72 research outputs found

    ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ •์ฑ… ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ญ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

    Get PDF
    ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋กœ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ 2008๋…„~2020๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋กœ ์œ ์ธ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์„ธยท๋ณต์ง€ยท๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์™€ ์‹ค์งˆ์†Œ๋“์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋กœ ์‹œ ์กฐ์„ธยท๋ณต์ง€ํ˜œํƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ค์งˆ์„ธํ›„์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ์‹ค์—… ์‹œ ๋ณต์ง€ยท๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ๋น„๊ตยท๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ์„ ๋” ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทผ๋กœ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ค์งˆ์„ธํ›„์†Œ๋“์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์—… ์‹œ ์ •๋ถ€์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒˆ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋“์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตยท๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์กฐ์ง ์นธ๋ง‰์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์ด ์กฐ์œจ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ์—ญ์„ ํƒ(adverse selection)๊ณผ ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด(moral hazard)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ทผ๋กœ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์งํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹ค์—…์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ •์ฑ… ํ˜œํƒ๋งŒ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์—ญ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ทผ๋กœ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ง€์›์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ทจ์งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ค์—…์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ฅ ์€ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ธ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ทผ๋กœ ์œ ์ธ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์†Œ๋“์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ ํ˜œํƒ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๋ณต์ง€์ •์ฑ…์ธ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ƒํ™œ๋ณด์žฅ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทผ๋กœ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ทผ๋กœ์†Œ๋“๋งŒํผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ƒํ™œ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธ‰์•ก์—์„œ ์ฐจ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋กœ์†Œ๋“์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ธฐํš์žฌ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ ํ˜œํƒ์€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ƒํ™œ๋ณด์žฅ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ…์ธ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋…ธ๋™๋ถ€์˜ ์‹ค์—…๊ธ‰์—ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธ‰์•ก์˜ ์ƒ/ํ•˜ํ•œ์•ก์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์‹ค์—… ์ „ ๊ทผ๋กœ์†Œ๋“์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ‰ํƒ„๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ณ„ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๊ทผ๋กœ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์กฐ์œจ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜œํƒ์€ ๋„๋•์  ํ•ด์ด์™€ ์—ญ์„ ํƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ณ„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทผ๋กœ์œ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ •์ฑ… ์กฐ์œจ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Existing prior studies mainly performed partial analysis of individual policies, but in order to improve the employment rate, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the impact on policy beneficiaries by considering the correlation between various policies. As a result of the analysis, when the earned income of the basic livelihood recipients increased, the benefit amount of the welfare policy decreased while the tax benefit increased, so the directions of work incentives were conflicting. In addition, the employment policy conflicted with the direction of welfare policy and tax policy because the range of flat sections in which a fixed upper or lower limit was paid. Such conflicts in the direction of policies between government departments had a problem that could cause adverse selection and moral hazard among recipients of basic livelihoods. Work incentives should be increased through policy coordination between government departments. In particular, it is necessary to coordinate and design policies to focus on the basic livelihood recipients, who have weak incentives to work, so that as their earned income increases, their real after-tax income increases, and they receive a greater income than government subsidy when they are unemployed.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 1. ์กฐ์ง ์นธ๋ง‰์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  7 2. ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ์ด๋ก  9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  9 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 15 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ณ„ ๊ทผ๋กœ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ… ๋น„๊ตยท๋ถ„์„ 17 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ณต์ง€์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„ 17 1. ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 17 2. ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ธ‰์—ฌ 18 3. ๋ณต์ง€ ํ˜œํƒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ€์ •(ๅ‡ๅฎš) 21 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์กฐ์„ธ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„ 22 1. ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 22 2. ์ค‘๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜œ ๊ทœ์ œ 28 3. ์กฐ์„ธ ํ˜œํƒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ€์ •(ๅ‡ๅฎš) 28 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถ„์„ 29 1. ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 29 2. ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ณดํ—˜ ์‹ค์—…๊ธ‰์—ฌ 29 3. ์‹ค์—…์ž ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ง€์› ์ œ๋„ 32 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹ค์งˆ(์„ธํ›„)์†Œ๋“ ๋ถ„์„ 36 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐ€์ • 41 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 1. ์กฐ์„ธ์ •์ฑ…(๊ธฐํš์žฌ์ •๋ถ€) ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 2. ๋ณต์ง€์ •์ฑ…(๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€) ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 48 3. ๊ณ ์šฉ์ •์ฑ…(๊ณ ์šฉ๋…ธ๋™๋ถ€) ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 51 4. ๊ทผ๋กœ ์‹œ/์‹ค์—… ์‹œ ์‹ค์งˆ(์„ธํ›„)์†Œ๋“ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 59 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  61 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 61 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  62 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 64 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 65์„

    ใ€Žํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œใ€์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ

    Get PDF
    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2016๋…„ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝํ•œ๊ธ€๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์ด ๊ธฐํšํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ฏผ์ •์Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ์ „๋ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

    ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์—์–ด๋กœ์กธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์œค์ถฉ์‹.-Objective It is generally recognized that most nosocomial infections are spread by expelled particles at close range, usually within 1-m from the site of generation, and occasionally through contact. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) established a cut-off to classify droplets (> 5 ฮผm) and airborne particles (< 5 ฮผm), and a 2 m cut-off for patients during the Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in Korea in 2015, questions have been raised regarding the efficacy of a single cut-off delineation and possible infection by aerosol transmission beyond a distance of 2 m. The purpose of this study was to characterize cough-generated aerosol emissions from cold patients, and to determine their behavioral characteristics (particle transmission distance) in indoor air. -Methods This study was carried out with 10 subjects who were diagnosed with acute upper respiratory infections at medical institutions. Patients participated in two experiments. The first experiment was conducted using a stainless steel chamber and the second was conducted in a clean room. The number and size distribution of particles generated from each cough were measured in the stainless steel chamber. Tests were repeated three times by each patient. In the clean room, participants coughed and total particle concentration before, during, and after the cough was measured once for each patient at 0.5 m and 3 m. A scanning mobility particle sizer and an optical particle spectrometer were used to measure the particles, and an ultrasonic spirometer was used to measure pulmonary function of the lungs, mean cough aerosol volume, and peak airflow during coughing. All measurements were performed in the same way after patients recovered and differences between infections were compared. -Results The number of particles from a cough by participants with a cold increased by 560 ยฑ 513% compared to those after recovery (while ill: 4,995,000 ยฑ 6,090,000, after recovery: 1,376,000 ยฑ 1,459,000) (p < 0.001). The proportion of expelled particles with a diameter < 5 ฮผm (particles that can be transmitted through the air) was 99.9 ยฑ 0.3% of the total number and 90.2 ยฑ 12.2% of total surface area while the subjects had a cold. Most of the particles propagated to the far field (3 m) and the near field (0.5 m) in the air, regardless of the subjects infection status. The number of particles was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the background concentration when the patient was coughing even in the far field, which exceeded the WHO recommended isolation distance of 2 m. -Conclusion The results show that the number of aerosol particles expelled during coughing by patients with a cold was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that after recovery from a cold. We confirmed that aerosols generated during coughing, regardless of symptoms, were transferred to the far field (3 m) and near field (0.5 m). These results suggest that the < 5 ฮผm dichotomous cut-off for a droplet and aerosol criterion of the WHO, and the 2 m cut-off for possible airborne infection of the Korea Centers for Disease Control, should be reconsidered for effective prevention of airborne infections.1. Introduction 1 2. Materials and Methods 4 2.1. Study procedures 4 2.2 . Recruitment 5 2.3. Monitoring procedure 6 2.4. Calculation and data analysis 13 3. Results 15 3.1. Individual charateristics of subjects 15 3.2. Aerosol emission aspects 17 3.3. Aerosol behavior characteristics 22 4. Discussion 28 5. Conclusions 34 6. References 35 7. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 39Maste

    ์˜จ ์นฉ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„ค๊ณ„: ๋งคํ•‘, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ๋ผ์šฐํŒ…

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 2. ์ตœ๊ธฐ์˜.์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ ๋งค๋‹ˆ ์ฝ”์–ด์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์— ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์Šคํฌํ†ฑ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฝ”์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์นฉ๋„ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฝ”์–ด๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ-์˜จ-์นฉ(NoC)์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์šฉ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ-์˜จ-์นฉ์„ ๋งค๋‹ˆ ์ฝ”์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” NoC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ฝ”์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šค์ผ€์ฅดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ฝ”์–ด์—์˜ ์ž‘์—… ํ• ๋‹น์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์ด ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ํŒจ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž‘์—… ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์Šค์ผ€์ฅดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ฐจ์› ์ ์ธต ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋†’์•„์ง„ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋„์ „ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” DVFS ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ฝ”์–ด์™€ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „์••, ์ž‘๋™ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. 3D ์ ์ธต ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ธต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ TSV๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ TSV๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ wire๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฐ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ „์ฒด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„œ์˜ TSV ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ธต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹  ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ฑ„๋„์˜ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋งŒ ์ธต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” deflection ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ๊ธด ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„ํผ์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธต๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹  ์ฑ„๋„์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ผ์šฐํŒ… ์ž์œ ๋„๋ฅผ ํฌ์ƒํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ฑ„๋„ ์š”๊ตฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ์˜จ๋‹ค.For decades, advance in semiconductor technology has led us to the era of many-core systems. Today's desktop computers already have multi-core processors, and chips with more than a hundred cores are commercially available. As a communication medium for such a large number of cores, network-on-chip (NoC) has emerged out, and now is being used by many researchers and companies. Adopting NoC for a many-core system incurs many problems, and this thesis tries to solve some of them. The second chapter of this thesis is on mapping and scheduling of tasks on NoC-based CMP architectures. Although mapping on NoC has a number of papers published, our work reveals that selecting communication types between shared memory and message passing can help improve the performance and energy efficiency. Additionally, our framework supports scheduling applications containing backward dependencies with the help of modified modulo scheduling. Evolving the SoCs through 3D stacking makes us face a number of new problems, and the thermal problem coming from increased power density is one of them. In the third chapter of this thesis, we try to mitigate the hotspot problem using DVFS techniques. Assuming that all the routers as well as cores have capabilities to control voltage and frequency individually, we find voltage-frequency pairs for all cores and routers which yields the best performance within the given thermal constraint. The fourth and the fifth chapters of this thesis are from a different aspect. In 3D stacking, inter-layer interconnections are implemented using through-silicon vias (TSV). TSVs usually take much more area than normal wires. Furthermore, they also consume silicon area as well as metal area. For this reason, designers would want to limit the number of TSVs used in their network. To limit the TSV count, there are two options: the first is to reduce the width of each vertical links, and the other is to use fewer vertical links, which results in a partially connected network. We present two routing methodologies for each case. For the network with reduced bandwidth vertical links, we propose using deflection routing to mitigate the long latency of vertical links. By balancing the vertical traffics properly, the algorithm provides improved latency. Also, a large amount of area and energy reduction can be obtained by the removal of router buffers. For partially connected networks, we introduce a set of routing rules for selecting the vertical links. At the expense of sacrificing some amount of routing freedom, the proposed algorithm removes the virtual channel requirement for avoiding deadlock. As a result, the performance, or energy consumption can be reduced at the designer's choice.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Task Mapping and Scheduling 2 1.2 Thermal Management 3 1.3 Routing for 3D Networks 5 Chapter 2 Mapping and Scheduling 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Motivation 10 2.3 Background 12 2.4 Related Work 16 2.5 Platform Description 17 2.5.1 Architcture Description 17 2.5.2 Energy Model 21 2.5.3 Communication Delay Model 22 2.6 Problem Formulation 23 2.7 Proposed Solution 25 2.7.1 Task and Communication Mapping 27 2.7.2 Communication Type Optimization 31 2.7.3 Design Space Pruning via Pre-evaluation 34 2.7.4 Scheduling 35 2.8 Experimental Results 42 2.8.1 Experiments with Coarse-grained Iterative Modulo Scheduling 42 2.8.2 Comparison with Different Mapping Algorithms 43 2.8.3 Experiments with Overall Algorithms 45 2.8.4 Experiments with Various Local Memory Sizes 47 2.8.5 Experiments with Various Placements of Shared Memory 48 Chapter 3 Thermal Management 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Background 51 3.2.1 Thermal Modeling 51 3.2.2 Heterogeneity in Thermal Propagation 52 3.3 Motivation and Problem Definition 53 3.4 Related Work 56 3.5 Orchestrated Voltage-Frequency Assignment 56 3.5.1 Individual PI Control Method 56 3.5.2 PI Controlled Weighted-Power Budgeting 57 3.5.3 Performance/Power Estimation 59 3.5.4 Frequency Assignment 62 3.5.5 Algorithm Overview 64 3.5.6 Stability Conditions for PI Controller 65 3.6 Experimental Result 66 3.6.1 Experimental Setup 66 3.6.2 Overall Algorithm Performance 68 3.6.3 Accuracy of the Estimation Model 70 3.6.4 Performance of the Frequency Assignment Algorithm 70 Chapter 4 Routing for Limited Bandwidth 3D NoC 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Motivation 73 4.3 Background 74 4.4 Related Work 75 4.5 3D Deflection Routing 76 4.5.1 Serialized TSV Model 76 4.5.2 TSV Link Injection/ejection Scheme 78 4.5.3 Deadlock Avoidance 80 4.5.4 Livelock Avoidance 84 4.5.5 Router Architecture: Putting It All Together 86 4.5.6 System Level Consideration 87 4.6 Experimental Results 89 4.6.1 Experimental Setup 89 4.6.2 Results on Synthetic Traffic Patterns 91 4.6.3 Results on Realistic Traffic Patterns 94 4.6.4 Results on Real Application Benchmarks 98 4.6.5 Fairness Issue 103 4.6.6 Area Cost Comparison 104 Chapter 5 Routing for Partially Connected 3D NoC 106 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 Background 107 5.3 Related Work 109 5.4 Proposed Algorithm 111 5.4.1 Preliminary 112 5.4.2 Routing Algorithm for 3-D Stacked Meshes with Regular Partial Vertical Connections 115 5.4.3 Routing Algorithm for 3-D Stacked Meshes with Irregular Partial Vertical Connections 118 5.4.4 Extension to Heterogeneous Mesh Layers 122 5.5 Experimental Results 126 5.5.1 Experimental Setup 126 5.5.2 Experiments on Synthetic Traffics 128 5.5.3 Experiments on Application Benchmarks 133 5.5.4 Comparison with Reduced Bandwidth Mesh 139 Chapter 6 Conclusion 141 Bibliography 144 ์ดˆ๋ก 163Docto

    ๊ตญ์–ด ์Œ์šด์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…

    Get PDF
    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ 2011๋…„ ๊ตญ์–ดํ•™ํšŒ ๊ฒจ์šธํ•™์ˆ ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๊ฐ•์ขŒ์˜ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ ์›๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด์ง„ํ˜ธ(2008)์˜ 2์žฅ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ทŒ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์™„ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€ ๋‘”๋‹ค

    Pathophysiology after pancreaticoduodenectomy

    Get PDF
    Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) will result in removal of important multiorgans in upper intestinal tract and subsequently secondary physiologic change. In the past, surgeons just focused on the safety of surgical procedure; however, PD is regarded as safe and widely applied to treatment of periampullary lesions. Practical issues after PD, such as, effect of duodenectomy, metabolic surgery-like effect, alignment effect of gastrointestinal continuity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were summarized and discussed.ope

    The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy in Patients With Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer With Isolated Venous Vascular Involvement

    Get PDF
    The rationale for neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (Neo-CRT) and the definition of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC) are still controversial. In particular, surgical treatment of BRPC with isolated venous vascular involvement (IVVI) is debatable.From January 2000 to December 2013, 84 patients diagnosed with BRPC according to NCCN guidelines were identified, and 70 patients were found to have BRPC with IVVI. We divided all 70 patients into 3 groups: surgery first without Neo-CRT (Group 1); pancreatectomy following Neo-CRT (Group 2); and no operation following Neo-CRT (Group 3). Patient characteristics including oncologic outcomes were analyzed for each of the 3 patients groups.Thirty-seven patients were female and 33 were male, with a mean age of 61.7โ€Šยฑโ€Š9.74 years. Among the 70 BRPC patients with IVVI, 28 patients (40%) belonged to Group 1, 30 patients (42.9%) belonged to Group 2, and 12 patients (17.1%) belonged to Group 3. Pathological tumor size (Pโ€Š<โ€Š0.001), pT stage (Pโ€Š=โ€Š0.001), pTNM stage (P=0.002), combined vascular resection (Pโ€Š=โ€Š0.003), completeness of adjuvant therapy (Pโ€Š=โ€Š0.004) were found to be statistically significantly different between Groups 1 and 2. In addition, disease-free survival (Pโ€Š=โ€Š0.055) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (P=0.006) were improved in Group 2. Interestingly, when comparing DSS, there was no statistically significant difference between Groups 1 and 3 (Pโ€Š=โ€Š0.991).The clinical practice of pancreatectomy following Neo-CRT in BRPC with IVVI provided favorable oncologic outcomes. The effect of Neo-CRT in BRPC with IVVI may be multifactorial, providing proper patient selection, complete adjuvant chemotherapy, and potential therapeutic (downstaging) effect.ope

    Changes in alternation pattern and its synchronic description in phonology

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตญ์–ดํ•™์ „๊ณต,2002.Docto

    ๊ทน๊ฐˆ๋ฆผ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณก๋ฅ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์•ˆ์ €์‚ฌ์ง„์ƒ ๋ง๋ง‰์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฌ์œ ์ธต ๊ฒฐ์†์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ-๋ณด์กฐ ๊ฒ€์ถœ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๋ฐ•๊ธฐํ˜ธ.๋ชฉ์  ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•ˆ์ €์˜์ƒ์— ๋ง๋ง‰์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฌ์œ ์ธต์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋””์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์•ˆ์ €์˜์ƒ๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๊ทœํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜์—ญ์„(ROI) ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝํŒ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ํ™˜ํ˜•์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (๋‚ด๋ถ€์ง๊ฒฝ: ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ง๊ฒฝ์˜ 2๋ฐฐ, ์™ธ๋ถ€์ง๊ฒฝ: ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ง๊ฒฝ์˜ 3๋ฐฐ), ์ด ์ค‘ ์ด์ธก ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ทน๊ฐˆ๋ฆผ ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Frangi ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน๊ฐˆ๋ฆผ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ›„, ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๊ฐ’ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณก๋ฅ ์„ ์ผ์ • ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์†Œ ์˜์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์†Œ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํ‰๊ท ๊ณก๋ฅ ์ด ์—ญ์น˜๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ํด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ง๋ง‰์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฌ์œ ์ธต ๊ฒฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ๋…น๋‚ด์žฅ ํ™˜์ž 100๋ช…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์„ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐํ•œ ์ •์ƒ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 100๋ช…์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ˆˆ๋งŒ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณก๋ฅ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ ˆ๋‹จ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์–‘ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚˜์ด์™€(p=0.456) ์„ฑ๋ณ„์€(p=0.396) ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น๋‚ด์žฅ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ—˜ํ”„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์•ผ๊ณ„์ƒ ํ‰๊ท ํŽธ์œ„๋Š”(mean deviation) -4.90 ยฑ 5.40 dB ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณก๋ฅ ์€ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ: 14.37 ยฑ 5.13, ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ: 20.67 ยฑ 10.56, p<0.001). ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž ๋™์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๊ณก์„ ํ•˜ ๋ฉด์ ์€ 0.711 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค(95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„0.639 - 0.782). ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ 70.0%, ํŠน์ด๋„ 62.0% ์ผ ๋•Œ ์–‘์„ฑ ์šฐ๋„๊ฐ€ 1.84๋กœ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠน์ด๋„๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ € ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ’์ธ 50.0%๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ 74.8%์˜€๊ณ  ์–‘์„ฑ ์šฐ๋„๋Š” 1.50 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ง‰์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฌ์œ ์ธต ๊ฒฐ์†์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Purpose To develop novel software to determine whether there is a retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defect in a given fundus image and, if there is, where it presents. Methods The given fundus photography was rotated to non-extorted image. The intensity profile was normalized to enhance the contrast, and then the region of interest (ROI) was set as the circumferential area surrounding the optic disc (internal diameter: 2 disc diameters [DD], external diameter: 3 DD). The temporal half of ROI was converted to a polarimetric image. After removing the blood vessels using Frangi filter, the differential gradients and the average curvatures were calculated sector-by-sector and the local maximum values were obtained. If the local maximum curvature was greater than the cut-off value, the sector was considered to be an RNFL defect. The images of 100 normal healthy controls and 100 open-angle glaucoma patients were enrolled as age- and sex-matched samples. When both of a subject๊žŒs eyes were eligible, the image of one eye was randomly selected. Maximum curvatures were compared and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the validity of the algorithm and to set up the optimum cut-off value. Results There were no significant differences in age or gender (p=0.456, p=0.396, respectively) between the two groups. In the glaucoma group, the mean deviation was -4.90 ยฑ 5.40 dB. There was, however, a significant difference of maximum curvature (14.37 ยฑ 5.13 in control group, 20.67 ยฑ 10.56 in glaucoma group, p<0.001). The area under ROC curve was 0.711 (95% CI0.639 - 0.782). The positive likelihood ratio was maximized to 1.84 with a sensitivity of 70.0% and a specificity of 62.0%. When a specificity was set to 50.0% which was minimum acceptable value, the positive likelihood ratio was determined to 1.50 with a sensitivity of 74.8%. Conclusions The proposed software can be an effective tool for automated detection of RNFL defect.Abstract i Contents iii List of figures iv I. Introduction 1 II. Material and Methods 2 1. Preprocessing 2 2. RNFL Defect Detection Method 5 3. Participants 8 4. Statistical Analysis 9 III. Results 10 IV. Discussion 11 V. References 14 VI. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 17Maste

    An Experimantal Study on Bond Strength of Permanent Cements to Dentinal Surface Treated with Temporary Cements

    No full text
    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ฐจ์•„์‚ญ์ œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ž„์‹œํ•ฉ์ฐฉ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™ธ ์ž…์‹œํ•ฉ์ฐฉ์šฉ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ž„์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž„์‹œํ•ฉ์ฐฉ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ž„์‹œํ•ฉ์ฐฉ์šฉ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๊ตฌํ•ฉ์ฐฉ์‹œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜ 96๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹œํŽธ๊ณผ 24๊ฐœ์˜ ์ œ3ํ˜• ๊ธˆํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์‹œํŽธ์„, ์ž„์‹œํ•ฉ์ฐฉ์šฉ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ 3์ข…๊ณผ ์˜๊ตฌํ•ฉ์ฐฉ์šฉ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ 3์ข…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์ฐฉํ•œํ›„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต ์ธก ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์ธ์‚ฐ์•„์—ฐ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” Nogenol๋กœ ์ž„์‹œํ•ฉ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ฆ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ . Dycal๊ณผ Tempak์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ํด๋ฆฌ์นด๋ณต์‹ค๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , Tempak, Nogenol, Dycal์™ธ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 3. EBA ์•„์—ฐํ™” ์œ ์ง€๋†€ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” Tempak์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์‹œํ•ฉ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋˜๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , Nogenol๊ณผ Dycal์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ์˜๊ตฌํ•ฉ์ฐฉ์šฉ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์€ ํด๋ฆฌ์นด๋ณต์‹ค๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์ธ์‚ฐ์•„์—ฐ์‹œ ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ, EBA์•„์—ฐํ™”์œ ์ง€๋†€ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์˜ ์ˆœ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. AN ENPERIMEHTAL STUDY ON BOND STRENGTH OF PERMANENT CEMENTS TO DENTINAL SURFACE TREATED WITH TEMPORARY CEMENTS Jin Ho Lee. D.D.S. Department of Dental Science, The Grade School, Yonsei University (Diirectd by Prof. Ho Yong Lee, D.D,S., M,S.D., Ph.D.) The purpose of this experimental study is to research how temporary cementation effects on the bond strength of permanent cementation. For this experiment, I chose zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate and EBA ZOE cements as permanent cements, and as temporary ones I selected Nogenol, Tempak and Dycal. The ninetysix (96) specimens were prepared to measure the bond strength of permanent cements after treated with temporary cements for one (1) week. The tensile strength test was performed on an Instron Universal Test Machine with cross head speed of 0.05cm/min. and the results were compared. The results of this study were obtained no follows: 1. With zinc phosphate cement, there was a tendecy that the bond strength of the group temporarily cemented with Nogenol increased, meanwhile it decreased a little with Dycal and Tempak, more than that of the Control group. 2. With polycarboxylate cements, there was a tendency that the bond strength of the Control group was the higher than that of experimental group and it decreased in order of Tempak, Nogenol and Dycal. 3. With EBA ZOE cement, there was a tendency that the bond strength of the group temporaily cemented with Tempak increased a little, meanwhile it decreased a little with Nogenol and Dycal, more than that of the Control group. 4. In casc of permanent cements, the bond strength of polycarboxylate eements was the highest and was followed in order of zinc phosphate cement and EBA ZOE cement.restrictio
    • โ€ฆ
    corecore