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    ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ TLR2์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ฐœํ˜„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์˜ค์„๋ฐฐ.Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) expressed by immune cells, and play an important role in innate immunity in response to pathogens which enter into the host. PPRs in immune cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogens, which activate intracellular signaling to release inflammatory cytokines. Recently, it has been reported that PRRs are also expressed on sensory neurons, and thus can directly recognize pathogens and modulate pain and inflammation. However, little is known about whether and what PRRs work in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). This study was aimed to determine various PRRs expressed in the TG by examining the molecular and functional expression of PRRs through RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and Fura-2 based Ca2+ imaging in the TG. PRRs were used such as NOD1 (Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization Domain Containing 1), NOD2, P2X7 (P2X purinoceptor 7), CD14 (Cluster of Differentiation 14), NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and Pyrin Domain-containing Protein 3), RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts), TLR1-7, TLR9, and these mRNAs were expressed overall in TG and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was significantly higher in the TG. By using Ca2+ imaging, we confirmed that the intracellular Ca2+ responses of the TG neurons were observed with two agonists of TLR2 (Pam2CSK4, Pam3CSK4). When we further examined changes of TLR2, MyD88, TNF- and IL-1 mRNA expression in the TG after tooth pulp exposure, TLR2, MyD88, TNF- and IL-1 mRNA expression levels were increased in the ipsilateral TG compared to the contralateral TG. Also, the expression level of TLR2 was confirmed by single cell RT-PCR in dental primary afferent (DPA) neurons. Therefore, these results revealed that the molecular and functional expression of PRRs in the TG, and we suggest that TLR2 may play a functional role in tooth pain.์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์™”์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ํ†จ-์œ ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (Toll-Like Receptors, TLRs)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (Pattern Recognition Receptors, PRRs)๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ฒœ ๋ฉด์—ญ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋ถ„์ž์œ ํ˜• (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์ฆ๊ณผ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ (Trigeminal Ganglia)์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR ๋ฐ Fura-2๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜์ด๋ฏธ์ง•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜ํ›„๊ทผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์—์„œ ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์ธ NOD1 (Nucleotide Binding Oligomerization Domain Containing 1), NOD2, P2X7 (P2X purinoceptor 7), CD14 (Cluster of Differentiation 14), NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and Pyrin Domain-containing Protein 3), RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts), TLR1-7, TLR9 mRNA๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ real-time RT-PCR์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, TLR2๊ฐ€ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜ํ›„๊ทผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ TLR2์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์นผ์Š˜์ด๋ฏธ์ง•์—์„œ TLR2์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์šฉ์ œ (Pam2CSK4, Pam3CSK4) ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์นผ์Š˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์ˆ˜๋…ธ์ถœ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์šฐ์ธก์ƒ์•…๊ตฌ์น˜๋ถ€ ์œ„์น˜์— ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์—์„œ TLR2, MyD88, TNF-, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  IL-1 mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ธก ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•œ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ dental primary afferent (DPA) neurons์—์„œ์˜ TLR2 mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์€ single cell RT-PCR ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์—์„œ ํŒจํ„ด์ธ์‹์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ˆ˜๋…ธ์ถœ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ TLR2๊ฐ€ ์น˜์•„ ํ†ต์ฆ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ TLR2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.1. Introduction 9 2. Materials and Method 11 2.1. Animals 11 2.2. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) 11 2.3. Real-time PCR assay 12 2.4 Retrograde Labeling of DPA Neurons 12 2.5 Single cell RT-PCR 13 2.6 TG cultures and calcium imaging 13 2.7. Chemicals 14 2.8. Data Analysis and Statistics 14 3. Results 17 3.1. The expression of Pattern recognitionย receptors (PRRs) in TG and DRG through RT-PCR 17 3.2. The expression of Pattern recognitionย receptors (PRRs) in TG and DRG through real-time PCR 18 3.3. Toll-like receptor 2 agonists-induced calcium transients in mouse TG neurons 18 3.4. The expression changes of TLR2 twenty-four hours after tooth pulp exposure through real-time PCR 19 3.5. Molecular expression of TLR2 in DPA Neurons through scRT-PCR 20 4. Discussion 31 5. Reference 34 6. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 38Maste

    ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ-ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•ยท์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ-

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์ •์ƒ์กฐ.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์‹ค๋ฌด๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฐ์—…์ƒ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์˜์•ฝ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์—๋งŒ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ์ด ์ธ์ •๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2014ํ›„768 ์ „์›ํ•ฉ์˜์ฒดํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ทธ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ „์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์œ„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋ถ€์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์™€์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์˜ ์กฐํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋„ ํŠน์ • ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์˜ ์“ฐ์ž„์ƒˆ์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์ด๋ฃฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ง„๋ณด์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธโ€ง์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด์šฉ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์—๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•จ์ด ์˜ณ๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2014ํ›„768 ์ „์›ํ•ฉ์˜์ฒดํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ถœ์›๋œ ๋ฐœ๋ช… ์ผ๋ฐ˜์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ์‹œ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž์˜ ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฐ›์€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์— ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์นจํ•ด์ฑ…์ž„์—์„œ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋‘˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…, ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•โ€ง์šฉ๋Ÿ‰, ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ, ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„, ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„, 2014ํ›„768 ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ : 2015-21449์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 ์ œ2์žฅ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ 6 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 6 1. ์˜์•ฝ๊ณผ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์˜์˜ 6 2. ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ • 7 3. ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์˜์˜ 10 4. ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 10 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 12 1. ๋„์ž… 12 2. ์™ธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 12 3. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์„ค์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 16 4. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 18 5. ํŠนํ—ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€ 18 6. ๊ฒ€ํ†  19 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 20 1. ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  20 2. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 24 3. ๊ฒ€ํ†  26 ์ œ3์žฅ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 28 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋„์ž… 28 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  29 1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 29 2. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 33 3. ์ผ๋ณธ 34 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 35 1. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 35 2. ํ•™์„ค์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 37 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ฒ€ํ†  39 ์ œ4์žฅ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•ใ†์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ 44 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋„์ž… 44 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 45 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  45 1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 45 2. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 46 3. ์ผ๋ณธ 48 ์ œ4์ ˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ์„ฑ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 49 1. ํ•™์„ค์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 49 2. ์ข…์ „ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 52 3. ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 2015. 5. 21. ์„ ๊ณ  2014ํ›„768 ์ „์›ํ•ฉ์˜์ฒดํŒ๊ฒฐ 57 4. ํŠนํ—ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด 63 ์ œ5์ ˆ ๊ฒ€ํ†  63 ์ œ5์žฅ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•ใ†์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€ 69 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋„์ž… 69 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  69 1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 69 2. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ 71 3. ์ผ๋ณธ 72 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 76 1. ํ•™์„ค์ƒ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 76 2. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 77 3. ํŠนํ—ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด 78 4. ๊ด€๋ จ ์Ÿ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์†ก์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 80 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ฒ€ํ†  83 ์ œ6์žฅ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•ใ†์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„ 86 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋„์ž… 86 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 86 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 89 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ฒ€ํ†  90 ์ œ7์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  94 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 98 Abstract 101Maste

    2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต, 2022.2. ์ด๋ฏผ์ •.This study analyzes the contents and learning activities of Western music history in high school music textbooks by ten publishers under the 2015 revised curriculum, to suggest effective teaching strategies on Western music history. The contents of the textbooks were largely divided into 'related elements' and 'learning activities'. Related elements were subdivided into the 'definition of musical era and description', 'reflection of achievement standards', 'learning goals', and 'representative music from each era'. Learning activities were divided into the 'area analysis', 'music score', 'visual material', and 'connection with other subjects'. First, the definition of musical era and top associated keywords had subtle variations among the ten publishers. Therefore, it will be helpful if a teacher could inform that the exact years of a period can be flexible, while introducing a musical era to the students. In description part, background and musical characteristics of each era were mentioned, but the explanation of new styles and genres was insufficient. Second, the reflection of achievement standard analyzes whether the three achievement standards in the appreciation were met in both contents and learning activities. Only about 12% of cases met the standards in the learning activities. Thus, it is necessary to add the 'activities to express musical concepts' and the 'activities to deal with musical characteristics along with historical and cultural backgrounds' in the learning activities. Third, the learning goals of Western music history were inclined toward statements such as โ€˜understandingโ€™ and โ€˜appreciatingโ€™. Two of the publishers had relatively diverse predicates such as comparison, explanation, distinction, and expression. Although most cases had their learning activities and learning goals matched, some cases did not. If the goals such as 'distinction', 'expression', 'investigation', and 'presentation' were added, classes will be able to explore the subject at a deeper level. Fourth, the representative music from each era were listed as low as one to as many as twenty per textbook. Most frequently listed pieces and composers for each era were summarized. Since the activities often involve music introduced in the 'learning goals', it will be ideal if the students can directly experience the characteristics of the era through the music itself. Fifth, stratifying the learning activities into 'expression', 'appreciation', 'application', and 'combination' revealed that learning activities were biased toward 'appreciation', whereas 'expression' took up a very small portion. Therefore, learning activities need to be reconstructed to have more balance. Sixth, the music score in textbooks were divided into 'complete', 'partial', 'explanatory'. The music score required for most of the learning activities was presented. It will be helpful if the score are edited based on the purpose of the activity. Seventh, the visual materials were divided into 'timeline', 'historical background', 'composer', and 'others'. Only 5 publishers included the timeline in their textbooks, and it is recommended to add it to those textbooks that lacked it. Eighth, the activity of connection with other subject accounted for about 16% of all learning activities. 'Connection with other subjects' is a crucial step to nurture the musical creativity and interdisciplinary thinking, and thus, students will benefit from the activity.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์Œ์•…๊ต๊ณผ์„œ 10์ข…์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ยท๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์Œ์•…๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์„œ์–‘ ์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ '๊ด€๋ จ์š”์†Œ'์™€ 'ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™'์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ€˜๊ด€๋ จ์š”์†Œโ€™๋Š” 10์ข…์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ โ€˜์‹œ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์„œ์ˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„โ€™, โ€˜์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€โ€™, โ€˜ํ•™์Šต๋ชฉํ‘œโ€™, โ€˜์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์•…๊ณกโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™โ€™์€ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์„ โ€˜์˜์—ญ๋ถ„์„โ€™, โ€˜์•…๋ณด์ž๋ฃŒโ€™, โ€˜์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒโ€™, โ€˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„โ€™๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์„œ์ˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 10์ข… ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ข‹์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ์ˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ž˜ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์žฅ๋ฅด์™€ ์‚ฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐ์ƒ์˜์—ญ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ธ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ํ•™์Šต๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 12%๋กœ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์—์„œ โ€˜์Œ์•…๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌยท๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™โ€™์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•™์Šต๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” โ€˜์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹คโ€™์™€ โ€˜๊ฐ์ƒํ•œ๋‹คโ€™์— ์น˜์šฐ์ณ์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต, ์„ค๋ช…, ๊ตฌ๋ณ„, ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋“ฑ ์„œ์ˆ ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ผ์น˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•…๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„, ํ‘œํ˜„, ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ๋ฐœํ‘œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•™์Šต๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„์ˆ˜๋ก ์•…๊ณก์€ 1๊ฐœ~20๊ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์•…๊ณก๊ณผ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์•…๊ณก์€ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ œ์žฌ๊ณก์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•…๊ณก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์„ ํ‘œํ˜„, ๊ฐ์ƒ, ์ƒํ™œํ™”, ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์ด ๊ฐ์ƒ์˜์—ญ์— ์น˜์šฐ์ณ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ‘œํ˜„ํ™œ๋™์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ท ํ˜•์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ์•…๋ณด์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ „์ฒด, ๋ถ€๋ถ„, ์„ค๋ช…์•…๋ณด๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์•…๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•…๋ณด์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ํŽธ์ง‘๋œ ์•…๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ณฑ์งธ, ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” '์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ', '์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ', '์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€', '๊ธฐํƒ€' ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋Š” 5์ข… ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋” ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿ์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ์•ฝ 16% ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์„œ์–‘ ์Œ์•…์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œํ‚จ ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™์€ ์Œ์•…์  ์ฐฝ์˜ยท์œตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํญ๋„“์€ ์Œ์•… ๊ต์œก์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ 4 3. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 1) 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์Œ์•…๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2) ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์•ˆ ์ œ์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1. ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 9 1) ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ๋ช…์นญ 9 2) ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 12 2. 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ 15 1) ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ์ค€ 16 2) ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 20 3. ์Œ์•…๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฒด์ œ 1) ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฒด์ œ 22 2) ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™ 23 โ…ข. 2015 ๊ฐœ์ • ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์Œ์•…๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„œ์–‘์Œ์•…์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„ 1. ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„ 1) ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์„œ์ˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„ 24 2) ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 57 3) ํ•™์Šต๋ชฉํ‘œ 68 4) ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์•…๊ณก 74 2. ํ•™์Šตํ™œ๋™ ๋ถ„์„ 1) ์˜์—ญ๋ถ„์„ 89 2) ์•…๋ณด์ž๋ฃŒ 96 3) ์‹œ๊ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ 122 4) ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 141 โ…ฃ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  151 2. ์ œ์–ธ 153 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 155 Abstract 158์„

    Application of the Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) Scoring System in the Evaluation of Suspected Sepsis in an Emergency Department

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    Purpose: Recent guidelines for sepsis treatment emphasizes the need for early recognition of disease, leading to the development of the MEDS scoring system. However, there has been no prospective validation or comparison against other scoring systems. Therefore, we prospectively validated the MEDS scoring system and compared it with Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS) and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring systems. Methods: MEDS, MODS, and SOFA scores of 288 patients who were suspected to have systemic infection were calculated at the times of their emergency department visits, and clinical data of the patients were reviewed after six months. Results: MEDS, MODS, and SOFA scoring systems were all valid in the prediction of mortality according to logistic regression analysis. The results of probit analysis revealed significant and direct relationships between the scores and the mortality rate and demonstrated the parallelism of the mortality prediction of the three scoring systems. The cut-off values for the MEDS scoring system successfully divided subjects into five groups according to their risk for death. And the MEDS score well predicted the admission to ward or intensive care unit in survived patients. Conclusion: MEDS, MODS, and SOFA scor all were good predictors of outcome for patients with suspected sepsis and showed the same degree of predictive power. The MEDS scoring system, however, featured ease of calculation and definite clinical cut-off values which were useful in guiding decisions about treatment options. It also was well correlated with the prognosis of survived patients. We believe it to be the most useful and appropriate clinical prediction tool in cases of suspected sepsis in the emergency department.ope

    ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž์˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ž์‚ดํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์ž์‚ด ์žฌ์‹œ๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(WHO) ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ž์‚ด์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ ๋งค๋…„ ์•ฝ 100 ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์ž์‚ด๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ž์‚ด์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํญ๋ ฅ, ์žํ•ด, ์ž์‚ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถฉ๋™ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด ์‹œ๋„์ž์˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋ชฉํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2010 ๋…„ 3 ์›” 1 ์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015 ๋…„ 12 ์›” 31 ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ•์› ์˜์„œ ๊ถŒ์—ญ์‘๊ธ‰์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•œ ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 1)๋น„์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž(NAU), 2) ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž(AAU), 3)์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž (AUD) ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ ์ž์‚ดํ–‰๋™์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ž์‚ด ์žฌ์‹œ๋„ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž๋Š” ๋น„์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž ๋ฐ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ž์‚ดํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜ํ•™์  ์น˜๋ช…๋„ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  (๊ฐ๊ฐ, NAU 84.2%, AAU 89.5%, AUD 92.0%, p=0.017), ๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜(๊ฐ๊ฐ, NAU 11.64ยฑ2.17; AAU 11.90ยฑ2.23; AUD 12.46ยฑ2.05, p<0.001)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž์˜ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ž์‚ด ์žฌ์‹œ๋„์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๋น„์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, 60 ๊ฐœ์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(HR 2.96, 95% CI 1.23-7.10). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ž์‚ด ์‹œ๋„ ๋‹น์‹œ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ถฉ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ž์‚ด ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์— ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ์ž์‚ด์‹œ๋„์ž์˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์žฅ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋œ๋‹ค. Suicide is one of the most serious public health problems, according to the World Health Organization report, about one million people die from suicide each year. Suicide is known to occur because of the combined effects of various factors, but numerous studies have reported particular relation with alcohol drinking. Alcohol is used widely worldwide and is known to cause not only various physical diseases but also problems related to impulse control such as violence, self-harm, and suicide. Therefore, this study aimed to outline the transient and prolonged effects of alcohol use patterns on suicide attempters. The participants in this study were suicide attempters who visited Gangwon Western Region Emergency Medical Center during the 6-year period from March 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015. This study obtained the sociodemographic and clinical information of these participants. Through the interview by psychiatrist, the Participants were categorized into following three groups according to alcohol use pattern at the time of the suicide attempt: 1) suicide attempters with neither alcohol use disorder nor acute alcohol consumption (NAU), 2) suicide attempters who had used alcohol during the suicide attempt but did not have alcohol use disorder (AAU), and 3) suicide attempters with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Group comparisons and multivariate Cox proportional models for suicidal behavior were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that patients with AUD attempted suicide with more help seeking behaviors and had higher proportion of low medical lethality compared to not only NAU but also AAU group and AUD was related to higher risk of suicide reattempt compare to other groups and the increased risk was prolonged longer period. The findings of study suggest the impulsive suicide attempts are more strongly associated with AUD than with AAU and AUD was found to increase the risk of repeated suicide attempts. The results highlight the importance of evaluation of alcohol use for suicide attempters regardless of whether they had consumed alcohol at the time of the recent suicide attempt, and need of specific and individualized aftercare programs with suicide attempters with alcohol use disorder for the sufficient duration.open๋ฐ•

    Pharmaceutical Inventions: Specification Requirements and Inventive Step

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์ •์ƒ์กฐ.์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋Š ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ๊ทผ์ €์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹คํˆฌ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ๊ธฐ์žฌ์š”๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์— ๊ทธ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ƒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ์ ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ์ง€๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ œ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์–‘๋ฉด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆ„๊ธธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ์•ฝ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋น„์šฉ์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋กœ์จ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ด‰์ง„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜์—ญ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ’€์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋…์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ์ œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช… ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋“ ์ง€ ์ถœํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ์ ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์„ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”, ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์‹ ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ด ์—๋ฒ„๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋‹(evergreening) ์˜๋„๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ์ข…๋ž˜ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์‹ ์•ฝ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ๊ธฐ์žฌ์š”๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ์ˆจ์€ ๋…ผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ํŠนํ—ˆ๋กœ์จ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ ์š”๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ œ์•ฝ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์—๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ๊ธฐ์žฌ์š”๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ธฐ์žฌํ•ด์•ผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์š”๊ฑด์˜ ์ถฉ์กฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์žฌ ์ •๋„๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์žฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๊ทธ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋œ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ†ต์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์šฉ๋„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช… ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์กฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ๊ธฐ์žฌ์š”๊ฑด์€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ์ •๋ฆฌ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์€ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์€ ์„ ํ–‰๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‹œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ’๋ถ€ํ™” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ณด์™„์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํ—ˆ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ทจ์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ’๋ถ€ํ™”์™€ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ข…๋ž˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์นญ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋กœ์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์—†์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”ํƒ•์—๋Š” ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๊น”๋ ค์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ๊ทธ ์œ ํ˜• ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ’๋ถ€ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ ์‹œ์—๋„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ฑ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜„์ €์„ฑ์ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ ์‹œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ฑ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ์–ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ™”๋‘๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ์ •์ƒ ์‹œ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ณต ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์„ ํ–‰๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ ์‹œ์—๋งŒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌํ›„์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์„ ํ–‰๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์€ ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ƒ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์—๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘˜ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ–‰๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์„ ํ–‰๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ ์‹œ๋„์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์—†๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ด๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์„ ํ–‰๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์‹œ๋„ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์œ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ค๋ฌด์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์š”์†Œ์˜€์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์œ ์˜ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ํŒ๋‹จ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ ๋ถ€์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ๊ธฐ์žฌ์š”๊ฑด์ด๋‚˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์š”๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค.Patent protection of pharmaceutical inventions has long been at the center of controversy for a variety of reasons. Whether pharmaceutical inventions should be afforded patent protection at all has been the fundamental question, but even if a truce is to be reached and everyone can agree that they should, immediately following is the question to which scope such protection should be granted. This long-standing controversy comes from the unique nature of pharmaceutical inventions, which has served as the ground for different positions in different stages in examining protectability of pharmaceutical inventions under patent law. The dissertation examines individual patentability requirements as the starting point to suggest a proper way to protect pharmaceutical inventions by patent law. It zooms into the specification and inventive step analyses, the most contested in disputes surrounding pharmaceutical inventions. Patent eligibility and novelty were also reviewed to the degree necessary for the sake of discussion. Each requirement was visited with an eye to the issue of how to reflect the characteristics of pharmaceutical inventions in the analysis. Pharmaceutical inventions are unique in that they directly affect human life and health. This nature works in two opposite ways in relation to the patent system. On the one hand, everyone should have access to pharmaceutical inventions for basic human rights to life and health. On the other hand, human life and health are safeguarded by technological development. Incentivizing research and development is more necessary in the pharmaceutical industry than in any other field, since development costs far exceed production costs. The need to serve the ultimate goal of the Patent Act, promotion of technological advancement and industrial development, is more pronounced than anywhere else. To reconcile the two sides, the concern over allowing monopoly on the inventions that can save human life and health can be addressed by limiting the scope of the patents, not by depriving pharmaceutical inventions of patent rights altogether. Then, granting patent protection for pharmaceutical inventions is not something to be viewed in a negative light by itself. The current Patent Act limits patent eligible subject matter to inventions. Yet some pharmaceutical inventions are on the borderline between invention and discovery. However, comparative study and the ambiguous distinction between invention and discovery dictate that patent eligibility of a pharmaceutical invention is to be broadly construed unless it is merely a discovery of a law of nature, which should remain in the public domain and serve as the basis for technological development. The fact that future technical advances will likely open the door for more new types of inventions whose characteristics cannot be easily defined adds weight to this conclusion. One of the concerns raised in relation to patent protection of pharmaceutical inventions is that patenting incrementally modified drugs may be used for the purpose of evergreening. This concern has been a hidden reason behind strict reviews of specification requirements and inventive step of pharmaceutical inventions in the form of incrementally modified drugs. However, this problem can be resolved by judging whether an improvement is worthy of a patent protection at the inventive step determination stage. It is not desirable to uniformly apply strict standards to every stage. In addition, the domestic pharmaceutical industry is no longer limited to generic drug production and is exerting considerable research efforts on incrementally modified drug development. Encouraging these inventions would promote relevant domestic industries and is recommendable from a policy perspective. With respect to the specification requirements of a pharmaceutical invention, the extent the effect must be described to satisfy the enablement requirement has been often debated. Since the fulfillment of the enablement requirement should be evaluated by whether the invention has been sufficiently disclosed for a person skilled in the art to easily practice the invention, the sufficient degree of effect description should also be determined based on the same standard. Under this standard, the degree of description of effects required for medicinal use inventions is different from the degree required for other types of pharmaceutical inventions. Practicing a medicinal use invention is to use the pharmaceutical substance for the claimed medicinal use. Meanwhile, it is difficult to predict the effect of a pharmaceutical invention from the composition of the substance. In order for a skilled person to accurately understand that a pharmaceutical substance is effective for the claimed medicinal use and to use it for that purpose, the written description of specification should disclose quantitative data confirming the effect, and this has been the courtsโ€™ well-founded view. In contrast, practicing an invention for the rest of pharmaceutical inventions means to produce the substance and make a good use of it. In this respect, the use is different from that of a medicinal use invention. Therefore, aside from medicinal use inventions, the effect of pharmaceutical inventions are sufficiently described as long as the usefulness of the invention can be recognized from the written description. Quantitative data evidencing the effect is not necessary. It would be desirable to see clarification from the courts that written description requirements for selection inventions and crystal-form inventions are met if the effect is described enough to exhibit the usefulness of the invention. As for the inventive step, pharmaceutical inventions should be subject to the same standard as other inventions in principle. Under the current Patent Act, the inventive step of an invention is reviewed in terms of whether a skilled person would easily derive the invention from the prior art. Since the essence of an invention is in its composition and effect, the inventive step is reviewed by assessing whether it would have been easy to come up with the composition and expect the effect of the invention. Patenting an invention with a composition that is difficult to derive from the prior art (so-called โ€œdifficulty in compositionโ€) promotes technological abundance. Difficulty in composition and remarkability of effect supplement each other. From policy perspectives, technological abundance and improvement in effects are two stepping stones for technological advancement, working interoperably with each other. Meanwhile, when it comes to pharmaceutical inventions that have been classified as a special kind of inventions, many have believed that an exception should apply and the inventive step should be analyzed solely based on the effects, preventing any consideration to the difficulty of composition. The underlying rationale seems to be that, while whether pharmaceutical inventions can have novelty is questionable, pharmaceutical inventions may be given patent rights as a matter of exception when they exhibit remarkable effects. However, pharmaceutical inventions do not categorically lack novelty. Novelty is a matter to be judged individually for each invention. In addition, if these inventions contributed to technological abundance, they added meaningful value to overall technological development. Therefore, for the inventive step analysis for pharmaceutical inventions, including medicinal use inventions, difficulty of composition should also be considered along with remarkability of effect. The recent Supreme Court decisions expressly declared that difficulty of composition should be considered in the inventive step analysis for selection inventions and crystal-form inventions, and quite appropriately so. Another issue penetrating inventive step assessment for pharmaceutical inventions is reasonable expectation of success, a factor mainly discussed in the U.S. and Europe. This is a matter of whether an invention is obvious simply because the prior art provides motivation to try even though the surrounding circumstances indicated that one would not have reasonably expected success. While the issue of reasonable expectation of success is relevant to other inventions as well, it is more heavily discussed in the field with lower predictability, with pharmaceutical inventions being at the top of the list. To avoid hindsight analysis, mere existence of some motivation in the prior art should not serve as the ground to automatically deny an inventive step. There should be a place for reasonable expectation of success in the inventive step analysis for pharmaceutical inventions under Korean patent law as well. In domestic practice, reasonable expectation of success can play a role in determining whether the composition of the invention can be easily derived from the prior art if prior art references contain the motivation to try the claimed invention. Low predictability of the outcome can be reflected in determination of the level of difficulty to come up with the invention, i.e. whether it would be easy to try the particular composition of the invention and if there is any technical difficulty to do so. That is, if the expectation of success does not reach a reasonable level, it will not be easy to try even if the motivation was present in the prior art. Low expectation to obtain the final product also indicates technical difficulty in the attempt, meaning that composing the invention is difficult. If reasonable expectation of success is a concept that can be factored into the difficulty of composition assessment this way, it is not a foreign idea to Korean practice. It simply is not explicitly stated as such and may be often overlooked of its meaning. Reasonable expectation of success should no longer be left out in assessing inventive step of pharmaceutical inventions. At the same time, the fact that the field in general is unpredictable should not discourage case-by-case analysis of whether it was reasonable to expect success in a particular case, jumping to the conclusion that the pharmaceutical invention does not lack an inventive step. The specific facts presented in each case of pharmaceutical invention should be dispositive of the issue. In short, pharmaceutical inventions need not be treated differently from other types of inventions in specification or inventive step analyses. The apparent difference in legal principles relating to pharmaceutical inventions only originates from the characteristics unique in the field, such as low predictability of the outcome, not from fundamentally different treatment of pharmaceutical inventions.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 7 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 ์ œ2์žฅ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜• 11 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์˜์˜ 11 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 12 1. ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ • 12 2. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์œ ํ˜• 17 3. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•œ์ •๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 22 4. ๊ฒ€ํ†  23 ์ œ3์žฅ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ์ ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ 26 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 26 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  28 1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 29 2. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ 35 3. ์ผ๋ณธ 37 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋…ผ์˜ 38 1. ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ 38 2. ํŠนํ—ˆ๋Œ€์ƒ์ ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ: ์‚ฐ์—…์ƒ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 40 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  43 ์ œ4์žฅ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ๊ธฐ์žฌ์š”๊ฑด 52 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 52 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ช…์„ธ์„œ ๊ธฐ์žฌ์š”๊ฑด ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ก  54 1. ์˜์˜ 54 2. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์š”๊ฑด 55 3. ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  57 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช… 65 1. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 65 2. ํŠนํ—ˆ์ฒญ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ์‹ฌํŒ์› ์‹ค๋ฌด 83 3. ํ•™์„ค์ƒ ๋…ผ์˜ 85 4. ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  86 5. ๊ฒ€ํ†  88 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•œ์ •๋ฐœ๋ช… 92 1. ์ œํ˜•(์ œ์ œ)๋ฐœ๋ช… 92 2. ์„ ํƒ๋ฐœ๋ช… 97 3. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋ช… 119 4. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์˜: ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•œ์ •๋ฐœ๋ช… 125 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์š”๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ ์š”๊ฑด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 133 1. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 133 2. ๊ด€๋ จ ํŒ๋ก€ 134 3. ํ•™์„ค์ƒ ๋…ผ์˜ 134 4. ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  135 5. ๊ฒ€ํ†  139 ์ œ6์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  143 ์ œ5์žฅ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑ 149 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ 149 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 151 1. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 151 2. ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ์„ฑ 152 3. ์„ ํ–‰๋ฐœ๋ช… ์ ๊ฒฉ 156 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์˜์•ฝ์šฉ๋„๋ฐœ๋ช… 161 1. ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 161 2. ํŠนํ—ˆ์ฒญ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€ 171 3. ํ•™์„ค์ƒ ๋…ผ์˜ 172 4. ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  177 5. ๊ฒ€ํ†  182 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์˜์•ฝ๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•œ์ •๋ฐœ๋ช… 188 1. ์ œํ˜•(์ œ์ œ)๋ฐœ๋ช… 188 2. ์„ ํƒ๋ฐœ๋ช… 194 3. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋ช… 209 4. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ์˜: ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•œ์ •๋ฐœ๋ช… 218 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 232 1. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 232 2. ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 233 3. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 234 4. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ 278 5. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋…ผ์˜ 281 6. ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ 286 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  290 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  295 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ Abstract๋ฐ•

    ์ˆ˜๋™๊ณผ ์ง„๋™ ์นซ์†”์งˆ ํ›„์˜ nanocomposite resin์˜ ๊ด‘ํƒ์œ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Dept. of Dentistry/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] [์˜๋ฌธ]Gloss is a characteristic of visual appearance that originates from the geometrical distribution of light reflected by the surface and is related to the surface roughness. Surface gloss is affected by finishing, polishing procedure and filler type, shape of composite resin. Toothbrushing roughens the surface of most composite materials and lowers the gloss in oral environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change of gloss for nanocomposite resins by toothbrushing and effect of toothbrush type on gloss.Composite resins used in this study were Gradia Direct, Filtek Z250 (microhybrid), Heliomolar (microfill), Ceram X Duo, Synergy D6, Tetric Evoceram, Tetric N-ceram, Premisa (nanohybrid) and Filtek Supreme (nanofill). Composite resin was filled into acrylic resin mold and light cured. Unpolished composite resins were used as control and specimens were polished with Enhanceยฎ and Pogoยฎ (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, DE, USA) as baseline. 10 specimens were made for each group. 3 different toothbrushing groups (manual, rotating-oscillating and sonic toothbrushing) were simulated. For manual toothbrushing, V-8 cross brushing machine was used and 2 electric toothbrushing machines were customized. Braun oral Bยฎ Indicator Plus, Professional Care 8500 DLX, Sonic complete were used and each brushing force was 250g, 150g and 120g respectively. In this study, six months of toothbrushing was investigated and gloss was measured using Novo-curveTM glossmeter (Rhopoint, U.K.). Scanning electron microscope (S-3000N, HITACHI, Japan) was used to evaluate qualitatively the change of surface. The results were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukeyโ€™s t-test (ฮฑโ‰ค0.05) and linear regression with control of baseline was used for evaluating the interaction of composite resin and toothbrushing method. After manual toothbrushing, Filtek Supreme showed the highest gloss retention followed by Premisa and Heliomolar. Ceram X Duo and Filtek Z250 showed the lowest gloss retention. After rotating-oscillating toothbrushing, Filtek Supreme, Premisa and Heliomolar showed high gloss retention. After sonic toothbrushing, Filtek Supreme showed the highest gloss retention followed by Premisa, Heliomolar, Gradia Direct and Tetric Evoceram. Comparing the gloss retention for 3 toothbrushing methods (for all composite resins together), sonic toothbrushing produced higher gloss retention than rotating-oscillating toothbrushing. Overall, Filtek Supreme, Premisa and Heliomolar showed high gloss retention for all 3 toothbrushings and had smooth surfaces in SEM images. Filtek Z250 and Ceram X Duo showed low gloss retention for all 3 toothbrushings and Gradia Direct, Synergy D6, Tetric Evoceram and Tetric N-ceram showed moderate gloss retention having some difference in order according to toothbrushing method.restrictio

    ๋น„์ฐจํ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์‹ ํ˜ธ์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ณ„์ธต ์นฉ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    Thesis(doctors) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2008.2.Docto

    Horizontal Equity in Health Care Utilization : Age-based Analysis

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต),2009.8.Maste
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