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    Using YH4808, a novel K+-competitive acid blocker, as an example

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2019. 8. ์ดํ˜•๊ธฐ.์„œ๋ก : ์œ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ„๋น„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ YH4808์€ ์œ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ธ H+/K+-ATPase์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ , ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์นผ๋ฅจ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์  ์œ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ„๋น„ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ (Potassium-Competitive Acid Blocker, P-CAB)์ด๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ 1์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, YH4808 30-800 mg์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ž์›์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹จํšŒ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, YH4808์˜ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™(ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”)์€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„๋ก€์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, YH4808 ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ(ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ตฐ (200, 400 mg)), ์ „์‹  ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. YH4808 ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„, ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ์ƒ์Šน์— ์˜ํ•œ YH4808์˜ ์šฉํ•ด๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹จํšŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ YH4808์˜ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™(ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„) ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” YH4808์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ „ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, YH4808 ๋‹จํšŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„, YH4808์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ๋™/์•ฝ๋ ฅํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ YH4808์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ, in vitro ๋น„์ž„์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ, ์ž„์ƒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํ›„, ์ž„์ƒ 1์ƒ ๋‹จํšŒ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์—๋Š” SimCYP (Certara USA, Inc., Princeton, USA) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌํš์€ ๋‡Œ, ์‹ฌ์žฅ, ํ, ์‹ ์žฅ, ๊ทผ์œก, ๋น„์žฅ, ๊ฐ„, ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€, ์ทŒ์žฅ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ตฌํš์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌํš์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ์œจ์€ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. YH4808์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด ํก์ˆ˜ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” permeability-limited disposition์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , SimCYP ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” the advanced dissolution, absorption and metabolism (ADAM) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. YH4808์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‹ด์ฆ™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฒญ์†Œ์œจ์€ in vitro hepatic microsomal intrinsic clearance data๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋™/์•ฝ๋ ฅํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ YH4808์˜ ์ž„์ƒ 1์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ž์›์ž (๋‹จํšŒ (30-800 mg) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต (100-400 mg) ํˆฌ์—ฌ)์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„์™€ ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ (์œ„์•ฝ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํฌํ•จ)๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์ณ ๋™์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋™/์•ฝ๋ ฅํ•™ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถ”์ •์€ NONMEM (version 7.3., ICON Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD, USA) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋‚ด์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” first-order conditional estimation with interaction (FOCE-I) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณต๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ (์˜ˆ., ๋‚˜์ด, ์ฒด์ค‘, ํ‚ค)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ •๋œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€๋„, diagnostic plot, visual predictive checks plot ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‹จํšŒ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ YH4808์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 200 mg๊ณผ 400 mg ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. YH4808 ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ YH4808์˜ ์šฉํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH๋ฅผ ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ YH4808์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์•ฝ๋™/์•ฝ๋ ฅํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํก์ˆ˜ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” 1์ฐจ ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” 2์ฐจ ๊ตฌํš ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ฒ˜ ๊ตฌํš ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ S์ž ๋ชจ์–‘ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ธ (sigmoid maximum effect model)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ YH4808 ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„์™€ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ YH4808 ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ์ƒ์Šน์ด YH4808์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ƒ์ฒด์ด์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋˜๋จน์ž„ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋™ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ YH4808 ๋‹จํšŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ YH4808์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ YH4808์˜ pH ์˜์กด ์šฉํ•ด๋„(pH-dependent solubility)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ YH4808์˜ ์•ฝ๋™/์•ฝ๋ ฅํ•™ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จํšŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ YH4808์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋†๋„์™€ ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” YH4808์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ณผ ์œ„ ๋‚ด pH ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ „์  ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” YH4808์˜ ์ตœ์  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์šฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Introduction: YH4808 is a highly potent, selective and reversible potassium-competitive acid blocker of the H+/K+-ATPase under clinical development to treat gastric acid-related diseases. The pharmacokinetics of YH4808 was dose-proportional in humans after a single oral dose at 30-800 mg. However, the systemic exposure to YH4808 decreased after multiple oral administrations, particularly at higher doses (200 and 400 mg). The reduced solubility of YH4808 caused by elevated intragastric pH after treatment with YH4808 was suggested as the main cause of the reduced exposure. In this study, first, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of YH4808 after single and multiple administration and investigate the mechanistic basis of the decreased exposure of YH4808 after repeated oral administration at higher doses using the developed human PBPK model. Second, we developed a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model to quantitatively evaluated the mutual relationships between the plasma concentrations of YH4808 and the time course of intragastric pH after single and multiple oral administration in humans. Methods: A PBPK model was developed using the physicochemical data, in vitro preclinical and clinical data of YH4808, which was further refined using human plasma concentrations obtained from a single-dose ascending phase I clinical trial of YH4808 with the SimCYP (Certara USA, Inc., Princeton, USA). Compartments were included for the brain, heart, lung, kidney, muscle, spleen, liver, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, and a combined compartment for the remaining tissues. All compartments except the GI tract and liver were assumed to be well-stirred and their clearances were limited by blood flow. The absorption of YH4808 was described by the advanced dissolution, absorption and metabolism (ADAM) model implemented in SimCYPยฎ, which divides the GI tract into nine segments, assuming permeability-limited disposition in the GI tract and liver. Biliary route is the major elimination pathway of YH4808, and the clearance was estimated using in vitro hepatic microsomal intrinsic clearance data. A PK/PD model was developed simultaneously using pooled data of the plasma concentrations of YH4808 and intragastric pH profiles obtained from healthy subjects who received a single (30-800 mg) or multiple (100-400 mg) oral doses or their matching placebos (intragastric pH only). The modeling was conducted using the first-order conditional estimation with interaction (FOCE-I) method implemented in NONMEM version 7.3 (ICON Development Solutions, Ellicott City, MD, USA). The effects of covariates (i.e., age, body weight and height) were also evaluated and tested. The final model was qualified based on the precision of parameter estimates, diagnostic plots and visual predictive check plots. Results: In PBPK modeling study, the PK profiles of YH4808 in human after multiple oral administrations (100, 200 and 400 mg) were predicted using a refined PBPK model, and the PBPK model adequately predicted the observed concentrations at 100 mg dosing. However, the model failed to predict a decreased exposure after multiple oral administrations at higher doses of 200 and 400 mg. The reduced solubility of YH4808 at higher pH was hypothesized as the main cause of the reduction in exposure such that absorption was decrease as pH was increased. It was confirmed by PBPK modeling and simulation, where intragastric pH was increased by YH4808. In PK/PD modeling study, a two-compartment PK model with lagged first-order absorption model and a sigmoid maximum effect model linked with an effect compartment best described the observed YH4808 plasma concentrations and intragastric pH profiles over 24-hour period after YH4808 dosing, respectively. To address changes in intragastric pH over time affecting the plasma concentration of YH4808, we introduced a feedback path such that increased intragastric pH decreases the relative bioavailability of YH4808. Conclusion: A PBPK model adequately predicted observed concentrations of YH4808 after single and multiple administration in human, and a simulation experiment based on the human PBPK model indicated that the pH-dependent solubility of YH4808 could have resulted in the reduced exposure after multiple administration. A PK/PD model also adequately described quantitatively mutual relationships between the plasma concentrations of YH4808 and the time course of intragastric pH after single and multiple administration in humans. Our analysis provides mechanistic insight into relationship between the exposure to YH4808 and intragastric pH, which allow for devising optimal dosing regimens for YH4808.INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS 9 1. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of YH4808 9 1.1 Materials 9 1.2. Caco-2 transcellular permeability 10 1.3. Metabolic stability 11 1.4. Inhibition of CYP enzymes by YH4808 12 1.5. Plasma protein binding 13 1.6. Human pharmacokinetic study 14 1.7. PBPK modeling in humans 15 1.8. Model optimization 19 1.9. Model validation (drug-drug interactions, DDIs) 20 1.10. Evaluation of model performance 21 2. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling of YH4808 22 2.1. Study design and subjects 22 2.2. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model development 26 RESULTS 31 1. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of YH4808 31 1.1. Caco-2 transcellular permeability 31 1.2. Metabolic stability 31 1.3. Inhibition of CYP enzymes by YH4808 32 1.4. Plasma protein binding 32 1.5. PBPK modeling and simulation in humans: single oral administration 32 1.6. PBPK modeling and simulation in humans: repeated oral administration 36 1.7. Model validation (DDIs) 40 1.8. PBPK simulation for the effect of varying gastric pH 40 2. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) modeling of YH4808 42 2.1. Dataset and baseline subject demographics 42 2.2. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis 42 DISCUSSION 52 REFERENCES 63 APPENDIX 71 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 99 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 104Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์—ฌ์„ฑํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2021. 2. ๋ฐฐ์€๊ฒฝ.The purpose of this study is to prove the meaning and potential of women's local community activities in Korean society since the 2010s, when โ€˜Maeul community projectsโ€™ appeared and the concept of a new citizen led democracy was actively introduced. Accordingly, the case study was conducted on , which has been active and mainly operated by women in the local community for more than 10 years. started from a small-scale relationship of people holding small festivals together when two arts project managers in public art opened a cafe in โ€˜Mogi-dong (Mok2-dong)โ€™ in Seoul and started living in โ€˜Mogi-dongโ€™. Although they started out with a simple goal, which was just to become โ€˜a neighborโ€™, they produced various achievements and led to the emergence of a strong local community. They have developed legal and institutional frameworks such as cooperatives, and have grown to become counterparts of local government policies by making their activities into local commons. This study sought to find out the meanings through the participantsโ€™ voices of and tried to understand them as the subject of the local community. It focused on what kind of people they were, their experiences, and how they have developed in terms of their unique operating principles. Most of the participants in were women, but their experiences escaped the structure of โ€˜woman = mother, motivation for participation = co-parentingโ€™ which easily could be found in the existing โ€˜Maeul community projectsโ€™. The arts project managers became โ€˜a neighborโ€™ dreaming that work and life should not be separated and, they participated in while they kept their passion for arts. The participants of found it as a place where they could exist as โ€˜I' rather than being buried in their families, without giving up the context of their own life. Therefore, they were finally able to do arts and culture activities more independently and autonomously. Obviously, arts and culture activities were not just a hobby for them, however it was a serious process of identifying one's self and self-proving as a social being. Based on their daily experiences, they felt pleasure through the activities, and were able to develop a common sense of consideration, trust, and inclusion. Through the joyful experience of the festival, they found their identity as โ€˜people who are together with the festivalโ€™, and shared the spatiality at the beginning in the cafe, called โ€˜Sookyoungwonโ€™ which eventually has led . Three cooperatives were formed: โ€˜Cooperative Cafe Villageโ€™, โ€˜Mogi-dong Village School Social Cooperativeโ€™, and โ€˜Housing Cooperative Living Togetherโ€™, which became the institutional frameworks for stabilizing . The participants of with intimacy expressed in โ€˜chattingโ€™ and horizontal communication capabilities took a great deal of pride in creating โ€˜our own rules' autonomously without being controlled by externally given goals or bureaucratic languages. When making decisions, they took enough time for deliberation. Even if there were differences and conflicts, they showed the signs of an alternative democracy putting greater significance on the process of solving issues together through communication and reflection. They have begun to take care of each other to practice โ€˜caring togetherโ€™. By expanding it to the local community, the unique value for โ€˜caringโ€™ which has led to the social agreements solving local problems together, has created. has made the achievements such as โ€˜Mogi-dong Festivalโ€™, โ€˜Cooperative Cafe Villageโ€™, and โ€˜Mogi-dong Village School Social Cooperativeโ€™. They were not only for the women themselves but also for everyone as a common asset of villages and regions, that is, the local commons. has been spreading their capacities and values to Yangcheon-gu beyond neighborhoods and alleys, also it has become a counterpart of Yangcheon-guโ€™s policies for arts and culture. In spite of such expansion and growth, the participants of came back to continue their arts and culture activities in Mogi-dong without losing their original spirit. They have dreamed to continue arts and culture activities by creating โ€˜Alley Cultural Foundationโ€™, directly run by the community, while making the previous achievements as a common for the region. The theoretical implications of this study are as follows. First, this study focused on the experiences of women who have actively participated in based on arts and culture, and reviews the emerging of new democracy resulted from their activities. Second, the participants who have engaged in local community activities while maintaining the context of daily life should have been evaluated fairly with their competences in terms of relationship, consideration, and sense of care. Third, the activities of could be a concrete example of โ€˜life politicsโ€™ which led from life to the political process. Fourth, therefore the study assumed that the result which has been created and developed by the activities would fit into the concept of cultural democracy. Fifth, through the activities of the , the accumulation of commons and the possibility of new publicness were presented. The policy suggestions according to this are: First, the most important thing in promoting โ€˜Maeul community projectsโ€™ or โ€˜governance projects on public sectorโ€™ is not about measuring the quantitative performance, but the context for the participants and their local life. Also, it needs to be emphasized to confirm and monitor how well the participants' voices are reflected, whether the process is transparent and democratic, also the contents and results of the promotions in the aspects of their local life. Second, policies and supports for citizens' arts and culture activities are necessary in order to encourage growth of arts and culture activities, but they must be carefully designed so as not to undermine participantsโ€™ capacity for arts and culture and their autonomy.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋งˆ์„๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ 2010๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ํƒ„ํƒ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Š” 2010๋…„ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฏธ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ธฐํš์ž 2์ธ์ด ์„œ์šธ โ€˜๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋™(๋ชฉ2๋™)โ€™์— ์นดํŽ˜๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋งˆ์„์‚ด์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜๋™๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒโ€™์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ณ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํƒ„ํƒ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ๋“ฑ ๋ฒ•์  ์ œ๋„์  ํ‹€๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ(commons)๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์ž์ฒด ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์นด์šดํ„ฐํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง€์ผœ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์šด์˜์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋งˆ์„๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์‚ฌ์—…์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑ=์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋™๊ธฐ=๊ณต๋™์œก์•„โ€™์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”๊ธฐํš์ž๋“ค์€ ์ผ๊ณผ ์‚ถ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋ฉฐ โ€˜๋™๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒโ€™์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ์™€ ์˜ค๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ํŒŒ๋ฌปํžˆ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  โ€˜๋‚˜โ€™๋กœ์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ใƒป์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์€ ์ทจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ํ™œ๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์ฆ๋ช…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๊ณ , ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ถ•์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด โ€˜์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ  ์นดํŽ˜ โ€˜์ˆ™์˜์›'์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. โ€˜ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ์นดํŽ˜๋งˆ์„โ€™, โ€˜๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋™๋งˆ์„ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉโ€™, โ€˜์ฃผํƒํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ํ•จ๊ป˜์‚ฌ๋Š”์ง‘๋œจ๋ฝโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ๊ธฐํ‹€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜์ˆ˜๋‹คโ€™๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•จ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ์†Œํ†ต ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ์–ธ์–ด์— ํ•จ๋ชฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ€˜์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™โ€™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •โ€™์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ˆ™์˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋” ํฐ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๋ฉฐ โ€˜ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋Œ๋ด„โ€™์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ  ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™•์žฅ์€ ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งˆ์„๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ž์‚ฐ, ์ฆ‰ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. โ€˜๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋™ ๋งˆ์„์ถ•์ œโ€™์™€ โ€˜ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ์นดํŽ˜๋งˆ์„โ€™, โ€˜๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋™๋งˆ์„ํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉโ€™์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์ด ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋Š” ๋™๋„ค์™€ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์–‘์ฒœ๊ตฌ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–‘์ฒœ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์นด์šดํ„ฐํŒŒํŠธ ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ์‹ฌ์„ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์ธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋™์˜ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ, ๋™๋„ค, ๋งˆ์„์— ๋ฐ€์ฐฉํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์™•์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ž์น˜๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์šด์˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๊ณจ๋ชฉ๋ฌธํ™”์žฌ๋‹จโ€™์„ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ด ๋™๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์„์‚ด์ด์— ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์šด์˜ํ•ด์˜จ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋†“์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“  ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค, ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์‚ถ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์น˜๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” โ€˜์ƒํ™œ์ •์น˜โ€™์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์—๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ์˜ ์ถ•์ ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์–ธ์€ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋งˆ์„๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์‚ฌ์—… ์ถ”์ง„์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–‘์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ์ง€, ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ถ ์†์— ์ž‘๋™๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์‹œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ง€์›์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 1. ๋งˆ์„๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ 4 2. ๋งˆ์„๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 5 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 1. ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ 7 2. ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ 9 1) ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ์ •์น˜ 9 2) ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ 12 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 14 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์†Œ๊ฐœ 18 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 23 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 23 1. ๋ชฉ2๋™์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 23 2. ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”: ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 24 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ • 27 1. ์นดํŽ˜์™€ ๋งˆ์„์ถ•์ œ(2010~2015) 27 1) '์ˆ™์˜์›'๊ณผ ์ถ•์ œ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘(2010~2011) 27 2) ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”(2012) 29 3) '๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋™ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ'์™€ ๊ณต์œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(2013~2016) 32 4) ์ถ•์ œ์˜ ์ •๋ก€ํ™” 34 2. ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™(2016~ํ˜„์žฌ) 36 1) ํ˜‘๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” 36 2) ์–‘์ฒœ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ™œ๋™ 38 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฃผ์ฒด 41 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ '๋™๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  41 1. '์˜ค๋กฏํ•œ ๋‚˜'๋กœ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ 41 1) '๋™๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ' ๋˜๊ธฐ 41 2) '์ฟต์ง์ด ๋งž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 44 3) ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜ 49 2. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž์•„ ์ถ”๊ตฌ 52 1) ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ '๋‚˜'๋กœ ์‚ด๊ธฐ 52 2) ํ™œ๋™์„ '์ผ'๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ 54 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ '์šฐ๋ฆฌ'๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • 57 1. ๋™๋„ค์—์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ 57 1) ์ถ•์ œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 57 2) ์ผ์ƒ์ด ๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  61 3) ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ธฐํšํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ˆ์ˆ  65 2. ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋งบ๊ธฐ 69 1) '์ผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋จผ์ €' 70 2) ๋ฐฐ๋ ค์™€ ์„ธ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ธฐ 71 3) ์‘์›๊ณผ ์ง€์ง€ 73 4) ํฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง 74 3. '์šฐ๋ฆฌ'๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด ๊ณณ 76 1) ๋งˆ์ฃผ์นจ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 76 2) ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ธฐ 77 3) ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 79 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ์กฐ์ง 80 1. ๋™๋„ค ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ 81 2. '๋ชฉ2๋™'๊ณผ '๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋™': ํ–‰์ • ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ '๋™๋„ค' 84 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์˜ ์šด์˜์›๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 91 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์˜ ์šด์˜์›๋ฆฌ 91 1. ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทœ์น™ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ 91 1) ์ˆ˜๋‹ค์™€ ์ผ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ 91 2) ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์†Œํ†ต 93 3) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ทœ์น™ 95 2. ์ผ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋Œ๋ด„ 99 3. ์ˆ™์˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์ฒด 106 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ 112 1. ๋™๋„ค์—์„œ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ: ์ปค๋จผ์ฆˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 112 2. ์ง€์—ญ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์‹ฌํ™”: ์–‘์ฒœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ 119 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  124 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 130Maste

    Palimpsest of Memory: Transformative Aspect of Adaptive Reuse in Contemporary Memorial Architecture - Focused on Poet Yoon Dongju Memorial Museum -

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 8. ๋ฐฑ์ง„.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์œค๋™์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•™๊ด€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์šฐ์„  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์ถ•์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ฑด์ถ•์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉ, ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œค๋™์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•™๊ด€์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์  ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 2. ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 8 2.1 ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ 8 2.1.1 ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์ •์˜ 8 2.1.2 ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๋งค์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 12 2.1.3 ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• 16 2.2 ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 19 2.2.1 ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ 19 2.2.2 ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ณ€ํ™” 26 2.2.3 ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹ 29 3. ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„๊ณผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ 38 3.1 ๊ฑด์ถ•์—์„œ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ 38 3.1.1 ๊ฑด์ถ•์  ์žฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์ •์˜ 40 3.1.2 ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ฑด์ถ•์—์„œ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ 43 3.1.3 ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œ์„ค ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 46 3.2 ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ 54 3.2.1 ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์  ํŠน์„ฑ 54 3.2.2 ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋‹ค์ธต์  ์†์„ฑ 58 3.2.3 ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ 64 4. ๋‹ค์ธต์  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ: ์œค๋™์ฃผ ๋ฌธํ•™๊ด€ 68 4.1 ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 69 4.1.1 ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 69 4.1.2 ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ณผ์ • 71 4.1.3 ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 79 4.2 ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€: ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์š”์†Œ 81 4.2.1 ์‹œํ€€์Šค์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ 82 4.2.2 ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์งˆ์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜• 83 4.3 ์œค๋™์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•™๊ด€์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„ 85 4.3.1 ์‹œํ€€์Šค์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ: ์ˆ˜๋„๊ฐ€์••์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ 85 4.3.2 ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์งˆ์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ: ๋ฌผํƒฑํฌ์™€ ์ œ3์ „์‹œ์‹ค 94 4.3.3 ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์งˆ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•: ๋ฌผํƒฑํฌ์™€ ์ œ2์ „์‹œ์‹ค 109 4.4 ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 122 4.4.1 ์œค๋™์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•™๊ด€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ 122 4.4.2 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹ค์ธต์  ์†์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ 124 4.4.3 ๋‹ค์ธต์  ์†์„ฑ์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ‘œ์ƒ์  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ 126 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  128Maste

    Hyperosmotic Stimulus Down-regulates 1ฮฑ, 25-dihydroxyvitamin Dโ‚ƒ-induced Osteoclastogenesis by Suppressing the RANKL Expression in a Co-culture System

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    The hyperosmotic stimulus is regarded as a mechanical factor for bone remodeling. However, whether the hyperosmotic stimulus affects 1ฮฑ, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3)-induced osteoclastogenesis is not clear. In the present study, the effect of the hyperosmotic stimulus on 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced osteoclastogenesis was investigated in an osteoblast-preosteoclast co-culture system. Serial doses of sucrose were applied as a mechanical force. These hyperosmotic stimuli significantly evoked a reduced number of 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells and 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced bone-resorbing pit area in a co-culture system. In osteoblastic cells, receptor activator of nuclear factor ฮบB ligand (RANKL) and Runx2 expressions were down-regulated in response to 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3. Knockdown of Runx2 inhibited 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced RANKL expression in osteoblastic cells. Finally, the hyperosmotic stimulus induced the overexpression of TonEBP in osteoblastic cells. These results suggest that hyperosmolarity leads to the down-regulation of 1ฮฑ,25(OH)2D3-induced osteoclastogenesis, suppressing Runx2 and RANKL expression due to the TonEBP overexpression in osteoblastic cells.ope

    The Changes of subsystems of family system following the internet use of housewives

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์†Œ๋น„์žํ•™๊ณผ,2001.Docto

    ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ๋ด„์ฒ  ์„ฑ์ธต๊ถŒ ์—ญํ•™์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋…„๋ณ€๋™

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    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ,1999.Docto

    ๊ณ ์ถ” ์œ ์ „์ž์›์˜ ๊ฐ์ž์—ญ๋ณ‘๊ท  RXLR effector์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(์›์˜ˆ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2011.2. ์ตœ๋„์ผ.Maste

    ๊ฐ์ž์—ญ๋ณ‘๊ท ์˜ Effector๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ถ”์˜ ๋น„๊ธฐ์ฃผ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ž‘

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹๋ฌผ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€ ์›์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ์ตœ๋„์ผ.Nonhost resistance (NHR) is the resistance of a plant species against the vast majority of potential pathogens. The mechanism of NHR remains poorly understood but it is considered that NHR shares many components with host resistance such as physical/chemical barriers, PAMPs-triggered immunity, and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Based on the possibility of polygenic control in ETI of NHR, the main hypothesis of this thesis is that multiple interaction between resistance genes and effectors underpin NHR. Pepper is a nonhost plant against Phytophthora infestans which causes severe potato late blight disease in the world. Hypersensitive response (HR) cell death was observed on epidermal cells of pepper infected with P. infestans, which suggests that ETI is a major factor of NHR of pepper against P. infestans because HR is a typical response of ETI induced by the interaction between resistance (R) genes and cognate effectors. To screen cell death induced by P. infestans effectors, 100 pepper accessions were inoculated with 54 RXLR effectors. The findings that multiple effectors induced cell death on pepper accessions imply that multiple putative R genes could be present in nonhost pepper. To investigate how many pepper genes are involved in cell death induced by an effector, inheritance study of effector-induced cell death in F2 population was performed. The segregation ratio of cell death induced by effectors was 15:1, 9:7, and 3:1, which means that multiple pepper genes control cell death by single effector. To identify nonhost R gene(s) which recognize multiple core effectors of P. infestans and confer durable resistance, a total of 445 NB-LRR genes have been cloned based on pepper genome information. Avrblb2, one of core effectors of P. infestans, is critical for virulence of P. infestans. It has seven paralogs in P. infestans genome and induced cell death on all pepper accessions tested. Using agro-coinfiltration assay, cell death induced by the interaction between pepper NB-LRRs and Avrblb2 effectors was screened and CaNBARC114 showed cell death when co-expressed with Avrblb2. Transient expression of CaNBARC114 into N. benthamiana elevated resistance against P. infestans but transgenic potato carrying CaNBARC114 showed no resistance to P. infestans. Taken together, this study provides insight into durable NHR based on multiple interactions between RXLR effectors and nonhost factors.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER1. Multiple Recognition of RXLR Effectors is Associated with Nonhost Resistance of Pepper against Phytophthora infestans 20 ABSTRACT 21 INTRODUCTION 22 MATERIALS AND METHODS 27 Plant materials and growth conditions 27 P. infestans spore infection 27 Trypan blue staining 28 Reverse transcription-PCR 29 PexRD effectors of P. infestans 29 PVX agro-infection 30 In planta expression using recombinant PVX virions 30 RESULTS 33 Nonhost resistance of pepper against P. infestans is associated with hypersensitive cell death 33 Nonhost pepper shares expression profiles of the effector genes of P. infestans with host plants 38 Optimization of a heterologous effector expression system in pepper 43 Pepper accessions respond to a diversity of P. infestans effectors 45 Validation of the pepper hypersensitive response to P. infestans effectors using recombinant PVX virions 55 Multiple loci determine responses of pepper to P. infestans RXLR effectors 64 DISCUSSION 67 REFERENCES 75 CHAPTER2. Identification of Nonhost Resistance Genes of Pepper Recognizing Multiple Core Effectors of P. infestans Using Genome-based Approach 82 ABSTRACT 83 INTRODUCTION 85 MATERIALS AND METHODS 89 Plant materials and growth conditions 89 NB-LRR genes cloning 89 P. infestans core effectors 90 P. infestans zoospore infection 91 PVX-mediated transient expression 91 Agro-coinfiltration assays in N. benthamiana 92 Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) 92 RESULTS 95 Genomic prediction and cloning of Pepper NB-LRR family 93 Avrblb2 core effectors of P. infestans induced cell death on CM334 98 CaNBARC114 induced cell death when co-expressed with Avrblb2 core effectors in N. benthamiana 105 DISCUSSION 115 REFERENCES 122 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 130Docto

    ์ƒ์ฅ ์ฒซ์งธ์–ด๊ธˆ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ต๋‘ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

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    Dept. of Medical Science/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์น˜๋ฐฐ์˜ ์‹น์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ชจ์ž์‹œ๊ธฐ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์€ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์น˜์•„ํ˜•ํƒœํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ ์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต๋‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •๋™์•ˆ ์ผ์ฐจ(์‹น์‹œ๊ธฐ~๋ชจ์ž์‹œ๊ธฐ)์™€ ์ด์ฐจ(์ข…์‹œ๊ธฐ)์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ , ๋ถ„์ž์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ธ slice culture์ฒด์™ธ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์นœ์œ ์„ฑ ํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ๋ฃŒ์ธ DiI๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์šด๋ช…์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. DiI๋กœ ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋˜์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฒด์™ธ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ชฝ ์ด์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์˜ ํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ Fgf4์˜ mRNA๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘์ƒ์„ in situ hybridization ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ผ์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  semithin๊ณผ ultrathin section์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์น˜๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฐฐ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์˜์—ญ๋ณ„(buccal, enamel cord, lingual) ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋ˆ(enamel cord)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์ผ์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์ž์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ข…์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋ˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ชฝ์˜ ์ด์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์ชฝ ์ด์ฐจ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์งˆ๊ฒฐ์ ˆ์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์œ„ํ„ฑ์˜ paracone๊ณผ ์•„๋ž˜ํ„ฑ์˜ protoconid๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The enamel knot (EK), which is located in the center of bud and cap stage tooth germs, is a transitory cluster of non-dividing epithelial cells. The EK acts as a signaling center that provides positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulates the growth of tooth cusps by inducing secondary EKs. The morphological, cellular and molecular events leading to the relationship between the primary and secondary EKs have not been described clearly. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the primary and secondary EKs in the mouse molar. I investigated the location of the primary EK and secondary EKs by chasing Fgf4 expression patterns in tooth germ. To clarify the relationship between the primary EK and the buccal secondary EK, the primary EK cells were traced by the cell labeling method. The present DiI-labeling experiment demonstrated that correctly DiI-labeled primary EK cells would not migrate during the 48 hours of culture, which correspond to the future paracone and protoconid respectively according to Osborn's terminology. Semithin and ultrathin sections of the cap stage enamel organ of molars demonstrated morphological structures such as the primary EK, enamel cord (septum), and enamel navel.Overall, these results suggest that primary EK cells strictly contribute to form the paracone or protoconid, which are the main cusps of tooth in maxilla or mandible.ope
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