In contrast, the body mass of D. simulans was insensitive to dietary P:C ratio. Lifespan was significantly longer for females as compared to males in both species. Regardless of sex, D. melanogaster lived longer in low-protein, high-carbohydrate diets, but exhibited significantly reduced lifespan as dietary P:C ratio rose above 1:2. Strikingly, the lifespan of D. simulans was not significantly influenced by dietary P:C ratio. For both species, egg production rate increased with rising dietary P:C ratio, but the extent of such increase was more pronounced in D. simulans than in D. melanogaster. Female fecundity was thus significantly greater for D. simulans versus D. melanogaster at dietary P:C ratios higher than 1:2. Experiment 1 was designed to examine only the effect of dietary P:C ratio and so it was not feasible to assess the separate and interactive effects of different macronutrients. In order to overcome this limitation, I applied the Nutritional Geometry in Experiment 2 to construct nutritional performance landscapes for various life-history traits and measures of fitness in D. melanogaster and D. simulans. In this experiment, two species were assigned to one of 28 chemically defined diets that varied in dietary P:C ratio (1:16, 1:8, 1:4, 1:2. 1:1, 2:1, or 4:1) and in P+C concentration (60, 120, 180, or 240 g l-1). Similar to Experiment 1, D. melanogaster had higher preadult survivorship, longer development time, and heavier body mass than D. simulans. Overall, the shape of the nutritional performance landscapes was not significantly different between two species, indicating that two species responded to dietary protein and carbohydrate in a qualitatively similar manner. In this study, the fitness of two sibling species was directly measured across a wide spectrum of dietary protein and carbohydrate, which was possible by quantifying the net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic rate of population increase (r). For both species, these parameters of fitness increased progressively as a function of increasing dietary protein concentration. However, the extent to which fitness parameters increased with increasing protein concentration was more pronounced in D. simulans as compared to D. melanogaster. Despite its lower preadult survivorship, D. simulans had a significantly higher fitness than D. melanogaster. In this thesis, I have compared how dietary protein and carbohydrate composition influenced the life-history traits and evolutionary fitness of two closely-related Drosophila species. By comparing the nutritional performance landscapes between these two species, the nutritional niche of these two species was suggested to be largely overlapped with one another. There are several candidate mechanisms that may play role in maintaining the coexistence of these sibling species in nature, including the trade-off between reproduction and the probability of survival, environmental heterogeneity, and resource partitioning. Collectively, the results reported in this thesis highlight the important yet neglected role played by nutrition in mediating evolutionary process and ecological interactions in these two sibling species.INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS . 8 1.Experimental flies 8 2.Experimental diets 10 3.Experiment 1: Comparing the nutritional reaction norms 13 4.Experiment 2: Comparing the nutritional landscapes 18 RESULTS . 22 1.Experiment 1: Comparing the nutritional reaction norms. 22 1.1. Preadult life-history traits. 22 1.2. Adult life-history traits. 31 2. Experiment 2: Comparing the nutritional landscapes 36 2.1. Preadult life-history traits 36 2.2. Fitness 52 DISCUSSION. 58 LITERATURES CITED 69 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 80์„

    ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์†Œ์•„์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์—์„œ ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผD, ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณผ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๋ณตํ˜ˆ๋‹น์žฅ์• ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž„์ƒ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 2. ์‹ ์ถฉํ˜ธ.Introduction: The nonclassical roles of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome have been proven with increasing evidence in the adult population. However, the role of PTH is controversial and pediatric studies are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and PTH levels with insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome. Methods: Obese and overweight children and adolescents that visited Seoul National University Childrens Hospital were enrolled. Correlations between 25(OH)D and PTH levels and HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessmentโ€“Insulin Resistance), fasting glucose, HbA1c, and metabolic syndrome were evaluated by linear regression and logistic regression analysis. Results: In overweight or obese children and adolescents, adjusting for sex, puberty, and body mass index (BMI) Z-score, 25(OH)D levels were related to HOMA-IR and fasting glucose, independent of PTH levels. PTH levels were related to fasting glucose, although this relationship was not independent of 25(OH)D levels. Conclusions: This study revealed a significant relationship between vitamin D with fasting glucose and insulin resistance. PTH was correlated with FBG, but this relationship between PTH and fasting glucose was not independent of 25(OH)D.Introduction 1 Material and Methods 3 Results 8 Discussion 16 References 23 Abstract in Korean 31Maste

    ๊ฐ•๋™๊ตฌ ๊ธธ๋™๊ณผ ์–‘ํ‰๊ตฐ ๊ฐ•์ƒ๋ฉด์˜ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2022.2. ์‹ ์ •์—ฝ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ(CIM: Childrenโ€™s Independent Mobility)์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 5ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ 194๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘, ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…, ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ธ์ง€, ์ •์„œ, ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๋น„๊ต ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ธ-๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธก๋ฉด, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๊ฐ•๋™๊ตฌ ๊ธธ๋™์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ๋†์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ์–‘ํ‰๊ตฐ ๊ฐ•์ƒ๋ฉด์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋†์ดŒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ์ง€์—ญ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋™์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์„ธ์‹ฌํžˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๋ณด์™„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™๊ต, ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋™์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋™์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก, ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ธ์‹, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.The main purpose of this study was to present empirical cases that measure the influence of regional differences and related factors in elementary school students' independent mobility (CIM). To this end, data were collected and analyzed from 194 fifth-grade elementary school students living in urban and rural areas. This study consisted of the following. First, the concept of independent mobility of children, the relationship between independent mobility and children's cognition, emotion, and physical development, and regional comparison cases of independent mobility were considered, and the need for research was derived. In particular, the factors that influence children's independent mobility were established centering on three aspects: individual-family, social, and physical environment. In the second part of the study, a research analysis method for conducting case studies was presented. Specifically, a survey design method for measuring children's independent mobility and related factors was summarized, and a data collection method for comparison between the two regions was briefly presented. In the third part of the study, the results of the case study were presented, and the analysis and survey results of urban and rural research areas were presented. Through the analysis of the collected data, not only differences in the regional environment between urban and rural areas, but also differences in children's independent mobility and related factors were explored through the analysis of the survey results. It was confirmed that there was a significant difference in independent mobility between elementary school students living in Gil-dong, Gangdong-gu, and elementary school students living in Gangsang-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun, a rural area, and there was a difference in the influence of related factors. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that urban children's independent mobility was higher than that of rural areas. As such, children's independent mobility differs depending on the difference in the local environment, so in order to improve children's independent mobility, it seems necessary to carefully analyze the local environment in which children reside and make discriminatory efforts considering it. For example, in cities, additional factors related to factors affecting children's independent mobility seem to need to be supplemented, and in rural areas, multilateral cooperation in terms of schools, guardians, and communities is required to overcome the local physical environment. In order to improve independent mobility, which is essential for the correct development of children, it is judged that a proper understanding of the local environment where children live, school education, parental awareness, and community-level efforts are necessary.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ํŠน์„ฑ 5 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 5 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ง€, ์ •์„œ, ์‹ ์ฒด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ 8 3. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๋น„๊ต ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ 13 1. ๊ฐœ์ธ-๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด 13 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธก๋ฉด 15 3. ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ธก๋ฉด 17 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 21 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ 31 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 31 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต 31 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ ์•„๋™์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 46 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์•„๋™์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต 50 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด 50 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด 54 3. ํŠน์ • ์š”์ธ์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 57 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  65 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 71 ๋ถ€๋ก 1 84 ๋ถ€๋ก 2 89 ๋ถ€๋ก 3 90 ๋ถ€๋ก 4 91 Abstract 92์„

    ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„: "SPS ํ˜‘์ •"๊ณผ SPSํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์•ˆ๋•๊ทผ.๋ฉœ๋ผ๋ฏผ ๋ถ„์œ  ํŒŒ๋™, ๊ด‘์šฐ๋ณ‘ ์†Œ ์ˆ˜์ž…, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ ์œ ์ถœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋“ฏ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‹ํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ํ’ˆ, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃจ๋œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ƒ์ดํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋งŒํผ, ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WTO) ์ฒด์ œํ•˜์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ž์œ ํ™” ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ž์œ ํ™”์™€ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ƒ์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๊ตฌ์ถ•์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ž์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฒด์ œ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์—ญ ๋ฐ ์œ„์ƒ ์กฐ์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ •(SPS ํ˜‘์ •๋ฌธ)์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์œ„ํ•ดํ‰๊ฐ€ ์กฐํ•ญ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•ด์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์ž์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ง€์—ญ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์–‘์ž๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ทœ์ •์˜ ํ‹€๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ž„์˜์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ FTA ํ˜‘์ •๋ฌธ ๋‚ด์˜ SPS ์žฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ž๊ฐ„ํ˜‘์ •๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์œ„์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ฒ€์—ญ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ SPS ํ˜‘์ •์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ตญ์ œ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.I. Introduction 1. International Food Safety Regime 2. Purpose and Scope of Study 3. Research Methods II. Overview of the SPS Agreement 1. Purpose and Structure 2. WTO/SPS Committee 3. Theoretical Debates III. Assessment of Multilateral Food Safety Approach 1. Fragmentation of International Food Safety Law 1.1 Risk Assessment (Art 5(7), SPS Agreement) 1.2 Three Sister Organizations 1.3 Clash of Regulatory Regimes 1.4 Fundamental Challenges on Harmonization 2. SPS Committee 2.1 Monitoring Function of SPS Committee 2.2 Accountability of SPS Committee 3. Multilateralism to Regionalism IV. SPS-Plus Arrangements 1. SPS Chapters within RTAs 1.1 US-Australia FTA 1.2 US-Korea FTA 1.3 US-Colombia FTA 1.4 China-Switzerland FTA 1.5 China-New Zealand FTA 1.6 EU-Chile FTA 1.7 EU-Ukraine FTA 1.8 Mexico-Central America FTA 2. Comparisons V. Optimal Institutional Designs for Future International Food Safety Governance VI. ConclusionMaste

    Synthesis and characterization of poly(ether sulfone) and polybenzimidazole derivatives for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 8. ๊น€ํ™”์šฉ.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์šฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ง‰์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๋„๋„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ง‰์„ ์ œ์ž‘ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์€ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์— ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ด์˜จ์„ ์ „๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋„ํ•‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ด์˜จ ์ „๋„๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋„ํ•‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „๋„๋„๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋”ฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์ „๋„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „๋„๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์—†์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „๋„๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•จ์ด ์—†์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋”ฉ๊ณผ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ ํฐํ™”๋„์˜ Poly(ether sulfone) ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Ultra and small angle neutron scattering (USANS and SANS)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ง‰์˜ ๋ชจํด๋กœ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ Membrane electrode assembly (MEA)๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ํ›„ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „๋„๋„๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจํด๋กœ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. TGA์™€ USANS-SANS ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ๋ง‰์ด ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ง‰ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌผ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ TEM ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นœ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. USANS-SANS ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ๋ง‰์ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋กœ ์นœ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์ž˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ „๋„๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ (heterogeneity)์€ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ Polybenzimidazole (PBI) ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. PBI๋Š” ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ๋„ํ•‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์˜จ์šฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ in-situ ๋ง‰ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ธ์‚ฐ ๋„ํ•‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•„์ ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด PBI๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋„์˜ Polybenzoxazole (PBO) ๋˜๋Š” Polybenzothiazole (PBT)์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์‚ฐ ๋„ํ•‘๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PBI-co-PBO์€ 3,3'-diaminobenzidine๊ณผ terephthalic acid์— 3,3'-dihydroxybenzidine ๋˜๋Š” 4,6-diaminoresorcinol์„ polyphosphoric acid (PPA)ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, PBI-co-PBT์€ 3,3'-diaminobenzidine์™€ terephthalic acid์— 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol์„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. PBO ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ธ์‚ฐ ๋„ํ•‘๋ฅ , ์ „๋„๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ PBO๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ, PBT๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์— ์‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ MEA ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์‹คํ—˜๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ PTFE์˜ ๋Ÿ‰์„ 25~50%๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธก์ • ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  MEA ์ œ์ž‘ ์‹œ ์„œ๋ธŒ ๊ฐ€์Šค์ผ“์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด, hot-press๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ PBI ์˜ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ MEA ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ PBI ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์˜จ์šฉ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋กœ ์‘์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  PBI์™€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ 1 1.2 ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ณ„ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ 5 1.2.1 ์ €์˜จ์šฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ 5 1.2.2 ๊ณ ์˜จ์šฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ 22 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  26 2. ์ €์˜จ์šฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์šฉ PES ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ๋ง‰์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 33 2.1 ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 33 2.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 2.2.1 ๋ง‰ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 33 2.2.2 ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜๋Šฅ, ํ•จ์ˆ˜์œจ, ์ „๋„๋„ 35 2.2.3 TEM ๋ถ„์„ 37 2.2.4 TGA ์ธก์ • 37 2.2.5 USANS-SANS ์ธก์ • 37 2.2.6 MEA ์ œ์กฐ 38 2.2.7 ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์šด์ „ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 39 2.3 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 41 2.3.1 ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ง‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 41 2.3.2 ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด์˜จ ์ „๋„๋„ 46 2.2.3 ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ „์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต 49 3 ๊ณ ์˜จ์šฉ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์šฉ PBI ์œ ๋„์ฒด ๋ง‰์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 53 3.1 ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 53 3.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 53 3.2.1 ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ง‰ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 53 3.2.2 ์ธ์‚ฐ ๋„ํ•‘๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ • 54 3.2.3 ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ด์˜จ ์ „๋„๋„ 55 3.2.4 TGA ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ • 55 3.2.5 MEA ์ œ์กฐ 56 3.2.6 ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์šด์ „ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 56 3.2.7 20 W๊ธ‰ ์Šคํƒ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ 57 3.3 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 58 3.3.1 ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ง‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 58 3.3.2 ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด์˜จ ์ „๋„๋„ 64 3.3.3 ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” 67 3.3.4 PBI ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ „์ง€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต 75 3.3.5 20 W๊ธ‰ ์Šคํƒ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์šด์ „ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ 75 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  82 5 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 84Docto

    ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณตํ—Œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ดˆ์ ์ด ์•…ํ‰๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์ฃผ์šฐ์ง„.Use of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives to influence the consumer perception about the company and products is a common marketing strategy. This research builds on the growing body of marketing literature that examines effective ways in which companies can convey CSR initiatives, especially for companies with bad reputation.The study shows that CSR message framing with regulatory focus has influence on company evaluation when benefit salience is high, and this effect is mediated by perceived informational believability of the message and perceived sincerity of the motives.Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................. 1 Theoretical Background ..............................................................5 Method ................................................................................... 20 Reference............................................................................... 37 Appendix ................................................................................ 45 Charts [Table 1] ............................................................................... 30 Figures [Figure 1] .............................................................................. 19 [Figure 2] .............................................................................. 28Maste

    BECCU, Power to gas ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๋ถ€,2019. 8. ๊ถŒ์˜ค์ƒ.Since the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2015, countries are accelerating the expansion of renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Korea recently announced plans to increase the proportion of renewable energy power generation to 20% in 2030 under the 8th Basic Plan for Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand and to 30% ~ 35% in 2040 under the Third Energy Basic Plan. By 2030, the installed capacity of renewable sources would increase to 58.5GW with the growth mainly coming from solar and wind power. However, solar power and wind power are dependent on weather conditions and can be fluctuating at multiple time-scales. Therefore, there are growing concerns regarding stability of system operation and surplus electricity generated from renewable sources exceeding electricity demand. As the share of renewable energy generation increases, this issue intensifies. In addition to existing LNG power, hydroelectric power, and pumped storage power generation, there is a growing need for new flexible measures and even flexible operation of coal power plants are being considered. Considering that the life span of power generation facilities is usually 20 years or more, the impact of the expansion of renewable energy systems should be carefully examined prior to the establishment of the long-term energy supply and demand plan. In order to overcome this issue, this study first estimates amount of flexible deficit of the power system in 2030 and 2040, considering the variability and uncertainty of renewable sources. In addition, required flexible capacities are estimated from existing electricity generation sources which finally determine the total amount of electricity generation. To that end, the surplus power generation amount was estimated by comparing total determined generation amount, which is capable of coping with the flexible capacities, and electricity demand. To quantify variability and uncertainty of renewable sources, hourly measured MGO(metered generation output) data over the past three years were utilized. For more reliable calculation, a few scenarios were made in order to come up with as the merit order of the existing power plants and the operating behaviors of the thermal power plants. As a result of calculating the amount of surplus power exceeding the final power demand by time, a considerable amount of surplus power is identified. This suggests the need for additional flexibility resources in Korea. In this respect, this study examined two CCU technologies that can be used as flexible measures which can contribute to addressing issues of surplus power. In order to examine the effect when these technologies are incorporated into the Korea power sector, this study used the TIMES model. This technology based model can reflect the hourly time series of realized Korean electricity demand and availability of renewable sources, defines as capacity factors over time. The baseline scenario reflects the renewable energy enlargement plan announced so far. And by adding the 2ยฐC reduction as a constraint, emission limitation scenario is also defined. In the baseline scenario, the adoption of the two CCU technologies was either not identified or insignificant, but in the scenario with the 2ยฐC reduction constraint added, two CCU technologies were found to contribute significantly to lowering the cost of the overall system. This is because CCU technology can produce additional energy utilizing electricity surplus, enabling thermal power generation without greenhouse gas emissions. And this function can supplement high levels of intermittent renewable energy, therefore CCU technologies could contribute to greatly reduce the total capacity of the electricity generation to cope with the same electricity demand. These results demonstrate the role of load transfer through the seasonal energy storage function of CCU technology. The results of this study show that the diversity secured from different power generation technologies contributes to the cost effective reduction of greenhouse gases through complementary relationships in the electricity market. In addition, considering that even high costs of CCU technology used in the analysis resulted in the positive results in the whole electricity system, flexible measures need to be evaluated through the entire system rather than the economics of the technology itself. This study is different from the previous studies in that it examines the economic effect of CCU technology as a flexible measure using a long term energy model that can accommodate the fluctuating nature of renewable energy. The findings of the analysis and implications could be used to establish a long term energy supply and demand plan.2015๋…„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ํ˜‘์•ฝ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ฐ๊ตญ์€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ 8์ฐจ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ 3์ฐจ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์—์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋น„์ค‘์„ 2030๋…„ 20%, 2040๋…„ 30~35%๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์› ์ค‘์— ํŠนํžˆ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์œผ๋กœ 2030๋…„ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ 58.5GW๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋  ์ „๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ด‘๊ณผ ํ’๋ ฅ์€ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ณ€๋™์ ์ž„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€, ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ LNG ๋ฐœ์ „, ์ˆ˜๋ ฅ, ์–‘์ˆ˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ €์žฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ํƒ„ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์˜ ์ฆยท๊ฐ๋ฐœ ์šด์ „ ๋“ฑ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ค๋น„ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๋ณดํ†ต 20๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ์•ž์„œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ง„์ž… ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ 2030๋…„๊ณผ 2040๋…„ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—์„œ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ, ์šด์ „์˜ˆ๋น„๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์š”๊ตฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๋น„ ์šด์ „ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ 3๊ฐœ๋…„ ๊ฐ„ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹ค์ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์™€ ํ™”๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์˜ ์šด์ „์  ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ 2031๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„์ž…์˜ˆ์ •์ธ ESS์™€ ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ํŽธ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋„์ž… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” TIMES ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , 2โ„ƒ ๊ฐ์ถ• ์ œ์•ฝ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๊ทธ์ณค์œผ๋‚˜, 2โ„ƒ ๊ฐ์ถ• ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์—, ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์—†๋Š” ํ™”๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ณ„์ ˆ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ €์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ด์ „ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์šฉํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ์ €๊ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋„์ž…๋น„์šฉ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž„์—๋„ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋„์ž…ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์š” 1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 10 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ „๋ง 12 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 12 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ „์›๊ณ„ํš ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ง 13 1. ์ •์ฑ…ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 13 2. ์ „๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์š” ํŒจํ„ด ๋ฐ ์›๋ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ 15 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฒ€ํ†  27 1. ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ฐœ์š” 27 2. ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ 28 3. ์ž‰์—ฌ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ ์ถ”์ • ์˜ˆ์‹œ 36 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒ€ํ†  43 1. CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ์š” 43 2. ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒ€ํ†  48 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ TIMES ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 60 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ TIMES ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ์š” 60 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์ถ• 61 1. TIMES ๋ชจํ˜• ์›๋ฆฌ 61 2. TIMES ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด 67 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„ 76 1. ๊ธฐ์ค€์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„ 76 2. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํŠน์„ฑ์น˜ ์ •์˜ 79 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 87 1. ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 87 2. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„์ž… ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 92 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „์ œ์‚ฌํ•ญ 94 1. ํƒ€์ž„์Šฌ๋ผ์ด์Šค ๋ฐ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋น„์ค‘ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 94 2. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ „์ œ์‚ฌํ•ญ 96 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋„์ž…ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 98 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 98 1. ๋ฐœ์ „์›๋ณ„ ์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 98 2. ๋ฐœ์ „์›๋ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 100 3. ํ™”๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ „๋ง 104 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„์ž… ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 105 1. ๋ฐœ์ „์›๋ณ„ ์„ค๋น„์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 105 2. ๋ฐœ์ „์›๋ณ„ ๋ฐœ์ „๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 109 3. ํ™”๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ ์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ์ „๋ง 113 4. CCU ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์ด์ „ ํšจ๊ณผ 115 5. ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ณ„ ๋น„์šฉ๋ถ„์„ 118 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ฒฐ๋ก  121 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  121 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 124 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 126Docto

    ๊ฐ€๋ณ์ง€ ์•Š์€, ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด : ์Šคํ…Œํ”„๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”์ด์–ด์˜ 'ํŠธ์™€์ผ๋ผ์ž‡ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€'

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    [์„œํ‰] Stephenie Meyer, Twilight & New moon & Eclipse & Breaking Dawn New York : Little Brown, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008.์Šคํ…Œํ”„๋‹ˆ ๋ฉ”์ด์–ด(Stephenie Meyer, 1973โˆผ)๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์˜›๋‚  ์˜›์ ์˜ ์ „์„ค์„ ๋‹ต๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๊ณณ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฉด์— ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ํ˜„์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋นŒ์–ด ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ํšจํ•œ ์‹ค์žฌ์  ์ง„์‹ค์ด ์šฐํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ, ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€๋…๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋’ค์„ž์—ฌ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ƒ์ •๋œ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฑ€ํŒŒ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ฎ์„๊นŒ ์—ผ๋ ค์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ด์–ด์˜ ์ฒ˜๋…€์ž‘ ??ํŠธ์™€์ผ๋ผ์ž‡??(Twilight, 2005)์— ๋ถ„๋ช… ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ํ”์ ์€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…์ž๋“ค์„ ์••๋„ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด์„œ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ๋ฐ๋‹ค ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”์ด์–ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ, ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์‹ , ์ฐฌ์‚ฌ์™€ ์กฐ๋กฑ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์ฆ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ํ™”ํ•ด์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค

    ์ˆฒ, ์ง‘: ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ์ฐจ๋™ํ•˜.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ, ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„, ์ฐฝ์ž‘์˜์˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์ž”์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ฒช์€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์žŠํ˜€์ง„ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ํ’๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ๊ธ€๊ณผ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ธด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋„๋ก ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ 3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜์˜ 5 โ…ก. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜ 8 1. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธํ™” 8 1) ์ž์—ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ 9 2) ์˜๊ฒฝ(ๆ„ๅขƒ)๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ฐฑ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 19 2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ •์„œ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 28 1) ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊นŠ์ด์™€ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ 29 2) ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์  ์ฒดํ—˜ 37 โ…ข. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต 44 1. ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์–ต 44 1) ์˜์‹์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต 45 2) ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต์กด 49 2. ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํ˜„์‹คํ™” 52 1) ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ธฐ 52 2) ๋น„์ž๋ฐœ์  ๊ธฐ์–ต 56 3) ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต 61 โ…ฃ. ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ 66 1. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ 66 1) ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ 66 (1) ์ˆฒ, ๋ฐ”๋žŒ: ์ž์—ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ 69 (2) ์ง‘, ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ: ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ฑ 80 2) ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต 84 (1) ๊ฑด์ถ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜ 85 (2) ๊ฑท๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๋™์  ์ฒดํ—˜ 95 2. ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ 100 1) ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ช… 100 (1) ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋ช… 100 (2) ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์‘ 105 2) ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ก 113 3. ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 119 1) ํ•จ์ถ•์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ 120 (1) ์˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์˜์  ํ‘œํ˜„ 120 (2) ์—ฌ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ 128 2) ์ˆ˜๋ฌต๊ณผ ๊ธ‹๊ธฐ 140 (1) ํ•„๋ฒ•(็ญ†ๆณ•)๊ณผ ๋ฌต๋ฒ•(ๅขจๆณ•) 140 (2) ์„ (็ทš)์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์ค€๋ฒ•(ๆณ•) 144 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  167 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 171 ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋„ํŒ 176Docto
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