79 research outputs found
Using YH4808, a novel K+-competitive acid blocker, as an example
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๋ถ,2019. 8. ์ดํ๊ธฐ.์๋ก : ์์ฐ ๋ถ๋น์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์งํ์ ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐ ์งํ ์ค์ธ YH4808์ ์์ฐ ๋ถ๋น๋ฅผ ๋ด๋นํ๋ ํจ์์ธ H+/K+-ATPase์ ์์ฉํ์ฌ, ์ด ํจ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ญ์ , ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ์ฑํ์ํค๋ ์นผ๋ฅจ ๊ฒฝ์์ ์์ฐ ๋ถ๋น ์ฐจ๋จ์ (Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker, P-CAB)์ด๋ค. ์์ 1์ ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, YH4808 30-800 mg์ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ๋จ์ฑ ์์์์๊ฒ ๋จํ ํฌ์ฌํ์์ ๋, YH4808์ ์ฝ๋ํ(ํ์ค ๋๋ ๋ณํ)์ ์ฉ๋ ๋น๋ก์ ์ธ ์์์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, YH4808 ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ ์(ํนํ, ๊ณ ์ฉ๋๊ตฐ (200, 400 mg)), ์ ์ ๋
ธ์ถ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค. YH4808 ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ ํ, ์ ๋ด pH ์์น์ ์ํ YH4808์ ์ฉํด๋ ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋
ธ์ถ ๊ฐ์์ ์ฃผ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ ๊ธฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋, ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋จํ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ ์ YH4808์ ์ฝ๋ํ(ํ์ค ๋๋) ํ๋กํ์ผ์ ์์ธกํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ์๊ณ , ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ ์ ๋ํ๋๋ YH4808์ ๋
ธ์ถ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์์ธ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ์๋ค. ๋์งธ๋ก, YH4808 ๋จํ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ ํ, YH4808์ ํ์ค ๋๋์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๋ด pH ๋ณํ์์ ์ํธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฝ๋/์ฝ๋ ฅํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ์๋ค.
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ: ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ YH4808์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํํ์ ํน์ฑ, in vitro ๋น์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ, ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ํ, ์์ 1์ ๋จํ ํฌ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ์๋ SimCYP (Certara USA, Inc., Princeton, USA) ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌํ์ ๋, ์ฌ์ฅ, ํ, ์ ์ฅ, ๊ทผ์ก, ๋น์ฅ, ๊ฐ, ์์ฅ๊ด, ์ท์ฅ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ธ ๋๋จธ์ง ์กฐ์ง๋ค์ ํ๋์ ๊ตฌํ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์๋ค. ์์ฅ๊ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธํ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ตฌํ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ถํฌ๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ผ์ด๋๊ณ , ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์ฒญ์์จ์ ํ๋ฅ์ ์ํด์ ์ ํ๋๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. YH4808์ ์ฒด๋ด ํก์ ์์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์์ฅ๊ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ์์๋ permeability-limited disposition์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ , SimCYP ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ดํฐ์ ๋ด์ฅ๋์ด ์๋ the advanced dissolution, absorption and metabolism (ADAM) ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์์ธกํ์๋ค. YH4808์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋ด์ฆ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ค๋๋ฏ๋ก, ์ฒญ์์จ์ in vitro hepatic microsomal intrinsic clearance data๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ณ์ฐํ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋/์ฝ๋ ฅํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ YH4808์ ์์ 1์ ์ํ์ ์๋ฃํ ๊ฑด๊ฐํ ์์์ (๋จํ (30-800 mg) ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ณต (100-400 mg) ํฌ์ฌ)์ ํ์ค ๋๋์ ์ ๋ด pH ๋ฐ์ดํฐ (์์ฝ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํฌํจ)๋ฅผ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์
์ผ๋ก ํฉ์ณ ๋์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋/์ฝ๋ ฅํ ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ์ ์ถ์ ์ NONMEM (version 7.3., ICON Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD, USA) ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ด์ฅ๋์ด ์๋ first-order conditional estimation with interaction (FOCE-I) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๊ณ , ๊ณต๋ณ๋ (์., ๋์ด, ์ฒด์ค, ํค)์ ์ํฅ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ถ์ ๋ ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋, diagnostic plot, visual predictive checks plot ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํฉํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ์ ํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋จํ ํฌ์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ YH4808์ ํ์ค ๋๋ ์์์ด ์ ์์ธก๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 200 mg๊ณผ 400 mg ์ฉ๋๊ตฐ์์ ๋ํ๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ๋
ธ์ถ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ ์ ์์ธกํ์ง ๋ชปํ์๋ค. YH4808 ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๋ ๊ตฐ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ์ด๋ฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ๋
ธ์ถ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ ์์ธ์ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ์ ๋ด pH ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ YH4808์ ์ฉํด๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์์ํค๊ณ , ์ด๋ฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํํ์ ํน์ฑ์ด ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋
ธ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์์ํจ๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์ถ๋ ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์์ ์ ๋ด pH๋ฅผ ์ธ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์์น์ํด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ YH4808์ ์ฒด๋ด ๋
ธ์ถ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
ํ์ฌ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ์ฆํ์๋ค.
๋ค์์ผ๋ก, ์ฝ๋/์ฝ๋ ฅํ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํก์ ์ง์ฐ ์๊ฐ์ด ์๋ 1์ฐจ ํก์๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ 2์ฐจ ๊ตฌํ ์ฝ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ํจ๊ณผ์ฒ ๊ตฌํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ S์ ๋ชจ์ ์ต๋ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ (sigmoid maximum effect model)์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ YH4808 ํฌ์ฌ ํ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋ ํ์ค ๋๋์ 24์๊ฐ ๋์์ ์ ๋ด pH ํ๋กํ์ผ์ ์ ์์ธกํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๋ด pH ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๋ค์ YH4808 ํ์ค ๋๋์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ํ์์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ์ ๋ด pH ์์น์ด YH4808์ ์๋์ ์์ฒด์ด์ฉ๋ฅ ์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ ๋๋จน์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ถ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์, ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ YH4808 ๋จํ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ ํ YH4808์ ํ์ค ๋๋๋ฅผ ์ ์์ธกํ์๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ถ๋ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ YH4808์ pH ์์กด ์ฉํด๋(pH-dependent solubility)๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณตํฌ์ฌ ์ ๋ํ๋๋ ๋
ธ์ถ ๊ฐ์ ํ์์ ์์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฆ๋ช
ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ YH4808์ ์ฝ๋/์ฝ๋ ฅํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ ๋จํ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณต ํฌ์ฌ ์ YH4808์ ํ์ค ๋๋์ ์ ๋ด pH ๋ณํ์์ ์ํธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ YH4808์ ์ฒด๋ด ๋
ธ์ถ๊ณผ ์ ๋ด pH ๋ณํ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๋๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๊ณตํ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ YH4808์ ์ต์ ์ฉ๋ ์ฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.Introduction: YH4808 is a highly potent, selective and reversible potassium-competitive acid blocker of the H+/K+-ATPase under clinical development to treat gastric acid-related diseases. The pharmacokinetics of YH4808 was dose-proportional in humans after a single oral dose at 30-800 mg. However, the systemic exposure to YH4808 decreased after multiple oral administrations, particularly at higher doses (200 and 400 mg). The reduced solubility of YH4808 caused by elevated intragastric pH after treatment with YH4808 was suggested as the main cause of the reduced exposure. In this study, first, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of YH4808 after single and multiple administration and investigate the mechanistic basis of the decreased exposure of YH4808 after repeated oral administration at higher doses using the developed human PBPK model. Second, we developed a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model to quantitatively evaluated the mutual relationships between the plasma concentrations of YH4808 and the time course of intragastric pH after single and multiple oral administration in humans.
Methods: A PBPK model was developed using the physicochemical data, in vitro preclinical and clinical data of YH4808, which was further refined using human plasma concentrations obtained from a single-dose ascending phase I clinical trial of YH4808 with the SimCYP (Certara USA, Inc., Princeton, USA). Compartments were included for the brain, heart, lung, kidney, muscle, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, and a combined compartment for the remaining tissues. All compartments except the GI tract and liver were assumed to be well-stirred and their clearances were limited by blood flow. The absorption of YH4808 was described by the advanced dissolution, absorption and metabolism (ADAM) model implemented in SimCYPยฎ, which divides the GI tract into nine segments, assuming permeability-limited disposition in the GI tract and liver. Biliary route is the major elimination pathway of YH4808, and the clearance was estimated using in vitro hepatic microsomal intrinsic clearance data.
A PK/PD model was developed simultaneously using pooled data of the plasma concentrations of YH4808 and intragastric pH profiles obtained from healthy subjects who received a single (30-800 mg) or multiple (100-400 mg) oral doses or their matching placebos (intragastric pH only). The modeling was conducted using the first-order conditional estimation with interaction (FOCE-I) method implemented in NONMEM version 7.3 (ICON Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD, USA). The effects of covariates (i.e., age, body weight and height) were also evaluated and tested. The final model was qualified based on the precision of parameter estimates, diagnostic plots and visual predictive check plots.
Results: In PBPK modeling study, the PK profiles of YH4808 in human after multiple oral administrations (100, 200 and 400 mg) were predicted using a refined PBPK model, and the PBPK model adequately predicted the observed concentrations at 100 mg dosing. However, the model failed to predict a decreased exposure after multiple oral administrations at higher doses of 200 and 400 mg. The reduced solubility of YH4808 at higher pH was hypothesized as the main cause of the reduction in exposure such that absorption was decrease as pH was increased. It was confirmed by PBPK modeling and simulation, where intragastric pH was increased by YH4808.
In PK/PD modeling study, a two-compartment PK model with lagged first-order absorption model and a sigmoid maximum effect model linked with an effect compartment best described the observed YH4808 plasma concentrations and intragastric pH profiles over 24-hour period after YH4808 dosing, respectively. To address changes in intragastric pH over time affecting the plasma concentration of YH4808, we introduced a feedback path such that increased intragastric pH decreases the relative bioavailability of YH4808.
Conclusion: A PBPK model adequately predicted observed concentrations of YH4808 after single and multiple administration in human, and a simulation experiment based on the human PBPK model indicated that the pH-dependent solubility of YH4808 could have resulted in the reduced exposure after multiple administration. A PK/PD model also adequately described quantitatively mutual relationships between the plasma concentrations of YH4808 and the time course of intragastric pH after single and multiple administration in humans. Our analysis provides mechanistic insight into relationship between the exposure to YH4808 and intragastric pH, which allow for devising optimal dosing regimens for YH4808.INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS 9
1. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of YH4808 9
1.1 Materials 9
1.2. Caco-2 transcellular permeability 10
1.3. Metabolic stability 11
1.4. Inhibition of CYP enzymes by YH4808 12
1.5. Plasma protein binding 13
1.6. Human pharmacokinetic study 14
1.7. PBPK modeling in humans 15
1.8. Model optimization 19
1.9. Model validation (drug-drug interactions, DDIs) 20
1.10. Evaluation of model performance 21
2. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling of YH4808 22
2.1. Study design and subjects 22
2.2. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model development 26
RESULTS 31
1. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of YH4808 31
1.1. Caco-2 transcellular permeability 31
1.2. Metabolic stability 31
1.3. Inhibition of CYP enzymes by YH4808 32
1.4. Plasma protein binding 32
1.5. PBPK modeling and simulation in humans: single oral administration 32
1.6. PBPK modeling and simulation in humans: repeated oral administration 36
1.7. Model validation (DDIs) 40
1.8. PBPK simulation for the effect of varying gastric pH 40
2. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling of YH4808 42
2.1. Dataset and baseline subject demographics 42
2.2. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis 42
DISCUSSION 52
REFERENCES 63
APPENDIX 71
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก 99
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 104Docto
<๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด> ์ฌ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ํ๋๊ณผ์ ์ฌ์ฑํ์ ๊ณต, 2021. 2. ๋ฐฐ์๊ฒฝ.The purpose of this study is to prove the meaning and potential of women's local community activities in Korean society since the 2010s, when โMaeul community projectsโ appeared and the concept of a new citizen led democracy was actively introduced. Accordingly, the case study was conducted on , which has been active and mainly operated by women in the local community for more than 10 years. started from a small-scale relationship of people holding small festivals together when two arts project managers in public art opened a cafe in โMogi-dong (Mok2-dong)โ in Seoul and started living in โMogi-dongโ. Although they started out with a simple goal, which was just to become โa neighborโ, they produced various achievements and led to the emergence of a strong local community. They have developed legal and institutional frameworks such as cooperatives, and have grown to become counterparts of local government policies by making their activities into local commons. This study sought to find out the meanings through the participantsโ voices of and tried to understand them as the subject of the local community. It focused on what kind of people they were, their experiences, and how they have developed in terms of their unique operating principles.
Most of the participants in were women, but their experiences escaped the structure of โwoman = mother, motivation for participation = co-parentingโ which easily could be found in the existing โMaeul community projectsโ. The arts project managers became โa neighborโ dreaming that work and life should not be separated and, they participated in while they kept their passion for arts. The participants of found it as a place where they could exist as โI' rather than being buried in their families, without giving up the context of their own life. Therefore, they were finally able to do arts and culture activities more independently and autonomously. Obviously, arts and culture activities were not just a hobby for them, however it was a serious process of identifying one's self and self-proving as a social being. Based on their daily experiences, they felt pleasure through the activities, and were able to develop a common sense of consideration, trust, and inclusion. Through the joyful experience of the festival, they found their identity as โpeople who are together with the festivalโ, and shared the spatiality at the beginning in the cafe, called โSookyoungwonโ which eventually has led . Three cooperatives were formed: โCooperative Cafe Villageโ, โMogi-dong Village School Social Cooperativeโ, and โHousing Cooperative Living Togetherโ, which became the institutional frameworks for stabilizing . The participants of with intimacy expressed in โchattingโ and horizontal communication capabilities took a great deal of pride in creating โour own rules' autonomously without being controlled by externally given goals or bureaucratic languages. When making decisions, they took enough time for deliberation. Even if there were differences and conflicts, they showed the signs of an alternative democracy putting greater significance on the process of solving issues together through communication and reflection. They have begun to take care of each other to practice โcaring togetherโ. By expanding it to the local community, the unique value for โcaringโ which has led to the social agreements solving local problems together, has created. has made the achievements such as โMogi-dong Festivalโ, โCooperative Cafe Villageโ, and โMogi-dong Village School Social Cooperativeโ. They were not only for the women themselves but also for everyone as a common asset of villages and regions, that is, the local commons. has been spreading their capacities and values to Yangcheon-gu beyond neighborhoods and alleys, also it has become a counterpart of Yangcheon-guโs policies for arts and culture. In spite of such expansion and growth, the participants of came back to continue their arts and culture activities in Mogi-dong without losing their original spirit. They have dreamed to continue arts and culture activities by creating โAlley Cultural Foundationโ, directly run by the community, while making the previous achievements as a common for the region.
The theoretical implications of this study are as follows. First, this study focused on the experiences of women who have actively participated in based on arts and culture, and reviews the emerging of new democracy resulted from their activities. Second, the participants who have engaged in local community activities while maintaining the context of daily life should have been evaluated fairly with their competences in terms of relationship, consideration, and sense of care. Third, the activities of could be a concrete example of โlife politicsโ which led from life to the political process. Fourth, therefore the study assumed that the result which has been created and developed by the activities would fit into the concept of cultural democracy. Fifth, through the activities of the , the accumulation of commons and the possibility of new publicness were presented.
The policy suggestions according to this are: First, the most important thing in promoting โMaeul community projectsโ or โgovernance projects on public sectorโ is not about measuring the quantitative performance, but the context for the participants and their local life. Also, it needs to be emphasized to confirm and monitor how well the participants' voices are reflected, whether the process is transparent and democratic, also the contents and results of the promotions in the aspects of their local life. Second, policies and supports for citizens' arts and culture activities are necessary in order to encourage growth of arts and culture activities, but they must be carefully designed so as not to undermine participantsโ capacity for arts and culture and their autonomy.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ง์๊ณต๋์ฒด ์ฌ์
์ด ๋ฑ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์๊ฐ๋ 2010๋
๋ ์ดํ ํ๊ตญ์ฌํ์์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ง์ญ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ ์๋ฏธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ง์ญ์์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด ์ค์ฌ์ด ๋์ด 10๋
์ด์ ํํํ๊ฒ ํ๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ก์ฐ๊ตฌ ํ์๋ค. ๋ 2010๋
๊ณต๊ณต๋ฏธ์ ์ ํ๋ ๋ฌธํ๊ธฐํ์ 2์ธ์ด ์์ธ โ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋(๋ชฉ2๋)โ์ ์นดํ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ณ ๋ง์์ด์ด๋ฅผ ์์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ก ํจ๊ป ์์ ์ถ์ ๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์๊ท๋ชจ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ถ๋ฐํ๋ค. โ๋๋ค ์ฌ๋โ์ด ๋๊ณ ์ ์๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์์ํ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋์ด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ค์ ๋ณ์ผ๋ฉด์ ํํํ ์ง์ญ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ถํ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋์กฐํฉ ๋ฑ ๋ฒ์ ์ ๋์ ํ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ๊ณ ์์ ๋ค์ ํ๋์ ์ง์ญ์ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ(commons)๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ฉด์ ์ง์์ฒด ์ ์ฑ
์ ์นด์ดํฐํํธ๋ก๊น์ง ์ฑ์ฅํด์๋ค. ์ง์ญ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ก์ ์ฌ์ฑ๋ค์ ๋๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์์ ๊ฒฝํํ๊ณ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ๋์ง, ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๊ณ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ง์ผ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ ๋
ํนํ ์ด์์๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฝ์ด๋ด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ค์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ง์๊ณต๋์ฒด ์ฌ์
์์ ์ฝ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ โ์ฌ์ฑ=์ด๋จธ๋, ์ฐธ์ฌ๋๊ธฐ=๊ณต๋์ก์โ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์์๋ค. ๋ฌธํ๊ธฐํ์๋ค์ ์ผ๊ณผ ์ถ์ด ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฟ๊พธ๋ฉฐ โ๋๋ค ์ฌ๋โ์ด ๋์๊ณ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์์ ์ ๋ํ ์๊ตฌ์ ์ค๋กฏํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ๋๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์ด๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ํ๋ฌปํ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋, ์์ ์ ์ถ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๊ณ โ๋โ๋ก์ ์กด์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ๊ณณ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์์์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ใป์์จ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ๋์ด ์๋๋ผ ์์ ์ ์์๋ฅผ ํฌ์ํ๊ณ ์ฌํ์ ์กด์ฌ๋ก์ ์๊ธฐ์ฆ๋ช
์ ํ๋ ์์
์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ผ์์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋๊ผ๊ณ , ์๋ก ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ๊ณ ์ ๋ขฐํ๋ฉฐ ํฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ณต๋์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ํค์๋๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ์ถ์ ๋ผ๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด ๊ฒฝํ์ ํตํด โ์ถ์ ๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ํ๋ ์ฌ๋โ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ํ๋ฆฝํด๋๊ฐ๊ณ ์นดํ โ์์์'์์ ์์๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ฑ์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํด๊ฐ๋ค. โํ๋์กฐํฉ ์นดํ๋ง์โ, โ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋๋ง์ํ๊ต ์ฌํ์ ํ๋์กฐํฉโ, โ์ฃผํํ๋์กฐํฉ ํจ๊ป์ฌ๋์ง๋จ๋ฝโ์ด๋ผ๋ 3๊ฐ์ ํ๋์กฐํฉ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ฑ๋์๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ํ๋ ์ ๋์ ๊ธฐํ์ด ๋์๋ค.
โ์๋คโ๋ก ํํ๋๋ ์น๋ฐํจ๊ณผ ์ํ์ ์ธ ์ํต ์ญ๋์ ๊ฐ์ถ ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ์ธ๋ถ์์ ์ฃผ์ด์ง ๋ชฉํ๋ ๊ด๋ฃ์ ์ธ์ด์ ํจ๋ชฐ๋์ง ์๊ณ ์์จ์ ์ผ๋ก โ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ค๋ง์ ๊ท์นโ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋๊ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ถ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. โ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ โ์ ํ ๋ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์๊ฐ์ ๋๊ณ ์์์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋๋ ๊ตญ๋ฉด์์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋ดํฉ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ํต๊ณผ ์ฑ์ฐฐ์ ํตํด ํจ๊ป ํด๊ฒฐํด๋๊ฐ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ ํฐ ์์๋ฅผ ๋๋ ๋์์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ์๋ก ๋๋ณด๊ณ ์ผ์์ ๋๋ณด๋ฉฐ โํจ๊ป ๋๋ดโ์ ์ค์ฒํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๋๋ด์ ๊ฐ์น๋ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ๋ก ํ์ฅ๋์ด ์ง์ญ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ดํผ๊ณ ํจ๊ป ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ ค๋ ๋
ธ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ก๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ํ์ฅ์ ์ ์ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ค๋ง์ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ง์๊ณผ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ณต๋์์ฐ, ์ฆ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋๋๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค. โ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ง์์ถ์ โ์ โํ๋์กฐํฉ ์นดํ๋ง์โ, โ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋๋ง์ํ๊ต ์ฌํ์ ํ๋์กฐํฉโ์ ํ๋๋ค์ ํน์ ํ ์ฌ๋๋ง์ด ํฅ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ชจ๋์ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ ๋๋ค์ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์ ๋์ด ์์ฒ๊ตฌ์๊น์ง ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ญ๋๊ณผ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ํ์ฐํ๋ฉฐ ์์ฒ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์นด์ดํฐํํธ ์ญํ ๋ ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์ฅ๊ณผ ์ฑ์ฅ ์์์๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ์ด์ฌ์ ์์ง ์๊ณ ์๋์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ฑ์ธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋์ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ, ๋๋ค, ๋ง์์ ๋ฐ์ฐฉํ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋์ ์ง์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ค์ ์์น๊ตฌ๋ ์ง์ญ์ฌํ์ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ๋ก ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์ด์์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฉด์๋, ๊ณต๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ง์ ์ด์ํ๋ โ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๋ฌธํ์ฌ๋จโ์ ์ค๋ฆฝํด ๋๋ค ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ๋ง์์ด์ด์ ํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋์ ์ง์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๊ฟ์ ๊พธ๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ํจ์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ก ์ง์ญ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์ด์ํด์จ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ค์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ์ฌ ์ด๋ค์ ํ๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ๋์งธ, ์ผ์์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ ๋์ง ์๊ณ ์ง์ญ๊ณต๋์ฒด ํ๋์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ค์ ์ญ๋์ธ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค, ๋๋ด์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ ๋นํ๊ฒ ํ๊ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํจ์ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. ์
์งธ, ์ ํ๋์ ์ถ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ ์น๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ โ์ํ์ ์นโ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ท์งธ, ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ์๊ฒ ์๋ค๋ ๋ฌธํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๋
์๋ ๋ถํฉํ๋ค. ๋ค์ฏ์งธ, ์ ํ๋์ ํตํด ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ์ ์ถ์ ๊ณผ ์๋ก์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ชจ์ํ์๋ค.
์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ์ธ์ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ง์๊ณต๋์ฒด ์ฌ์
์ด๋ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฑฐ๋ฒ๋์ค ์ฌ์
์ถ์ง์ ์์ด ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ค๊ณผ ์ง์ญ์ ์ถ์ ๋ํ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด๋ค. ์ฐธ์ฌ์์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ ๋ฐ์๋๋์ง, ๊ณผ์ ์ด ํฌ๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ์ง, ๋ด์ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์ถ ์์ ์๋๋๋์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ ์์
์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋์งธ, ์๋ฏผ์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ฑ
๊ณผ ์ง์์ฌ์
์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋์ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์ํด ํ์ํ์ง๋ง, ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ ์ญ๋๊ณผ ์์จ์ฑ์ ํผ์ํ์ง ์๋๋ก ์ธ์ฌํ๊ฒ ์ค๊ณ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 3
1. ๋ง์๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ์๋ฏธ 4
2. ๋ง์๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ๋
ผ์ 5
์ 3 ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7
1. ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ์ ๋ฌธํ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์ 7
2. ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ 9
1) ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ์ ์ ํ๊ณผ ์ํ์ ์น 9
2) ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ์ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ 12
์ 4 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 14
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ 14
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 16
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์๊ฐ 18
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ ์ญ์ฌ 23
์ 1 ์ ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 23
1. ๋ชฉ2๋์ ์ง์ญ์ ํน์ฑ 23
2. ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ๋ณํ: ์ง์ญ๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก 24
์ 2 ์ ์ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ์ 27
1. ์นดํ์ ๋ง์์ถ์ (2010~2015) 27
1) '์์์'๊ณผ ์ถ์ ์ ์์(2010~2011) 27
2) ๊ณต๊ฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ๋ณํ(2012) 29
3) '๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฌธํ๋ฐ์ ์'์ ๊ณต์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ(2013~2016) 32
4) ์ถ์ ์ ์ ๋กํ 34
2. ํ๋์กฐํฉ๊ณผ ๋ค์ํ ์ง์ญ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋(2016~ํ์ฌ) 36
1) ํ๋์กฐํฉ ์ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์์ ํ 36
2) ์์ฒ๊ตฌ์์์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๋ 38
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ ์ฌ์ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด 41
์ 1 ์ '๋๋ค ์ฌ๋'๊ณผ ์์ 41
1. '์ค๋กฏํ ๋'๋ก ์์ ์ ์๋ ๊ณณ 41
1) '๋๋ค ์ฌ๋' ๋๊ธฐ 41
2) '์ฟต์ง์ด ๋ง๋ ์ฌ๋'๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๋ง์ ํ์ฅ 44
3) ๋ฌธํ์์ ์ ์ข์ํ๋ ๋ 49
2. ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์์ ์ถ๊ตฌ 52
1) ๋๊ตฌ ์๋ง๊ฐ ์๋ '๋'๋ก ์ด๊ธฐ 52
2) ํ๋์ '์ผ'๋ก ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ 54
์ 2 ์ '์ฐ๋ฆฌ'๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ 57
1. ๋๋ค์์ ๋ฌธํ์์ ํ๊ธฐ 57
1) ์ถ์ , ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ๊ณต๋์ ๊ฒฝํ 57
2) ์ผ์์ด ๋ ๋ฌธํ์์ 61
3) ์ค์ค๋ก ๊ธฐํํ๋ ๋ฌธํ์์ 65
2. ์ ๊ด๊ณ ๋งบ๊ธฐ 69
1) '์ผ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ด๊ณ ๋จผ์ ' 70
2) ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์ ์ธ์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋ค์ฌ๋ค๋ณด๊ธฐ 71
3) ์์๊ณผ ์ง์ง 73
4) ํฌ์ฉ๊ณผ ์์ ํ ๊ด๊ณ๋ง 74
3. '์ฐ๋ฆฌ'๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋ ์ด ๊ณณ 76
1) ๋ง์ฃผ์นจ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ 76
2) ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ธฐ 77
3) ํจ๊ป ์ด์ํ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ 79
์ 3 ์ ์ง์ญ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ๊ณผ ์์์ ์กฐ์ง 80
1. ๋๋ค ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ณต๋์ ๊ด์ฌ 81
2. '๋ชฉ2๋'๊ณผ '๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋': ํ์ ๊ตฌ์ญ์ด ์๋ '๋๋ค' 84
์ 4 ์ฅ ์ ์ด์์๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ 91
์ 1 ์ ์ ์ด์์๋ฆฌ 91
1. ๋ํ์ ๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ ๊ท์น ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ 91
1) ์๋ค์ ์ผ์ ์์ 91
2) ์ํ์ ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ํต 93
3) ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ง๋ ๊ท์น 95
2. ์ผ์๊ณผ ๋๋ด 99
3. ์์๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ ๋์ด์๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด 106
์ 2 ์ ์ง์ญ์ฑ์์ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฑ์ผ๋ก 112
1. ๋๋ค์์ ๊ณต๋์ ์์ฐ ๋ง๋ค๊ธฐ: ์ปค๋จผ์ฆ๋ก์์ ํ๋ 112
2. ์ง์ญ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ๊ณผ ์ฌํ: ์์ฒ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ 119
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 124
์ฐธ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ ํ 130Maste
Palimpsest of Memory: Transformative Aspect of Adaptive Reuse in Contemporary Memorial Architecture - Focused on Poet Yoon Dongju Memorial Museum -
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ฑด์ถํ๊ณผ, 2015. 8. ๋ฐฑ์ง.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ์์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์์ ๋๋ฌ๋ ํ๋ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ์ค๋์ฃผ๋ฌธํ๊ด์ ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด, ์ฐ์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ด์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋์์ ํ๋ ๊ฑด์ถ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ์ฌ์์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ, ์ฌ์์์ค์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํน์ฑ์ ํจ๊ป ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก, ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ค์ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ถ์์ ํ์ ํตํด ์ค๋์ฃผ๋ฌธํ๊ด์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ์๋ฏธ์, ์ด๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๋ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก์์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ์ฌ์์ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋ํด ๋
ผ์ํ์๋ค.1. ์๋ก 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 3
2. ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ๋ณ์ฒ 8
2.1 ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ์ ์์ ํน์ฑ 8
2.1.1 ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ์ ์ 8
2.1.2 ๊ธฐ์ต๊ณผ ๋งค์ฒด์ ๋ํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 12
2.1.3 ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ ๋งค์ฒด๋ก์์ ๊ฑด์ถ 16
2.2 ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ๋ณ์ฒ 19
2.2.1 ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ๊ธฐ์๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ 19
2.2.2 ํ๋ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ณํ 26
2.2.3 ํ๋ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ์ฌ๋ก์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ ๊ตฌํ๋ฐฉ์ 29
3. ์ฌ์์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์๊ณผ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ 38
3.1 ๊ฑด์ถ์์์ ์ฌ์์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์ 38
3.1.1 ๊ฑด์ถ์ ์ฌ์์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ์ ์ 40
3.1.2 ํ๋๊ฑด์ถ์์์ ์ฌ์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ๋ฑ์ฅ ๋ฐ ํ์ฐ 43
3.1.3 ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ๋ก์์ ์ฌ์์์ค ์ฌ๋ก 46
3.2 ์ฌ์์์ค์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ 54
3.2.1 ์ฌ์์์ค์ ๊ฑด์ถ์ ํน์ฑ 54
3.2.2 ์ฌ์์์ค์ ๋ค์ธต์ ์์ฑ 58
3.2.3 ๊ฑด์ถ๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์๊ณผ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ 64
4. ๋ค์ธต์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ: ์ค๋์ฃผ ๋ฌธํ๊ด 68
4.1 ์ฌ๋ก์ ๊ฐ์ 69
4.1.1 ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 69
4.1.2 ๊ณํ ๋ฐ ์ค๊ณ๊ณผ์ 71
4.1.3 ์ฌ๋ก์ ํํฉ 79
4.2 ๋ถ์์ ํ: ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ค์ฒฉ ์์ 81
4.2.1 ์ํ์ค์ ์ค์ฒฉ 82
4.2.2 ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ ์ค์ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ณํ 83
4.3 ์ค๋์ฃผ๋ฌธํ๊ด์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ์ค์ฒฉ ์์ ๋ถ์ 85
4.3.1 ์ํ์ค์ ์ค์ฒฉ: ์๋๊ฐ์์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ 85
4.3.2 ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ ์ค์ฒฉ: ๋ฌผํฑํฌ์ ์ 3์ ์์ค 94
4.3.3 ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํน์ง์ ๋ณํ: ๋ฌผํฑํฌ์ ์ 2์ ์์ค 109
4.4 ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ๋ก์์ ์ฌ์์์ค์ ์๋ฏธ 122
4.4.1 ์ค๋์ฃผ๋ฌธํ๊ด์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ค์ฒฉ 122
4.4.2 ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ค์ฒฉ์ ํตํ ๋ค์ธต์ ์์ฑ์ ๋ฐํ 124
4.4.3 ๋ค์ธต์ ์์ฑ์ด ๊ตฌํํ๋ ๋นํ์์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์ผ 126
5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก 128Maste
Hyperosmotic Stimulus Down-regulates 1ฮฑ, 25-dihydroxyvitamin Dโ-induced Osteoclastogenesis by Suppressing the RANKL Expression in a Co-culture System
The hyperosmotic stimulus is regarded as a mechanical factor for bone remodeling. However, whether the hyperosmotic stimulus affects 1ฮฑ, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3)-induced osteoclastogenesis is not clear. In the present study, the effect of the hyperosmotic stimulus on 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced osteoclastogenesis was investigated in an osteoblast-preosteoclast co-culture system. Serial doses of sucrose were applied as a mechanical force. These hyperosmotic stimuli significantly evoked a reduced number of 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells and 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced bone-resorbing pit area in a co-culture system. In osteoblastic cells, receptor activator of nuclear factor ฮบB ligand (RANKL) and Runx2 expressions were down-regulated in response to 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3. Knockdown of Runx2 inhibited 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced RANKL expression in osteoblastic cells. Finally, the hyperosmotic stimulus induced the overexpression of TonEBP in osteoblastic cells. These results suggest that hyperosmolarity leads to the down-regulation of 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced osteoclastogenesis, suppressing Runx2 and RANKL expression due to the TonEBP overexpression in osteoblastic cells.ope
The Changes of subsystems of family system following the internet use of housewives
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์๋น์ํ๊ณผ,2001.Docto
๋ถ๋ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ด์ฒ ์ฑ์ธต๊ถ ์ญํ์ฅ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ ๋ณ๋
Thesis (doctoral)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋๊ธฐ๊ณผํ๊ณผ,1999.Docto
๊ณ ์ถ ์ ์ ์์์ ๊ฐ์์ญ๋ณ๊ท RXLR effector์ ๋ํ ๋น๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์ ํญ์ฑ ๋ฐ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์๋ฌผ์์ฐ๊ณผํ๋ถ(์์๊ณผํ์ ๊ณต), 2011.2. ์ต๋์ผ.Maste
๊ฐ์์ญ๋ณ๊ท ์ Effector๊ฐ ์ ๋ํ๋ ์ธํฌ์ฌ๋ฉธ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ ๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋น๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์ ํญ์ฑ ๊ธฐ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋์
์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ํ ์๋ฌผ์์ฐ๊ณผํ๋ถ ์์์๋ช
๊ณตํ ์ ๊ณต, 2016. 2. ์ต๋์ผ.Nonhost resistance (NHR) is the resistance of a plant species against the vast majority of potential pathogens. The mechanism of NHR remains poorly understood but it is considered that NHR shares many components with host resistance such as physical/chemical barriers, PAMPs-triggered immunity, and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Based on the possibility of polygenic control in ETI of NHR, the main hypothesis of this thesis is that multiple interaction between resistance genes and effectors underpin NHR. Pepper is a nonhost plant against Phytophthora infestans which causes severe potato late blight disease in the world. Hypersensitive response (HR) cell death was observed on epidermal cells of pepper infected with P. infestans, which suggests that ETI is a major factor of NHR of pepper against P. infestans because HR is a typical response of ETI induced by the interaction between resistance (R) genes and cognate effectors. To screen cell death induced by P. infestans effectors, 100 pepper accessions were inoculated with 54 RXLR effectors. The findings that multiple effectors induced cell death on pepper accessions imply that multiple putative R genes could be present in nonhost pepper. To investigate how many pepper genes are involved in cell death induced by an effector, inheritance study of effector-induced cell death in F2 population was performed. The segregation ratio of cell death induced by effectors was 15:1, 9:7, and 3:1, which means that multiple pepper genes control cell death by single effector. To identify nonhost R gene(s) which recognize multiple core effectors of P. infestans and confer durable resistance, a total of 445 NB-LRR genes have been cloned based on pepper genome information. Avrblb2, one of core effectors of P. infestans, is critical for virulence of P. infestans. It has seven paralogs in P. infestans genome and induced cell death on all pepper accessions tested. Using agro-coinfiltration assay, cell death induced by the interaction between pepper NB-LRRs and Avrblb2 effectors was screened and CaNBARC114 showed cell death when co-expressed with Avrblb2. Transient expression of CaNBARC114 into N. benthamiana elevated resistance against P. infestans but transgenic potato carrying CaNBARC114 showed no resistance to P. infestans. Taken together, this study provides insight into durable NHR based on multiple interactions between RXLR effectors and nonhost factors.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER1. Multiple Recognition of RXLR Effectors is Associated with Nonhost Resistance of Pepper against Phytophthora infestans 20
ABSTRACT 21
INTRODUCTION 22
MATERIALS AND METHODS 27
Plant materials and growth conditions 27
P. infestans spore infection 27
Trypan blue staining 28
Reverse transcription-PCR 29
PexRD effectors of P. infestans 29
PVX agro-infection 30
In planta expression using recombinant PVX virions 30
RESULTS 33
Nonhost resistance of pepper against P. infestans is associated with hypersensitive cell death 33
Nonhost pepper shares expression profiles of the effector genes of P. infestans with host plants 38
Optimization of a heterologous effector expression system in pepper 43
Pepper accessions respond to a diversity of P. infestans effectors 45
Validation of the pepper hypersensitive response to P. infestans effectors using recombinant PVX virions 55
Multiple loci determine responses of pepper to P. infestans RXLR effectors 64
DISCUSSION 67
REFERENCES 75
CHAPTER2. Identification of Nonhost Resistance Genes of Pepper Recognizing Multiple Core Effectors of P. infestans Using Genome-based Approach 82
ABSTRACT 83
INTRODUCTION 85
MATERIALS AND METHODS 89
Plant materials and growth conditions 89
NB-LRR genes cloning 89
P. infestans core effectors 90
P. infestans zoospore infection 91
PVX-mediated transient expression 91
Agro-coinfiltration assays in N. benthamiana 92
Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) 92
RESULTS 95
Genomic prediction and cloning of Pepper NB-LRR family 93
Avrblb2 core effectors of P. infestans induced cell death on CM334 98
CaNBARC114 induced cell death when co-expressed with Avrblb2 core effectors in N. benthamiana 105
DISCUSSION 115
REFERENCES 122
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 130Docto
์์ฅ ์ฒซ์งธ์ด๊ธ๋์์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ต๋ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ด๊ณ
Dept. of Medical Science/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]์น๋ฐฐ์ ์น์๊ธฐ์ ๋ชจ์์๊ธฐ๋์ ๊ทธ ์ค์ฌ๋ถ์ ์์นํ๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ผ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถํ๋์ง ์๋ ์ํผ์ธํฌ์ ์ง๋จ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ์น์ํํํ์ฑ์ ์ํ ์์น์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ญํ ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ต๋ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ์ ๋์ ์ผ์ฐจ(์น์๊ธฐ~๋ชจ์์๊ธฐ)์ ์ด์ฐจ(์ข
์๊ธฐ)์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ํํ๋ก ๋๋๋๋ฐ ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ธํฌ์ , ๋ถ์์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๋ฏธ๋นํ ์์ค์ด๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ช
ํํ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ํด์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ๋
ธ์ถ๋ ์ํ๋ก ์ง์์ ์ธ ๊ด์ฐฐ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์คํ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ธ slice culture์ฒด์ธ๋ฐฐ์๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์คํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์น์ ์ฑ ํ๊ด์ผ๋ฃ์ธ DiI๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ช
์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. DiI๋ก ์ผ์๋์ด์ง ์ผ์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ธํฌ๋ค์ ์ฒด์ธ๋ฐฐ์ 48์๊ฐ ํ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ชฝ ์ด์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ๋ก ์ด๋ํ์์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ํ์ง์๋ก ์๋ ค์ง Fgf4์ mRNA๋ฐํ์์์ in situ hybridization ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธํด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ ์ ์ ์์ค์์ ์ผ์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ์ฐ์์ฑ์ ํ์ธ ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ semithin๊ณผ ultrathin section์ ์ด์ฉํ ์น๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ด์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์น๋ฐฐ์ํผ์ธํฌ์ ์์ญ๋ณ(buccal, enamel cord, lingual) ์ธํฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ณ์ฐ์ ํตํด ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๋(enamel cord)์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ผ์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ๋ํ๋๋ ๋ชจ์์๊ธฐ๋ถํฐ ์ด์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ๋ํ๋๋ ์ข
์๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊น์ง ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ณ ์์์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ผ์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ชฝ์ ์ด์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ๋ก ์ ์ง๊ฐ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์ถ์ธกํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ชฝ ์ด์ฐจ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ง๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ํฑ์ paracone๊ณผ ์๋ํฑ์ protoconid๋ก ํ์ฑ๋์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์ ํ ์ ์์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]The enamel knot (EK), which is located in the center of bud and cap stage tooth germs, is a transitory cluster of non-dividing epithelial cells. The EK acts as a signaling center that provides positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulates the growth of tooth cusps by inducing secondary EKs. The morphological, cellular and molecular events leading to the relationship between the primary and secondary EKs have not been described clearly. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the primary and secondary EKs in the mouse molar. I investigated the location of the primary EK and secondary EKs by chasing Fgf4 expression patterns in tooth germ. To clarify the relationship between the primary EK and the buccal secondary EK, the primary EK cells were traced by the cell labeling method. The present DiI-labeling experiment demonstrated that correctly DiI-labeled primary EK cells would not migrate during the 48 hours of culture, which correspond to the future paracone and protoconid respectively according to Osborn's terminology. Semithin and ultrathin sections of the cap stage enamel organ of molars demonstrated morphological structures such as the primary EK, enamel cord (septum), and enamel navel.Overall, these results suggest that primary EK cells strictly contribute to form the paracone or protoconid, which are the main cusps of tooth in maxilla or mandible.ope
- โฆ