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    ์ „์ด์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ์—ญํ• : 17 ๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์ข…๋‹จ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ๊น€๋™๊ทœ.๋ชฉ์  ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ „์ด์„ฑ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ํ•ญ์•”์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์ •์œ„์  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ (stereotactic radiosurgery [SRS])๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ ์‘๊ธ‰ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ์••์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „์ด์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์žฌ๋ฐœ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1995๋…„ 3์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2011๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด 194๋ช…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ „์ด์„ฑ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ๋‡Œ์••์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž, ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž, ๋‚ญ์„ฑ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์ด๋‚˜ ์ข…์–‘๋‚ด์ถœํ˜ˆ, ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋ จ๋ฐœ์ž‘, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€์ข…์–‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ ์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ์ •๋„์™€ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋‡Œ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ (whole brain radiation therapy [WBRT])๋Š” ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ 30Gy, 10 fractions ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  SRS๋Š” ๊ถŒ๊ณ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 15-24Gy๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์„ ํƒํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ด 157๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 37๋ช…์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 157๋ช…์ค‘ 109๋ช… (69.4%)๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ „๋‡Œ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ(WBRT), 17๋ช…(10.8%)์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ (SRS)์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 31๋ช…(19.7%) ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ ์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ „์ ˆ์ œ (gross total resection)์™€ ์•„์ „์ ˆ์ œ (subtotal resection)๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์ „์ด์•”์„ ์ ˆ์ œํ•œ ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…์–‘์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์›๊ฒฉ์ „์ด๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” Karnofsky performance status (KPS)์™€ Recursive Partitional Analysis (RPA)๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด 157๋ช…์ค‘ ์ „์ ˆ์ œ๋Š” 119๋ช…(75.8%) ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•„์ „์ ˆ์ œ๋Š” 38๋ช…(24.2%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ 25%์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 75%๋Š” ๋น„์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ (median survival)์€ 19.3๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 20.4๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์•„์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 15.1๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค (P=.016). ๋‘๊ฐœ์™ธ ์›๋ฐœ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ท ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์›๋ฐœ์ข…์–‘๊ณผ ์ „์ด๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค (P=.032). RPA I ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์€ RPA II ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค (P=.047). ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์•„์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค (GTR, P=.022STR, P=.075). ๊ทธ์™ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ž๋“ค(๋‚˜์ด, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋ณ‘์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ์›๋ฐœ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฐœ์€ ์ด 15.7%์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 14.6%๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 18.2%๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (P=.589). ์›๊ฒฉ์ „์ด๋Š” 43๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž (29.5%)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ KPS๋Š” ์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 82.3์—์„œ 87.0์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 79.2์—์„œ 77.1๋กœ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค (P=.001). ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์€ 7๋ช…(4.5%) ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 2๋ช…(1.3%)์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„์ „์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ธ์€ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋ถ€์ข…๊ณผ ๋‡Œ์ถœํ˜ˆ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ „์ด์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์ ˆ์ œ๋Š” ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์ „์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, RPA ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜, ๋‘๊ฐœ์™ธ ์›๋ฐœ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‰๊ท ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์ ˆ์ œ๋Š” ์ „์ด์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.Objective Advancement during the last decade has yielded several new treatment options for the management of brain metastases such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). However, surgical resection 18 still remains the mainstay and is especially performed in the necessity of cases of decompression. The goal of this study is to evaluate the role of surgical resection for the patients with brain metastases by overall survival, recurrence, and functional outcome. Methods Between March 1995 and June 2011, a total of 194 consecutive patients had undergone surgical resection of brain metastases. The indications of surgical resection were to control intracranial pressure, to confirm pathological diagnosis, cystic lesions or intratumoral hemorrhage, intractable seizures, and large metastasis. The postoperative adjuvant treatment was decided by the extent of surgical resection, and histology. Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) was usually administered at a conventional dose of 30 Gy in 10 fractions. SRS administered a dose in the range 15โ€“24 Gy. Surgical resection as the initial treatment was performed in 157 patients. Remaining 37 patients were excluded in this study because they had undergone other treatments such as SRS and/or radiotherapy before surgical resection. Among 157 patients, 109 (69.4%) and 17 (10.8%) patients underwent WBRT and SRS. Thirty one (19.7%) patients did not undergo adjuvant treatment. The extent of surgical resection was assessed by postoperative magnetic resornance imaging and operation record. Overall survival was defined as the interval from the date of metastasectomy through the date of death. The tumor-control was evaluated by local recurrence and distant metastasis. Functional status was evaluated by change of Karnofsky performance status (KPS) and recursive partitioning analysis (RPA). Results In total 157 patients, gross total resection (GTR) and subtotal resection (STR) were achieved in 119 (75.8%) and 38 (24.2%) cases, respectively. Neurogenic death accounted for 25% and non-neurogenic death accounted for 75%. The overall median survival was 19.3 months. Median survival by surgical extent accounted for 20.4 and 15.1 months in the GTR and the STR group, respectively (P=.016). The patients with stable primary extracranial cancer showed significant longer overall survival than in patients of synchronous detection of extracranial cancer (P=.032). The RPA I class showed longer survival than the RPA II class (P=.047). This difference is prominent in the GTR group rather than the STR group (GTR, P=.022STR, P=.075). There were no significant survival differences by clinical characteristics (age, gender, number of lesion, and histology of systemic disease). Overall local recurrence occurred in 15.7% of these patients. The local recurrence rate was 14.6% in GTR and 18.2% in STR (P=.589). Overall distant metastasis was detected in 43 patients (29.5%). The KPS score in the GTR group was changed from 82.3 to 87.0, and that in the STR group changed from 79.2 to 77.1 (P=.001). Postoperative complications occurred in 7 patients (4.5%). Two STR cases (1.3%) expired due to uncontrolled brain swelling and intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusion Surgical resection shows favorable outcome in aspect of survival and clinical outcome. The extent of surgical resection, RPA class, and the status of extracranial condition are important prognostic factors in overall survival. Even in advancement of adjuvant therapies, surgical resection plays a major role in management of brain metastasis.Abstract โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ i Contents โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ v List of tables โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ vi List of figures โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ vii Introduction โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 1 Materials and Methods โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 4 Results โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 8 Patient characteristics โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 8 Survival and relating factors โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 11 Local recurrence and distant metastasis โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 15 Postoperative complications and functional outcome โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 17 Discussion โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 18 Conclusion โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 24 References โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 25 Abstract in Korean โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ. 29Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์„๊ด‘ํ˜„.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น(anti-suit injunction)์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ œ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ๊ทน์ โ€ข์„ ์ œ์  ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  IT๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›๋„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์†Œ์†ก์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐœ๋ นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋จผ์ € ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(์ ๋ฒ•์š”๊ฑด) ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์žฌํŒ๊ถŒ๋„ ์ธ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋”ฐ์ ธ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”๊ฑด์€ ํ”ผ๋ณด์ „๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š๋ƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์„œ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜(์ „์†์  ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์žฌํ•ฉ์˜) ์œ„๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์  ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒด๊ณ„์•ฝ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒŒ์•…๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ ๊ทธ ํšจ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€์˜๋ฌด ๋ฐ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•จ์ด ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ์™ธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹น ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ œ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„์˜ ํ‹€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ์š”๊ฑด์€ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ case-by-case๋กœ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด์ „์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ ํŒ๋ก€๋“ค์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ˆ์–‘์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์ด ์ค‘์žฌ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„, ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐœ๋ นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜๋‚˜, ํ˜„ํ–‰๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•ด์„์ƒ ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •ํ•จ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. UNCITRAL ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ • ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘์žฌํŒ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ์  ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋ฐœ๋ นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์€ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐœ๋ นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ถŒํ•œ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์ „ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ค‘์žฌํŒ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์Šน์ธ ๋ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ น์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€์ธ์  ํšจ๋ ฅ(๋ฒ•์ •๋ชจ์š•์ฃ„์˜ ์ œ์žฌ ๋“ฑ)๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์™ธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์Šน์ธ ๋ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์€ ์‹ค์ต์ด ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ๋‹ค๊ตญ์  ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ ์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž…์„ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์™ธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•ญ๋ณ€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํ›„์  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•จ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์†Œ์†ก ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์ค‘์žฌ์˜ ํ—ˆ๋ธŒํ™”์—๋„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.The Use of 'Anti-suit Injunction' in Transnational Dispute Resolutions: Focusing on the Applicability in Korea Chang Hyun Lee Department of Law, The Graduate School, Seoul National University The anti-suit injunction originated in the UK has been widely used as a preemptive remedy against abusive foreign proceedings throughout common law countries. These days anti-suit injunctions are increasingly being found particularly in the fields of patent-related disputes between multinational IT companies. In some cases, foreign courts ordered Korean parties to restrain from Korean proceedings. While common law countries generally make good use of the anti-suit injunction, continental law countries are reluctant to it although some changes are being detected recently. Can Korean courts also issue this anti-suit injunction as a form of a preliminary injunction? Some views deny the admissibility of the application for the anti-suit injunction which I oppose because there is no ground for the denial. Jurisdiction and applicable law should be determined according to relevant factors of each case. Can Korean courts issue preliminary injunctions that preclude foreign proceedings in support of dispute resolution agreements such as exclusive jurisdiction agreements or arbitration agreements? This issue is to some extent related to the legal nature of those agreements. My view is that those agreements are hybrid contracts which have both procedural and substantive aspect. Thus those agreements can generate the obligation not to sue abroad and the liability for damages. It is difficult to formulate a theory to underpin the non-contractual right not to be sued abroad outside the realm of dispute resolution agreements. Arguably, approving the right to prohibit foreign proceedings based on tort would be a feasible theory within the limitation of continental law systems. The applicable law should be the law governing the tort. Whether the applicant is successful in proving the necessity or urgency for issuing a preliminary injunction should be determined on a case-by-case basis. In doing so, special consideration should be given to the principle of comity. It is also controversial whether Korean courts can issue preliminary injunctions which preclude foreign enforcement and arbitration procedure. In my opinion, it seems that Korean courts are not allowed to issue such injunctions under current law. Arbitral tribunals from Korea can issue anti-suit injunctions as a form of interim measures under the Arbitration Act of 2016. This implies the increased possibility and necessity of anti-suit injunctions by courts. Korean courts cannot recognize and enforce foreign anti-suit injunctions because of the lack of finality and conclusiveness. However, the effectiveness of the foreign anti-suit injunctions is normally guaranteed by the personal punishment of contempt or de facto effect which leads to self-enforcing. It is expected that there are higher chances for Korean parties to become a defendant before a foreign court in this era of globalization. During the procedure, they might suffer irreparable damages that could have been prevented. In that context, an anti-suit injunction could be a very effective remedy against abusive foreign proceedings. It will also promote the status of Korean courts as an Asian dispute resolutions hub.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ƒ์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ์Šต 6 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 8 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ 10 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๋ช…๋ น์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  11 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์š”์™€ ์‹ค์ œ 11 โ… . ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์—ฐํ˜ 11 โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์  ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 13 1. ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ 13 2. ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์†Œ์†ก๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ 16 โ…ข. ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 22 1. China Trade and Development Corp. v. M.V. Choong Yong ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 23 2. Rationis Enterprises, Inc. of Panama and Mediterranean Shipping Co. S.A. of Geneva v. Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co. Ltd. ์‚ฌ๊ฑด(์„ ๋ฐ• MSC Carla ์นจ๋ชฐ์‚ฌ๊ฑด) 25 3. ์„œ์šธ์ค‘์•™์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› 2013. 5. 16. 2013๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ7238 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 30 4. Samsung v. Huawei ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 33 5. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 35 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  37 โ… . ์˜๊ตญ 37 1. ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 37 2. ์š”๊ฑด ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ 39 3. ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ํ˜•์‹ ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 64 4. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 67 5. ์˜๊ตญ ๋ฒ•์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘ 69 โ…ก. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 71 1. ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 71 2. ์š”๊ฑด ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ 74 3. ํŒ๋ก€ 81 โ…ข. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ(EU) 81 โ…ฃ. ๋…์ผ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋“ฑ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค 86 1. ๋…์ผ 86 2. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค 96 3. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค 102 โ…ค. ์ผ๋ณธ 104 โ…ฅ. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๋ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค 105 1. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋“ฑ Commonwealth ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค 105 2. ํ™์ฝฉ 107 3. ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  109 โ…ฆ. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ทœ๋ฒ” : UNCITRAL ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ฒ•, ๊ตญ์ œ์ค‘์žฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€(ICC ๋“ฑ) 110 โ…ง. ์ดํ‰ 112 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ น ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 112 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 113 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋…ผ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 114 โ… . ํ•™์„ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 115 1. ๊ธ์ •์„ค 115 2. ์ œํ•œ์  ๊ธ์ •์„ค 116 3. ๋ถ€์ •์„ค 117 โ…ก. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 118 1. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๋ก€ 118 2. ํ•˜๊ธ‰์‹ฌ ํŒ๋ก€ 118 โ…ข. ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ็ง่ฆ‹ 122 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๋ฐœ๋ น ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ 125 โ… . ์žฌํŒ๊ถŒ, ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ, ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ• 127 1. ์žฌํŒ๊ถŒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ 127 2. ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ 129 3. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ• 140 โ…ก. ํ”ผ๋ณด์ „๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ „์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 145 1. ๋ณด์ „์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก  145 2. ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 148 3. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์š”๊ฑด ๋ฐ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ œ์‹œ(์‹œ๋ก ) 150 4. ๋‚จ์šฉ ํ†ต์ œ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 152 5. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ• 153 โ…ข. ๋‹ด๋ณด์˜ ์ œ๊ณต 153 โ…ฃ. ์ธ์šฉ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹(์ฃผ๋ฌธ๋ก€):์†Œ์ทจํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ 154 โ…ค. ํšจ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰(๊ฐ„์ ‘๊ฐ•์ œ ํฌํ•จ) 157 1. ํšจ๋ ฅ 157 2. ์ง‘ํ–‰ 159 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํ”ผ๋ณด์ „๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ 162 โ… . ์„œ๋ก  162 1. ํ”ผ๋ณด์ „๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ - '๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ'์˜ ์š”๋ถ€ 162 2. ๋ณธ์•ˆ ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ 165 3. ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 166 โ…ก. ์ „์†์  ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ํ•ฉ์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 169 1. ์ „์†์  ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์š”๊ฑด 170 2. ์ „์†์  ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ 178 3. ์ „์†์  ๊ตญ์ œ์žฌํŒ๊ด€ํ• ํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 185 4. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 187 5. ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 191 6. ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ็ง่ฆ‹ 192 7. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ• 202 8. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ : ๊ด€ํ• ํ•ฉ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ „์†๊ด€ํ•  ์œ„๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 216 โ…ข. ์ค‘์žฌํ•ฉ์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 217 1. ์ค‘์žฌํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ 218 2. ์ค‘์žฌํ•ฉ์˜์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 222 3. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 224 4. ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 226 5. ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ็ง่ฆ‹ 228 6. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ• 238 7. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ : ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 251 โ…ฃ. ๋ถ„์Ÿํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ ์™ธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ œ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 253 1. ์„œ๋ก  253 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 255 3. ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 256 4. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 258 5. ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€(์‹œ๋ก ) 258 6. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์š”๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์œ„๋ฒ•์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ œ์‹œ(์‹œ๋ก ) 270 7. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ• 281 โ…ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ œ : ์†Œ๋ช…์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ช…์ •๋„, ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ˆ์–‘, ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 290 1. ์†Œ๋ช…์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ช…์ •๋„ 290 2. ๊ตญ์ œ์˜ˆ์–‘์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 295 3. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 301 โ…ฅ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  305 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ค‘์žฌ๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๋ฐœ๋ น ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ 305 โ… . ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 306 1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 306 2. ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 310 โ…ก. ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ็ง่ฆ‹ 311 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๋ฐœ๋ น ๊ฐ€๋ถ€ 315 โ… . ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 315 โ…ก. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 315 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘์žฌํŒ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ น ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 318 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 318 โ… . ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 318 โ…ก. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 320 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€ ์ž„์‹œ์  ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ 321 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์†Œ์†ก๊ธˆ์ง€๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 330 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋Œ€์‘์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก  332 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋Œ€์‘์ฑ… 332 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก  334 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  336 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋™ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์ โ€ข์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 336 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 340 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 342 Abstract 361Docto

    ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์ธ๊ฐ€? - ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ •๋ณด ์ „ํŒŒ์˜ ๊ด€์ 

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 4100๋งŒ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ •๋ณด์™€ 14์–ต 7์ฒœ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŒ”๋กœ(Follow) ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด 1์–ต๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํŠธ์œ—๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ์ „ํŒŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํŒ”๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์„ฑ(Reciprocity)์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฌํƒ€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ 22.1%๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํŒ”๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด์Šˆ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํŠธ์œ—๋“ค์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ํŒ”๋กœ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ(Hub) ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํŒ”๋กœ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค๋„ ๋ฆฌํŠธ์œ—์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋„“์€ ์ •๋ณด ์ „ํŒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด ์ „ํŒŒ ๋งค์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค

    Low High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Level in Korean Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Predictive Significance for Cardiovascular Events, Mortality, and Adverse Kidney Outcomes: Results From KNOW-CKD

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    Background Inflammation levels are lower in East Asians than in Western people. We studied the association between high-sensitivity hs-CRP (C-reactive protein) and adverse outcomes in Korean patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods and Results We included 2018 participants from the KNOW-CKD (Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease) between April 2011 and February 2016. The primary outcome was a composite of extended major cardiovascular events (eMACE) or all-cause mortality. The secondary end points were separate outcomes of eMACE, all-cause death, and adverse kidney outcome. We also evaluated predictive ability of hs-CRP for the primary outcome. The median hs-CRP level was 0.60 mg/L. During the mean follow-up of 3.9 years, there were 125 (6.2%) eMACEs and 80 (4.0%) deaths. In multivariable Cox analysis after adjustment of confounders, there was a graded association of hs-CRP with the primary outcome. The hazard ratios for hs-CRPs of 1.0 to 2.99 and โ‰ฅ3.0 mg/L were 1.33 (95% CI, 0.87-2.03) and 2.08 (95% CI, 1.30-3.33) compared with the hs-CRP of <1.0 mg/L. In secondary outcomes, this association was consistent for eMACE and all-cause death; however, hs-CRP was not associated with adverse kidney outcomes. Finally, prediction models failed to show improvement of predictive performance of hs-CRP compared with conventional factors. Conclusions In Korean patients with chronic kidney disease, the hs-CRP level was low and significantly associated with higher risks of eMACEs and mortality. However, hs-CRP did not associate with adverse kidney outcome, and the predictive performance of hs-CRP was not strong. Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01630486.ope

    Framingham risk score and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: A community-based prospective cohort study

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    Background: Cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease share several common risk factors. The Framingham risk score is hypothesized to predict chronic kidney disease development. We determined if the Framingham risk scoring system can correctly predict incident chronic kidney disease in the general population. Methods: This study included 9,080 subjects who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study between 2001 and 2014 and had normal renal function. The subjects were classified into low- ( 20%) risk groups based on baseline Framingham risk scores. The primary endpoint was de novo chronic kidney disease development (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Results: During a mean follow-up duration of 8.9 ยฑ 4.3 years, 312 (5.3%), 217 (10.8%), and 205 (16.9%) subjects developed chronic kidney disease in the low, intermediate, and high risk groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis after adjustment for confounding factors showed the hazard ratios for the high- and intermediate risk groups were 2.674 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.197-3.255) and 1.734 (95% CI, 1.447-2.078), respectively. This association was consistently observed irrespective of proteinuria, age, sex, obesity, or hypertension. The predictive power of this scoring system was lower than that of renal parameters, such as eGFR and proteinuria, but increased when both were included in the prediction model. Conclusion: The Framingham risk score predicted incident chronic kidney disease and enhanced risk stratification in conjunction with traditional renal parameters in the general population with normal renal function.ope

    Association Between Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Results From the KNOW-CKD

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    Background High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL -C) levels are generally decreased in patients with chronic kidney disease ( CKD ). However, studies on the relationship between HDL -C and CKD progression are scarce. Methods and Results We studied the association between serum HDL -C levels and the risk of CKD progression in 2168 participants of the KNOW - CKD (Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease). The primary outcome was the composite of a 50% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline or end-stage renal disease. The secondary outcome was the onset of end-stage renal disease. During a median follow-up of 3.1 (interquartile range, 1.6-4.5) years, the primary outcome occurred in 335 patients (15.5%). In a fully adjusted Cox model, the lowest category with HDL -C of <30 mg/dL (hazard ratio, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.30-3.77) and the highest category with HDL -C of โ‰ฅ60 mg/dL (hazard ratio, 2.05; 95% CI , 1.35-3.10) were associated with a significantly higher risk of the composite renal outcome, compared with the reference category with HDL -C of 50 to 59 mg/dL. This association remained unaltered in a time-varying Cox analysis. In addition, a fully adjusted cubic spline model with HDL -C being treated as a continuous variable yielded similar results. Furthermore, consistent findings were obtained in a secondary outcome analysis for the development of end-stage renal disease. Conclusions A U-shaped association was observed between serum HDL -C levels and adverse renal outcomes in this large cohort of patients with CKD . Our findings suggest that both low and high serum HDL -C levels may be detrimental to patients with nondialysis CKD .ope

    Snoring and incident chronic kidney disease: a community-based prospective cohort study

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    OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have shown that symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing are associated with metabolic derangements and vascular disease development. However, the relationship between snoring and renal function is not well investigated. The association between snoring and the development of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) in subjects with normal renal function was evaluated. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Ansung (rural community) and Ansan (urban community) cities. PARTICIPANTS: Community-based cohort participants aged 40-69 years. METHODS: A total of 9062 participants in the Ansung-Ansan cohort study were prospectively followed up from 2001 to 2014. The participants were classified into three groups: non-snorer, <1โ€‰day/week and โ‰ฅ1โ€‰day/week. The main outcome was incident CKD, which was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60โ€‰mL/min/1.73โ€‰m2 during the follow-up period. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Incident CKD. RESULTS: The mean subject age was 52.0ยฑ8.9 years, and 4372 (48.2%) subjects were male. The non-snorer,<1โ€‰day/week and โ‰ฅ1โ€‰day/week groups included 3493 (38.5%), 3749 (41.4%), and 1820 (20.1%) subjects, respectively. Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in the snoring groups than in the non-snoring group. Snoring frequency showed a significant positive relationship with age, waist:hip ratio, fasting glucose, total cholesterol (Tchol) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. During a mean follow-up of 8.9 years, 764 (8.4%) subjects developed CKD. Cox proportional hazards model analysis revealed that the risk of CKD development was significantly higher in subjects who snored โ‰ฅ1โ€‰day/week than in non-snorers, even after adjustments for confounding factors (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.38, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Snoring may increase the risk of CKD development in subjects with normal renal function.ope

    Prediction of welding deformation of ship hull panel blocks using equivalent loading method based on inherent strain

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์กฐ์„ ํ•ด์–‘๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,2002.Docto

    ์žก๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ํํก์ถฉ์ฆ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜์†Œ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋‚ญ์˜ Micro-CT ์†Œ๊ฒฌ

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    Thesis(doctor`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต,2006.Abstract Purpose: To investigate serial CT findings in P. westermani infected dogs and microscopic structures of the worm cyst using Micro-CT. Materials and Methods: Fifteen dogs infected with P. westermani underwent serial contrast-enhanced CT scans at pre-infection, after 10 days of infection, and monthly thereafter until 6 months for radiologic-pathologic correlation. Three dogs were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 6 months. After fixation of the lungs, both multi-detector CT and Micro-CT were performed for the worm cysts. Results: The initial findings were pleural effusion (26.7%) and/or subpleural ground-glass opacities (20%) or linear opacities (20%) at 10 days. At day 30, subpleural (100%) and peribronchial nodules (100%) appeared with pleural effusion (26.7%), pneumothorax (93.3%), and abdominal or chest wall air bubbles (93.3%). Cavitary change (6.7%) began to be seen at day 30 and with mediastinal lymphadenopathy (64.2%) and bronchial dilatation (50%) at day 60 on CT scan. Thereafter, subpleural ground-glass opacities and nodules with or without cavitary changes were persistently observed until day 180. After cavitary change of the nodules, migrating features of the subpleural or peribronchial nodules were seen in all serial CT scans. Micro-CT showed that the cyst wall contains dilated interconnected tubular structures which have communications with the cyst cavity and adjacent distal bronchus. Conclusion: The CT findings of paragonimiasis depend on the stage of migration of the worms. The worm cyst can have numerous interconnected tubular channels within its own wall and these channels have connections with the cavity and adjacent distal bronchus.Docto

    ๊ณ ์œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋„๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฐ•ํŒ์˜ ์šฉ์ ‘๋ณ€ํ˜• ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :้€ ่ˆนๆตทๆด‹ๅทฅๅญธ็ง‘,1997.Maste
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