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    ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฟจ๋กฑ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ์œ„์ƒ ์ƒ์ „์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต),2020. 2. ๋ฏผํ™๊ธฐ.๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ(phase)์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ(phase)์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ Landau์˜ ์ƒ์ „์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ƒ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊นจ์ง„ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ(broken symmetry)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์œ„์ƒํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด '์œ„์ƒํ•™์  ์ƒ'(topological phase)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‘์ง‘๋ฌผ์งˆ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ณ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•™๊ณ„ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์—์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ„ ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ธต ์ „์ด๊ธˆ์† ์นผ์ฝ”๊ฒ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ(transition metal dichalcogendies)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๊ณต๋™์—์„œ ์—‘์‹œํ†ค-ํด๋ผ๋ฆฌํ†ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—‘์‹œํ†ค์€ ๋ถ€๋„์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ตœ์™ธ๊ณฝ ๋ ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋œจ๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ •๊ณต(hole)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „์ž-์ •๊ณต ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ์†๋ฐ• ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์–‘์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ •๊ณต๊ณผ ์Œ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์†๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค€์ž…์ž๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ž์™€ ์ •๊ณต์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ทน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„๋Š” ์—‘์‹œํ†ค์€ ๋น›๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ ์—‘์‹œํ†ค๊ณผ ์—‘์‹œํ†ค์ด ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ฑ‰๋Š” ๊ด‘์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒฐ๋งž์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์—‘์‹œํ†ค-ํด๋ผ๋ฆฌํ†ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—‘์‹œํ†ค-ํด๋ผ๋ฆฌํ†ค์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ด‘์ž์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋‹ฎ์•„์„œ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์€ ์ค€์ž…์ž๋กœ ํ•ด์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด์ฆˆ-์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ์‘์ถ•์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์—‘์‹œํ†ค-ํด๋ผ๋ฆฌํ†ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ฆˆ-์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ์‘์ถ•์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ž‘๊ธฐ์—, ์ƒ์˜จ ๋ณด์ฆˆ-์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ ์‘์ถ• ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ธต ์ „์ด๊ธˆ์† ์นผ์ฝ”๊ฒ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ตœ์™ธ๊ณฝ ์ „์ž๋ ์™€ ์ „๋„๋ ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ '์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ด์ฐจ์› ๋””๋ฝ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ'์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ BEC-BCS ๊ต์ฐจ(BEC-BCS crossover) ๋Œ€์‹  ์œ„์ƒ์  ์ผ์ฐจ ์ƒ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ธต ์ „์ด๊ธˆ์† ์นผ์ฝ”๊ฒ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—‘์‹œํ†ค-ํด๋ผ๋ฆฌํ†ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ์  ์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ๋งˆ๋””(double-Weyl node)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ ์ค€๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์œ„์ƒํ•™์  ์ƒ์ „์ด์ ์—์„œ ์ „์ž-์ „์ž ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ๋งˆ๋””๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋งˆ๋””์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋งˆ๋””๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ฆด๋ฃจ์•™ ์˜์—ญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ยฑ1์˜ ์œ„์ƒํ•™์  ์ „ํ•˜(topological charge)์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ๋งˆ๋””๋Š” C4 ํ˜น์€ C6 ํšŒ์ „ ๋Œ€์นญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์—์„œ ์ด ํšŒ์ „์˜ ์ถ• ์ƒ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ยฑ2์˜ ์œ„์ƒํ•™์  ์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์ผ-๋งˆ๋””์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹์ด ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํ˜•์ (linear)์ธ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ๋งˆ๋””์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํšŒ์ „์ถ•๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์‹์ด ์„ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํšŒ์ „์ถ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์งํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ(quadratic)์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ๋งˆ๋””๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„์ƒ ์ค€๊ธˆ์†์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜น์€ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์ƒ์  ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ์„ ์Œ์†Œ๋ฉธ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ์˜ ์Œ์†Œ๋ฉธ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ค€๊ธˆ์†์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ถ€๋„์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ค€๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋„์ฒด ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์œ„์ƒ์  ์ƒ์ „์ด(topological phase transition)๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ์ „์ด ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋ˆˆ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ(scaling)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ˆˆ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ณ„๋Š” ์žฌ๊ทœ๊ฒฉํ™”๊ตฐ(renormalization group)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๊ทœ๊ฒฉํ™”๊ตฐ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์ ์ธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹(large-Nf method, ฯต = 4 โˆ’ d expansion)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ์ค€๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์  ์ƒ์ „์ด์ ์—์„œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ„ ์ฟจ๋กฑ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘-๋ฐ”์ผ ์ค€๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์  ์ƒ์ „์ด์ ์—์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ(anisotropy)์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค€์ž…์ž(quasiparticle) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋ด‰์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„-ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ ์•ก์ฒด(non-Fermi liquid)๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๋น„-ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์งˆ์„œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜(order parameter)์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ๊นจ์ง(symmetry breaking)์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๋น„-ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ ์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ๊นจ์ง๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ์  ์ƒ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๋น„-ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜(universality class)๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.In the study of a variety of materials and the phase of them, classifying and dividing them in a consistent and useful way essentially requires some insight of the materials and eventually helps deepening our understanding of the materials and the phase. The conventional way of the classification of the phase of a material is developed based on Landaus theory of the phase transition, and use the broken symmetry of the phase of a material. However, in the mid of 2000, it is suggested that there is another way of classifying the phase of a material with respect to the topology of the electronic structure of the material, which is overlooked in the conventional way. The discovery of the topological phase of materials stimulates the researches on seeking for what is new in the topologically non-trivial phase of material. Motivated by this new discovery of the topological phase, we focus on the study of the effect of the long-range Coulomb interaction in electronic systems whose band structure is a topologically non-trivial. The first subject of this thesis is devoted to a study of the exciton-polariton condensate in the microcavity of a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Exciton-polariton is a state in which an exciton and a photon are coherently combined. As it is composed of a photon by part, the mass of the exciton-polariton is very small which makes it a good candidate for the room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation. In this thesis, we take the Diracness of the low-energy electronic degree of freedom into account in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. By Diracness, we mean that there is a non-vanishing Berry curvature around the extremum of the conduction and valence band. The result of our study shows that topological and first-order phase transitions in the exciton-polartion condensate can be achieved by increasing the excitation density. It contrasts to the previous researches employing the effective mass approximations on similar systems. In those researches, a continuous BEC-BCS crossover is expected to occur rather than a first-order, thus discontinuous, topological phase transition. Furthermore, we find that various types of topological phase can appear in the exciton-polariton system in a microcavity with a monolayer transition dichalcogenides. The second subject is related to the double-Weyl semimetal which hosts double-Weyl nodes near the Fermi level. A double-Weyl node is an extension of a Weyl node. A Weyl node can appear anywhere in the Brillouin zone, does not require any symmetry, and has ยฑ1 topological charge. On the other hand, a double-Weyl node is only protected by C4 or C6 rotation symmetries and can appear on the axis invariant under the rotation. The magnitude of the topological charge it can possess is 2. When it comes to the energy dispersion, the energy dispersion of a Weyl node depends on momentum linearly in any direction, while that of a double-Weyl node is linear along only the rotationally invariant axis and quadratic along the direction perpendicular to the rotationally invariant axis. It has been proposed that a double-Weyl semimetal can undergo a topological phase transition between the semi-metallic phase and insulating phases by applying the physical or chemical pressure. At the point of the topological phase transition, called a critical point, the energy dispersion of the electronic degree of freedom is quadratic in momentum in all directions in the low-energy limit. As a system with a quadratic dispersion can be a non-Fermi liquid in the presence of the long-range interaction, we study the critical point of a double-Weyl semimetal using two standard renormalization group methods, the large Nf method and the ฯต = 4 โˆ’ d expansion method. The result of both methods implies consistently that the double-Weyl semimetal at the critical point is in an anisotropic non-Fermi liquid phase in the presence of the long-range Coulomb interaction between electrons. We also provide the correction of the power-law of several physical observables as an experimental guide in sought.1 Introduction 1 2 Low energy theory and the topological characterization of 2D TMD and multi-Weyl semimetals 4 2.1 Chern number 4 2.1.1 General formula for the abelian Berry curvature and Chern number 4 2.1.2 Two-band model 5 2.1.3 Massive Dirac fermion in the two-dimensional free space 7 2.1.4 Fermi surface of a Weyl fermion system 7 2.1.5 Constraints by symmetry 9 2.1.5.1 Time-reversal symmetry 9 2.1.5.2 Inversion symmetry 11 2.2 Low-energy effective theory of electronic structure 12 2.2.1 Representation of a symmetry group and invariance of Hamiltonian 13 2.2.2 Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides 14 2.2.3 Multi-Weyl node 17 2.2.3.1 Multi-Weyl nodes protected by a n-fold rotational symmetry 19 2.2.3.2 Other symmetries IT , ฯƒhT , and ฯƒv 20 3 Self-consistent method in the mean-field level 22 3.1 Derivation of the self-consistent equation using the Hartree-Fock factorization 22 3.2 Derivation of the self-consistent equation using the variational principle 24 3.3 The self-energies in a multi-orbital system 29 3.4 The Hartree-Fock description of the homogeneous electron gas 30 4 Exciton-Polariton condensate in two-dimensional TMDC 33 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Model 35 4.3 Self-consistent mean-field equation 36 4.3.1 Details of the optical-valley selection rule 37 4.4 Competition between s- and p- wave order parameter 40 4.5 Topological phase transition of a signle photon-coupled massive Dirac particle system and its Phase diagram 42 4.6 Topological phase transition of 2D TMD cavity and its Phase diagram 47 4.7 Conclusion 49 5 Emergent anisotropic non-Fermi liquid at a topological phase transition in three dimensions 50 5.1 Introduction 50 5.2 Model 52 5.3 Large Nf calculation 54 5.4 ฯต = 4 โˆ’ d calculatioin 56 5.5 Physical observables 59 5.6 Short-range interaction and the stability of anisotropic non-Fermi liquid fixed point 61 5.7 Discussion 67 5.8 Conclusion 68 6 Conclusion 69 Bibliography 71 Appendix A Coulomb interaction in the band basis 79 Appendix B Relation between the Chern number in the normal phase and the Skyrmion number of Hartree-Fock quasiparticle bands 84 Appendix C Details of calculation of the renormalization group calculation 87 C.1 Details of the ฯต = 4 โˆ’ d method 87 C.1.1 Proof of the emergent rotational symmetry along the kz-axis 88 C.1.1.1 Proof of ax = ay 88 C.1.1.2 Proof of tx = ty 89 C.1.2 Renormalization group equations in the ฯต = 4โˆ’d expansion 92 C.1.3 Effects of the symmetry-allowed parabolic term 95 C.1.3.1 Boson self-energy 96 C.1.3.2 Fermion self-energy 96 C.1.3.3 RG flow equation 99 C.2 Details of the large Nf calculation 100 C.2.1 Boson self-energy 100 C.2.1.1 qโŠฅ dependence 100 C.2.1.2 qz dependence 101 C.2.1.3 Arbitrary q dependence 102 C.2.2 Fermion self-energy 103 C.2.2.1 ฯ‰ correction ฮดฯ‰ 103 C.2.2.2 tโŠฅ correction ฮดtโŠฅ 104 C.2.2.3 tz correction ฮดtz 105 C.2.3 Vertex correction 106 C.3 Consistency between the large Nf calculation and ฯต expansion 106 C.4 Physical observables in the non-interacting limit 107 C.4.1 Density of states 108 C.4.2 Free energy 108 C.4.2.1 Specific heat 110 C.4.2.2 Compressibility 110 C.4.3 Diamagnetic susceptibility 110 C.4.4 Optical conductivity 113 C.5 Effect of extra relevant perturbations 114 C.6 Sanity check of the power-law correction 115 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 119Docto

    ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ Transverse Horizontal Axis Water Turbine์˜ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2019. 8. ํ™ฉ์ง„ํ™˜.The evaluation of efficiency is important in assessing the economical and engineering feasibility for the deployment of the tidal energy turbines. Since the efficiency is determined by the various factors such as the velocity, density of fluid, and material and geometric properties of turbine, simplified approach need to be introduced for reducing the complexity of those factors. As an example of simplified models, the linear momentum actuator disc theory (LMADT) has been widely adopted to analyze the performance of the axial-flow turbine in a uniform flow since this method provides a set of the analytic solutions by simplify turbine as a disc which is the source of constant thrust acting in the opposite direction to the flow. Among many tidal devices, Oxford university recently introduced the Transverse Horizontal Axis Water Turbine (THAWT), which is a type of the cross-flow turbines suggested by McAdam (2011). THAWT has several advantages. It has a constant efficiency in both flow directions and can be easily extended laterally, and is structurally stable. However, it is not possible to apply LMADT directly to the analysis of THAWT due to the more complex mechanism than the axial-flow turbine. Also, for cross-flow turbine, the presence of the flow velocity distribution affects the power coefficient of a turbine since the blade of a turbine rotates reversely of flow direction during half of a cycle. In this research, the power coefficient of THAWT with the velocity profiles is obtained by the blade element momentum theory (BEMT), which analytically assesses the physical properties acting on the blades differently from the typical LMADT. It has two advantages in analyzing the cross-flow turbine. One is that it overcomes the limitation of LMADT, and another is that it can consider the velocity by determining the total force acting on the blade directly with the lift and drag forces. Constructing a set of simple analytic model based on BEMT, the power coefficient of turbine will be found numerically. After all, the velocity induction factor which is adopted from the LMADT and the friction factor considering the normal force and frictional factors are selected as the adjustment parameters to validate by comparing the results from the small-scale turbine model made from 3D printer. Based on the constructed numerical model and experimental results, the factors which affect the tip speed ratio of turbine are expressed as the combination of the non-dimensional parameters made by the water depth, turbine diameter and upstream time mean velocity of flow. The adjustment parameters (velocity induction and friction factor) can be rearranged into the empirical relation, it shows the R2 = 0.8340 . From this study, it can provide the simple and fast results to evaluate the energy potential of certain estuarine area where the water depth and velocity profile is specified.ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์˜ ์ ์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์˜ ์†๋„, ๋ฐ€๋„, ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์„ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ถ”๋ ฅ์„ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๋””์Šคํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™” ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” LMADT (Linear Momentum Actuator Disc Theory)๊ฐ€ ์ถ•๋ฅ˜ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋งŽ์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋œ Transverse Horizontal Axis Water Turbine (THAWT)์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅ˜ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅ˜ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์€ ์ถ•๋ฅ˜ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— LMADT ๋ฅผ THAWT ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅ˜ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ์œ ๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์† ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” THAWT ์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ LMADT ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ธ ๋ธ”๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์š”์†Œ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํ…€ ์ด๋ก (BEMT)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต์ฐจ๋ฅ˜ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” LMADT ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” BEMT ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์–ด ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์†๋„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ•ด์„ ํ˜•์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์กฐ์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ LMADT์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์†๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง ํ•ญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜• ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์˜ ๋๋‹จ์†๋„๋น„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ, ํ„ฐ๋นˆ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„, ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ท  ์œ ์† ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋ ฅ๊ฐ€์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ฌด์ฐจ์›์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์ฐฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์กฐ์ • ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ R2= 0.8340 ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์œ ์† ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ตœ์  ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ์„ค์น˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์ž ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research background 1 1.2. Research objectives 5 1.3. Outline 7 2. Background theories 8 2.1. Types of turbine 8 2.1.1. Axial-flow turbine 9 2.1.2. Cross-flow turbine 11 2.2. Models for axial-flow turbine 14 2.2.1. Linear Momentum Actuator Disc Theory (LMADT) 14 2.2.2. LMADT in open channel flow 19 2.3. Models for cross-flow turbine 24 2.3.1. Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) 24 2.3.2. LMADT for cross-flow turbine 29 3. Turbine modeling 32 3.1. Dimensional analysis 32 3.2. Derivation of simplified model 36 3.3. Calculation procedure 41 3.4. Numerical results 44 4. Experimental setup 50 4.1. Similitude and flow conditions 50 4.2. Velocity measurement 54 4.3. Making small-scale turbine 59 4.4. Measuring motion of turbine 61 5. Results and discussion 66 5.1. Experimental results 66 5.2. Model calibration and discussion 68 6. Conclusion 72 References 74 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 78Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ž„๋„๋นˆ.With the inauguration of the current administration, the "hydrogen economy" is one of the biggest energy policy paradigm change keywords, and the expansion and dissemination of hydrogen cars is a representative implementation task of this policy. However, there was no review of the impact of expanding the charging infrastructure of hydrogen cars and providing subsidies that required huge budgeting, and it was also necessary to study how the unique attributes of hydrogen cars also affected them. Therefore, through this study, we would like to examine the direction of the government's policy on the expansion of hydrogen vehicles. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of four external properties (economic, functional, service, and value) of hydrogen vehicles derived from several prior research analyses on the purchase intention of hydrogen vehicles. In addition, the study sought to verify the impact of the government's charging infrastructure expansion and purchase subsidy policies on the purchase intention of hydrogen cars and how these policies have a controlling effect on the relationship between the external nature of hydrogen cars and the purchase intention. For this study, data were collected and analyzed both online and offline surveys of hydrogen vehicle users. Statistical analysis methods conducted frequency analysis to identify demographic characteristics, and factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to ensure the validity of the survey composition items to verify the suitability of the study model. In addition, multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine how the external properties of hydrogen cars and government's policies directly affect the purchasing intentions of hydrogen cars during the hypothesis verification phase, and in particular, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to verify the regulatory effect of government's policies. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, The hypothesis was mostly supported that the external properties of hydrogen cars would have a positive (+) effect on the intention to purchase. Specifically, it was analyzed that the purchase intention was greatly influenced by the order of economy, functionality, and value of hydrogen cars. Given that the service sector is considered the most unsatisfactory factor for users of hydrogen vehicles, it was confirmed that it has no direct influence on the intention to purchase them. In addition, both, the expansion of charging infrastructure and the purchase subsidy policy under the government's expansion policy of hydrogen vehicles have a significant positive impact on the purchase intention of hydrogen cars. In particular, the degree of expansion of charging infrastructure has been shown to control the impact of economic feasibility on purchase intentions among external properties of hydrogen cars. The analysis of the adjustment effect through the interaction term between hydrogen charging station distances and economic variables shows that groups close to hydrogen charging station distances have a lower economic impact on their purchasing intentions than those not. The implications of this study are as follows: First, like other eco-friendly cars, policy aid to economic areas such as subsidies and various tax benefits are effective in revitalizing the supply of hydrogen cars at the initial stage of supply. Second, it should be noted that the government's policy to expand its charging infrastructure is a top priority, given the inherent nature of hydrogen cars that are rapidly spreading to compensate for the shortcomings of electric cars, the same eco-friendly car. Third, the government can consider harmonious implementation of the two policies for the supply of hydrogen vehicles. In other words, the central government should focus more on expanding the charging infrastructure led by local governments, which have been passive in distributing hydrogen cars. In areas where charging infrastructure is relatively well-equipped, the policy of expanding purchase subsidies should be focused to ensure stable supply of hydrogen cars. In addition, sufficient economic feasibility should be secured for the operation of hydrogen charging stations to induce synergy in the direction of expansion of charging infrastructure led by the private sector.ํ˜„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ โ€˜์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฒฝ์ œโ€™ ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์€ ์ด ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‹คํ–‰๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ํˆฌ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ™•์ถฉ๊ณผ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰์ด ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์™ธ์  ์†์„ฑ(๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ๊ฐ€์น˜์„ฑ)์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ™•์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ์™ธ์  ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฐ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ํŒŒ์•…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ์™ธ์  ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ„๊ณ„์  ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ์™ธ์  ์†์„ฑ์ด ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ง€์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๊ฐ€์น˜์„ฑ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์™€ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ •์ฑ…์ธ ์ถฉ์ „์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ™•์ถฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ถฉ์ „์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ™•์ถฉ์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ์™ธ์  ์†์„ฑ ์ค‘ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฐจ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ๋„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์‹œ์ ์—๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ข… ์„ธ์ œ ํ˜œํƒ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฐจ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ฐจ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ํƒœ์ƒ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์˜ ํ™•์ถฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์šฐ์„  ์ •์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋กœ์šด ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์— ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ง€์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์‹ ๊ทœ ํ™•์ถฉ์— ์ค‘์•™์ •๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋„๋กœ ๋” ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋งค ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ๋ณด๊ธ‰์— ๋‚˜์„œ๊ณ , ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ ์šด์˜์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถฉ์ „ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ํ™•์ถฉ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 1. ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฒฝ์ œ 6 2. ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋กœ๋“œ๋งต 7 3. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ(์ˆ˜์†Œ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์ž๋™์ฐจ) 8 4. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ถฉ์ „์†Œ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  13 1. ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 13 2. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 14 3. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ์™ธ์  ์†์„ฑ 16 4. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„ 20 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • 23 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 23 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • 24 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 27 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ : ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„ 27 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ : ์ˆ˜์†Œ์ฐจ์˜ ์™ธ์  ์†์„ฑ 27 3. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ : ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ… 28 4. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 29 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 2. ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 32 3. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ • 33 4. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 34 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 35 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ 36 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ 36 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ์ˆ˜์ • 38 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 41 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 41 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 41 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 43 3. ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 48 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 50 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์„ 52 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 54 1. 1๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ถ„์„ : ๊ฐ€์„ค1์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 55 2. 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ถ„์„œ : ๊ฐ€์„ค2์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 57 3. 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•๋ถ„์„ : ๊ฐ€์„ค3, 4์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 59 4. ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 66 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  67 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 67 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  71 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ 74 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 76 ๋ถ€๋ก(์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€) 79 Abstract 83์„

    Foreign Tax Credit

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    This article deals with a few issues over foreign tax credit (FTC) under Korean domestic law as well as tax treaties, including inter alia credibility of a foreign tax, limitation on the credit and indirect or deemed-paid credit. Chapter II addresses the eligibility for crediting foreign tax. It focuses on the requirement of being income tax, which should be judged based in the comparability of the foreign tax to Korean Income Tax or Corporate Tax. Another requirement is that the tax be paid by the taxpayer. These questions inevitably lead to complicated issues like definition of income or income tax and the relation between corporate tax and shareholders. Chapter III is about the limitation on creditable foreign tax, and analyzes the comparison and policy choice between per country and overall limitation. In Chapter IV, the main issue is deemed-paid credit, i.e. crediting the foreign subsidiary level tax that is deemed to have been paid by the parent. In particular, the chapter analyzes the calculation and gross-up of foreign taxes that dividends bear. The last two, supplementary Chapters V and VI address foreign tax credit for Korean domestic permanent establishment of foreign corporations and foreign tax credit in case overlapping resident jurisdictions result in dual residents potentially subject to international double taxation.์ด ๊ธ€์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ธ์กฐ์•ฝ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ์˜ ์š”๊ฑด, ๊ณต์ œํ•œ๋„, ๊ฐ„์ ‘์™ธ๊ตญ์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ, ๊ณ ์ •์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€์„ธ์•ก์˜ ๊ณต์ œ, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์†์ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ œII์žฅ์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ์˜ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์†Œ๋“์„ธ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๊ณต์ œ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ธ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋“์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๋ฒ•์ธ์ด ๋‚ธ ์„ธ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ธ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œIII์žฅ์€ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€์„ธ์•ก์˜ ๊ณต์ œํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ผ์ ์€ ํ•œ๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๋“์›์ฒœ์„ ๊ฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€(๊ตญ๋ณ„ํ•œ๋„) ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ตญ์™ธ์›์ฒœ์†Œ๋“์„ ํ†ต์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€(์ผ๊ด„ํ•œ๋„)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œIV์žฅ์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์™ธ๊ตญ์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ, ๊ณง ์žํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ธ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ œ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ผ์ ์€ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œ๋“์— gross-upํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋“๊ธˆ์•ก๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์— ๋”ธ๋ฆฐ ์™ธ๊ตญ์„ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋ฅ ์˜ ์‚ฐ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œV์žฅ๊ณผ ์ œVI์žฅ์€ ๋ณด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ ์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ์™€ ์†์ธ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ถŒ์ด ๊ฒฝํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „์žฌ๋‹จ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ 2014ํ•™๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜

    Corporate Restructuring and Taxes on Unrealized Income

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ •์„ ์–‘๋„์†Œ๋“ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ฏธ์‹คํ˜„์ด๋“์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ž˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๊ธฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์–‘๋„์†Œ๋“์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์„ธํŠน๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ฒ•ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ •์€ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ–๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ธ๊ธˆ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์— ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์–ด๋–ค ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ์ ธ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์• ์ดˆ์— ์งง์€ ๊ธ€๋กœ ๋  ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•ด์„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ผ์ ์—๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์„ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ฏธ์‹คํ˜„์ด๋“์„ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ด ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์•…ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์‚ฐ์—…์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ด ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊บผ๋ฆฌ์ธ ์ ๋Œ€์  ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค

    Dual Resident in Tax Treaty

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    ์†์ธ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์†Œ๋“์„ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ผ๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์™ธ ์—†์ด ์ž๊ตญ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์†Œ๋“ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์†Œ๋“ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋Š” ์ž ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋‚˜๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์†Œ๋“ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ธ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ๋‘ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์œผ๋กœ, ์ด์ค‘๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž ๊ณง ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์˜๋ฌด์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ชฝ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ํŒ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ๋‘ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์กฐํ•ญ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ์šฐ์„  ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•์ธ์— ๊ด€ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ค‘๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ํŒ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ OECD ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ธ€๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š”(์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”) ์ง‘, ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘ ์‹ฌ, ๋Š˜ ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณณ, ๊ตญ์ , ์ƒํ˜ธํ•ฉ์˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ์ด์ค‘๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ํŒ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์žฅ์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก  ์ƒ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์กฐ์•ฝ์ƒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ํŒ์ •์— ๋”ฐ ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์กฐ์•ฝ์ƒ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ ๊ถŒ์€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋น„๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž ํŒ์ •์ด ๋‘ ์ฒด์•ฝ๊ตญ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ œ3๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณผ์„ธ๊ถŒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ˆ˜๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตญ์ ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์†Œ๋“์— ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ด์ค‘๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹˜์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์กฐ์•ฝ์€ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ด์ค‘๊ณผ์„ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์˜ˆ์™ธ ์—†์ด ํŠน๋ณ„๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก  ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์•ฝ์ƒ ์ด์ค‘๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž๋กœ ๋‚จ๋Š” ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „์žฌ๋‹จ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ 2010ํ•™๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ

    Worldwide Income Tax Liability and Treaty Residence

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    The OECD Model Commentary takes the view that treaty residence is defined by comprehensive or full tax liability in the country of residence. Many courts, administrative agencies and commentators further interpret the concept of residence by reference to worldwide tax liability in the country of residence. This paper proffers four-pronged theses: 1) the plain language and of a tax treaty does not support this worldwide liability interpretation, 2) such an interpretation, however, is unavoidable from the perspective of a country that taxes worldwide income of its residents, 3) the worldwide liability requirement would deny treaty benefits to a tax payer resident in a country defining its tax jurisdiction strictly on territorial basis, and 4) this consequence is contrary to the history of tax treaties.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ฐœ์ „์žฌ๋‹จ ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ 2008ํ•™๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ
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