68 research outputs found
ํ๋ก์ฝ๋ผ๊ฒ IIIํ N-๋ง๋จ ํฉํ์ด๋์ ์ ์ํ ๋ถ์์ ์ํ ํ๊ด ์ผ์ โํ์น๋ฐ๋โ ๊ฐ๋ฐ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ํ๋๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์์ง๋์ด๋ง์ ๊ณต, 2021.8. ์ ์นํ.Procollagen type III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP) is a major biomarker of growth hormone which is on the prohibited substances list by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The recently developed and conducted PIIINP analysis methods are radio immunoassay (RIA) or fluorescence-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and these have issues with radiation safety, time-consuming, and expensive equipment. Therefore, the development of an analysis method that can overcome these shortcomings is required. To this end, we tried to develop a high-throughput doping analysis method using a fluorescence-based antibody sensor called โQuenchbody. The quenchbody consists of a single chain variable fragment (scFv) and a fluorophore which emits fluorescence depending on the presence or absence of an antigen The sequence of anti-PIIINP scFv was obtained from a hybridoma cell and cloned scFv was expressed in E. coli. Inclusion body refolding was performed to obtain more scFv, and fluorescence was conjugated to native and refolded anti-PIIINP scFv that were confirmed to have antigen binding affinity against PIIINP. Finally, dose-dependent fluorescence signal were confirmed with a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The best limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were calculated as 1.64 nM and 3.89 nM for TAMRA-labeled quenchbody with native anti-PIIINP scFv, according to the five-point logistic curve regression. Furthermore, with 2 nM of quenchbody, the analysis could be performed within 30 minutes from the experimental preparations to validations. Thus, we confirmed the high-throughput and high sensitivity capabilities of quenchbody required for a new doping analysis method.ํ๋ก์ฝ๋ผ๊ฒ IIIํ N-๋ง๋จ ํฉํ์ด๋๋ ์ฑ์ฅ ํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ๋ฐ์ด์ค ๋ง์ปค๋ก์ ์ฑ์ฅํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฐ๋ํ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธ์ง์ฝ๋ฌผ๋ชฉ๋ก์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ๊ทผ๋์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ๋ฉด์ญ์ธก์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ํ๊ด๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์๋์์น ํจ์๊ฒฐํฉ ๋ฉด์ญํก์ฐฉ๊ฒ์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ก์ฝ๋ผ๊ฒ III N-๋ง๋จ ํฉํ์ด๋๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ถํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋, ์ด๋ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ๋ฅ ์์ ์ฑ, ๊ธด ๋ถ์ ์์ ์๊ฐ, ๊ฐ๋น์ผ ์ฅ๋น์ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ถ์๋ฒ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ํฉ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ๊ด๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ํญ์ฒด ์ผ์์ธ ํ์น๋ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๊ณ ์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ํ์น๋ฐ๋๋ ๋จ์ผ ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋จํธ ํํ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง ํญ์ฒด์, ํญ์์ ์ ๋ฌด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ๊ด์ ๋ฐฉ์ถํ๋ ํ๊ด ๋ถ์๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค. ํญํ๋ก์ฝ๋ผ๊ฒ IIIํ N-๋ง๋จ ํฉ๋ค์ด๋์ ๋จ์ผ ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋จํธ์ ์์ด์ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋๋ง ์ธํฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ป์ด์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์กฐํฉ๋ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๋์ฅ๊ท ์์ ๋ฐํ๋์๋ค. ๋ง์ ์์ ๋จ์ผ ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋จํธ์ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ด์
์ฒด ์ฌ์ ํ์ด ์๋๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํญ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ฑ์ด ํ์ธ๋ ์ฒ์ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋จ์ผ ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋จํธ์ ํ๊ด์ ๋ถ์ฐฉํ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํ๊ด๊ด๋๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ํ์น๋ฐ๋์ ํญ์ ๋๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๊ด ์ธ๊ธฐ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก 5๊ฐ ๋ณ์ ๋ก์์คํฑ ๊ณก์ ํ๊ท ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ TAMRA-๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ ์ฒ์ฐ ๋จ์ผ ์ ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋จํธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํ์น๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1.64 nM๊ณผ 3.89 nM์ ๊ฒ์ถํ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ด๋ 2 nM์ ํ์น๋ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ์คํ ์ค๋น๋ถํฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ์ฆ๊น์ง 30๋ถ ์ด๋ด์ ๋ถ์์ ์งํํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ํ ๋ถ์๋ฒ์ ํ์ํ ์ ์์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋์ฑ์ ํ์น๋ฐ๋์์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.Abstract 1
Contents 3
List of figures 5
List of tables 7
1. Introduction 8
2. Materials and methods 12
2.1. Chemicals and materials 12
2.2. Strains and vectors 13
2.3. DNA construction 16
2.3.1. ELISA of anti-PIIINP IgG from hybridoma 35J22 16
2.3.2. cDNA extraction of anti-PIIINP IgG 16
2.3.3. Anti-PIIINP IgG4 expression in HEK293-F 18
2.3.4. ELSIA of anti-PIIINP IgG4 from HEK293-F 19
2.3.5. Anti-PIIINP scFv construction 19
2.4. Production of anti-PIIINP scFv 20
2.4.1. Expression optimization 20
2.4.2. MBP fusion anti-PIIINP scFv expression 21
2.4.3. Molecular chaperone co-expression of anti-PIIINP scFv 21
2.4.4. Native anti-PIIINP scFv purification 22
2.4.5. MBP cleavage and purification 22
2.5. Refolding of anti-PIIINP scFv 23
2.5.1. Inclusion body isolation 23
2.5.2. Optimization of disulfide bond formation 24
2.5.3. Optimization of refolding additives 25
2.5.4. Refolding scale-up: step-wise dialysis refolding 26
2.6. ELISA of native and refolded anti-PIIINP scFv 27
2.7. Fluorescence labeling and purification 28
2.8. ELISA of quenchbody 29
2.9. Fluorescence measurement 29
3. Results 31
3.1. ELISA of anti-PIIINP IgG from hybridoma 35J22 31
3.2. ELISA of anti-PIIINP IgG4 from HEK293-F 34
3.3. Production of anti-PIIINP scFv 36
3.3.1. Native anti-PIIINP scFv 36
3.3.2. MBP fusion anti-PIIINP scFv 39
3.3.3. Molecular chaperone co-expression 41
3.4. Refolding of anti-PIIINP scFv 43
3.4.1. Inclusion body isolation 43
3.4.2. Optimization of disulfide bond formation 43
3.4.3. Optimization of refolding additives 44
3.4.4. Refolding scale-up: step-wise dialysis refolding 45
3.5. ELISA of native and refolded anti-PIIINP scFv 49
3.6. Fluorescence labeling and purification 51
3.7. ELISA of quenchbody 56
3.8. Doseโdependent fluorescent response 58
4. Discussion and conclusion 63
5. References 66์
๋ฅ๋ฌ๋์ ํ์ฉํ ์คํ์ผ ์ ์ํ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ ๊ธฐยท์ปดํจํฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2020. 8. ๊น๋จ์.The neural network-based speech synthesis techniques have been developed over the years. Although neural speech synthesis has shown remarkable generated speech quality, there are still remaining problems such as modeling power in a neural statistical parametric speech synthesis system, style expressiveness, and robust attention model in the end-to-end speech synthesis system. In this thesis, novel alternatives are proposed to resolve these drawbacks of the conventional neural speech synthesis system.
In the first approach, we propose an adversarially trained variational recurrent neural network (AdVRNN), which applies a variational recurrent neural network (VRNN) to represent the variability of natural speech for acoustic modeling in neural statistical parametric speech synthesis. Also, we apply an adversarial learning scheme in training AdVRNN to overcome the oversmoothing problem. From the experimental results, we have found that the proposed AdVRNN based method outperforms the conventional RNN-based techniques.
In the second approach, we propose a novel style modeling method employing mutual information neural estimator (MINE) in a style-adaptive end-to-end speech synthesis system. MINE is applied to increase target-style information and suppress text information in style embedding by applying MINE loss term in the loss function. The experimental results show that the MINE-based method has shown promising performance in both speech quality and style similarity for the global style token-Tacotron.
In the third approach, we propose a novel attention method called memory attention for end-to-end speech synthesis, which is inspired by the gating mechanism of long-short term memory (LSTM). Leveraging the gating technique's sequence modeling power in LSTM, memory attention obtains the stable alignment from the content-based and location-based features. We evaluate the memory attention and compare its performance with various conventional attention techniques in single speaker and emotional speech synthesis scenarios. From the results, we conclude that memory attention can generate speech with large variability robustly.
In the last approach, we propose selective multi-attention for style-adaptive end-to-end speech synthesis systems. The conventional single attention model may limit the expressivity representing numerous alignment paths depending on style. To achieve a variation in attention alignment, we propose using a multi-attention model with a selection network. The multi-attention plays a role in generating candidates for the target style, and the selection network choose the most proper attention among the multi-attention. The experimental results show that selective multi-attention outperforms the conventional single attention techniques in multi-speaker speech synthesis and emotional speech synthesis.๋ฅ๋ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ง๋ ๋ช ๋
๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฅ๋ฌ๋์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ ํ์ง์ ๋น์ฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ ํ์ง๋ง, ์์ง ๋ฅ๋ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ์๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฅ๋ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ํต๊ณ์ ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ํฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ deterministicํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข
๋จํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์คํ์ผ์ ํํํ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ธํ ์ดํ
์
(attention)์ ๋ํ ์ด์๊ฐ ๋์์์ด ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ฅ๋ฌ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ ์์คํ
์ ๋จ์ ์ ํด๊ฒฐํ ์๋ก์ด ๋์์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์, ๋ด๋ด ํต๊ณ์ ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ํฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ ๊ณ ๋ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ adversarially trained variational recurrent neural network (AdVRNN) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. AdVRNN ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ VRNN์ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ์์ฑ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ stochastic ํ๊ณ ์์ธํ๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ ๋์ ํ์ต์ (adversarial learning) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ oversmoothing ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ต์ํ ์ํค๋๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ์๋ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ํ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์ํฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ํฅ์๋จ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์, ์คํ์ผ ์ ์ํ ์ข
๋จํ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ํ ์ํธ ์ ๋ณด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์๋ก์ด ํ์ต ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์ global style token(GST) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์คํ์ผ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋น์ง๋ ํ์ต์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ฏ๋ก ์ํ๋ ๋ชฉํ ์คํ์ผ์ด ์์ด๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ต์ํค๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด GST์ ์ถ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ ์คํ์ผ ์๋ฒ ๋ฉ ๋ฒกํฐ์ ์ํธ ์ ๋ณด๋์ ์ต๋ํ ํ๋๋ก ํ์ต ์ํค๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ํธ ์ ๋ณด๋์ ์ข
๋จํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์์คํจ์์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ mutual information neural estimator(MINE) ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๋์
ํ์๊ณ ๋คํ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํตํด ๊ธฐ์กด์ GST ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๋นํด ๋ชฉํ ์คํ์ผ์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ค์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ต์ํฌ ์ ์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
์ธ๋ฒ์งธ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์, ๊ฐ์ธํ ์ข
๋จํ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ์ ์ดํ
์
์ธ memory attention์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. Long-short term memory(LSTM)์ gating ๊ธฐ์ ์ sequence๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋งํ๋๋ฐ ๋์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ดํ
์
์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ค์ํ ์คํ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์์ฑ์์๋ ์ดํ
์
์ ๋๊น, ๋ฐ๋ณต ๋ฑ์ ์ต์ํํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋จ์ผ ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ํ ๋๋ก memory attention์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ํ์ธํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ ๋๋น ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ดํ
์
๊ณก์ ์ ์ป์ ์ ์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
๋ง์ง๋ง ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์, selective multi-attention (SMA)์ ํ์ฉํ ์คํ์ผ ์ ์ํ ์ข
๋จํ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ ์ดํ
์
๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์คํ์ผ ์ ์ํ ์ข
๋จํ ์์ฑ ํฉ์ฑ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ญ๋
์ฒด ๋จ์ผํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋จ์ผ ์ดํ
์
์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์คํ์ผ ์์ฑ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ค์ํ ์ดํ
์
ํํ์ ์๊ตฌํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ค์ค ์ดํ
์
์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ๋ณด๋ค์ ์์ฑํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ํ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ต์ ์ ์ดํ
์
์ ์ ํํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. SMA ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ดํ
์
๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ต ์คํ์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ง์ ์คํ์ผ์ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ํํํ ์ ์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Scope of thesis 3
2 Neural Speech Synthesis System 7
2.1 Overview of a Neural Statistical Parametric Speech Synthesis System 7
2.2 Overview of End-to-end Speech Synthesis System 9
2.3 Tacotron2 10
2.4 Attention Mechanism 12
2.4.1 Location Sensitive Attention 12
2.4.2 Forward Attention 13
2.4.3 Dynamic Convolution Attention 14
3 Neural Statistical Parametric Speech Synthesis using AdVRNN 17
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Background 19
3.2.1 Variational Autoencoder 19
3.2.2 Variational Recurrent Neural Network 20
3.3 Speech Synthesis Using AdVRNN 22
3.3.1 AdVRNN based Acoustic Modeling 23
3.3.2 Training Procedure 24
3.4 Experiments 25
3.4.1 Objective performance evaluation 28
3.4.2 Subjective performance evaluation 29
3.5 Summary 29
4 Speech Style Modeling Method using Mutual Information for End-to-End Speech Synthesis 31
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 Background 33
4.2.1 Mutual Information 33
4.2.2 Mutual Information Neural Estimator 34
4.2.3 Global Style Token 34
4.3 Style Token end-to-end speech synthesis using MINE 35
4.4 Experiments 36
4.5 Summary 38
5 Memory Attention: Robust Alignment using Gating Mechanism for End-to-End Speech Synthesis 45
5.1 Introduction 45
5.2 BACKGROUND 48
5.3 Memory Attention 49
5.4 Experiments 52
5.4.1 Experiments on Single Speaker Speech Synthesis 53
5.4.2 Experiments on Emotional Speech Synthesis 56
5.5 Summary 59
6 Selective Multi-attention for style-adaptive end-to-End Speech Syn-thesis 63
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 BACKGROUND 65
6.3 Selective multi-attention model 66
6.4 EXPERIMENTS 67
6.4.1 Multi-speaker speech synthesis experiments 68
6.4.2 Experiments on Emotional Speech Synthesis 73
6.5 Summary 77
7 Conclusions 79
Bibliography 83
์์ฝ 93
๊ฐ์ฌ์ ๊ธ 95Docto
๋จ๊ฒฐ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ธฐ์ดํ ์กํ์์ดํฐ์ ์ ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ ๊ธฐ.์ปดํจํฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ,2001.Maste
Evaluation of Chinese Corporate Reform Based on the Profitability of Listed Companies
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ 589๊ฐ ์์ฅ๊ธฐ์
์ 1998-2002๋
๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ ๊ฒฝ์์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๋ถ์์ ํตํ์ฌ 1990๋
๋ ํ๋ฐ ์ดํ ๊ฐ๋ ๋๊ฒ ์งํ๋ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
๊ฐํ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์์์ต์ฑ์ 1990๋
๋ ํ๋ฐ ์ดํ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ ๋์์ผ๋ ๋น๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์์ต์ฑ์ ๋ฅ๊ฐํ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ฒฝ์์ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋์ง๋ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์
๋๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ณ๋๊ฒ์ฆ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์์ฅ๊ธฐ์
์ ์์ ์ ํํ, ์์ ๊ถ์ง์ค๋, ์ง์ญ๊ตฌ๋ถ ๋ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ์
์์ต์ฑ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ์ค์ํ ๋ณ์๋ก์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ด๊ณ , ์์ ๊ถ์ด ๋ถ์ฐ๋์ด ์์์๋ก, ์ค์๋ถ ์ง์ญ์ผ์๋ก ์์ต์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋๋ค. ํนํ ์์ ์ ํํ์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ค์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ ์์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ์ค์์ ๋ถ ํน์ ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ๊ธฐ์
์์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ผ๋ก ์ธ๋ถํํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ ์์ ์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์์ต์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ํ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ์ ์ํ ์ ์ฑ
๊ฐ์ญ์ ์ค์ด๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
๊ฐํ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ ์ ์๋ค.This paper studies the performance of the Chinese Corporations listed in the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. We find that the latest state-owned enterprises reform (SOEs) has not been so successful in the sense that in comparison with non-SOEs, the profitability of SOEs was lower in every period. However, in the period of macroeconomic downturn, SOEs' profitability drop was less severe than other forms of company ownership. Therefore, we also can suggest that the latest reform measures had some positive effects on the profitability of SOEs. The empirical results show that ownership forms, region, debt ratios, and ownership concentrations are the determinant factors of profitability of Chinese-listed firms. The higher the debt ratio, the more equally distributed the ownership, SOEs located in the middle-west region, their corporate profitability could be more severely deteriorated. Especially on the profitability among different ownership forms of SOEs, we find that in comparison with the SOEs managed by local governments, the SOEs managed by central government or larger enterprises performs well. From this fact, we can have a policy implication that the separation of local government politics from SOEs can be an effective measure of SOEs reform
A Study on internet service encounter satisfaction
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ํ์ ๊ณต,2000.ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ)-
An Analysis of Business Failure in the Chinese Listed Companies
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ 1998-2004๋
์์ฅ๊ธฐ์
์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ, ST, PT ๋ฑ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋์๊ธฐ์
์ ๋ถ์ค๊ธฐ์
์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๋ก์ง๋ถ์์ ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
๋ถ์ค ์์ธ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์์ฝํ๋ฉด ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ ์์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ถ์ค๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๊ฒ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ ๋ถ์ ์ํ ๊ธฐ์
์์ต์ฑ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ถํฉํ๋ค. ๋์งธ, 1์ธ๋น ๋งค์ถ, ์์ฐ๊ท๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ์
๋ถ์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์
์งธ, ๋ณด๋ฅ ์๊ฒฌ ์ ๋์ ์ฝํ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ์ฌ์๊ฒฌ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์
๋ถ์ค ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์์ธกํ๋๋ฐ ์์ด์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ ์ฉํ ๋ณ์์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ์ค๊ตญ๊ธฐ์
์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฌ์ํ ํ๊ณ์ฅ๋ถ์ ์ค๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ๋ ํ๊ณ์๊ฒฌ ๋ํ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์๋ถ์ค์ ๋ดํฌํ๊ณ ์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
This paper studies main factors of business failures in the Chinese listed companies. Our methodology is focused on the logit analysis of ST and PT companies. We find that the ownership forms have significant effects on the probability of business failure, in which the local government-controlled SOEs face significantly higher risks in their business failures. Secondly, the asset sizes and total sales to employees also matter in explaining business failure in the Chinese listed companies. Thirdly, weak accounting reports also have their explanatory powers in business failures this means that the minor errors on the financial reports could have involved serious business risks in the Chinese listed firms
Pitting Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum under Residual Stress
Although crystallographic orientation-dependent corrosion of aluminum is dominated by its crystallographic orientation, surface crystallinity under the deformations caused by residual stresses significantly varies with the corrosion stage. Therefore, analysis of the influences of both crystallographic orientation of aluminum and residual stresses on the corrosion resistance of aluminum at all corrosion stages is necessary. Accordingly, herein, the role of residual stress in the crystallographic orientation-dependent corrosion behavior of aluminum at the pit initiation and propagation stages was investigated. A clear correlation between step dissolution of aluminum, crystallographic orientation of aluminum, and residual stress was experimentally, theoretically, and computationally demonstrated based on work function and first-principles calculations. Aluminum atoms exhibit sequential dissolution behaviors, resulting in step configuration of the surface. Residual stress can slightly restrain or promote pit nucleation at the pit initiation stage depending on its sign. However, on the step surface, residual stress is a primary factor determining the dissolution rates of atoms at the pit propagation stage regardless of the crystallographic orientation. Neighboring coordination numbers and distance between atoms were measured to elucidate the effects of crystallographic orientation and residual stress on the corrosion behavior of aluminum. Results of the theoretical and first-principles calculations were adequately consistent with each other and supported the experimentally determined pit density and depth behaviors. This study clarify the role of residual stress in pitting corrosion of aluminum and further expected to broaden the options to improve the corrosion resistance of parts in various industry.1. Introduction 01
1.1 Residual Stress 01
1.2 Residual Stress developed in Industries 03
1.2.1 Mechanisms of the generation of residual stress 04
1.2.2 Research trends of residual stress 07
1.3 Aluminum in Industries 10
1.4 Objectives of Research 13
2. Theoretical Background 16
2.1 Residual Stress on Electrochemical Properties 16
2.1.1 Galvanic corrosion 17
2.1.2 Pitting corrosion 21
2.1.3 Stress corrosion 25
3. Experimental methods 28
3.1 Materials 28
3.2 Residual stress 29
3.3 Corrosion test 32
4. Computational methods 33
4.1 Surface modeling 33
4.2 First-principles calculation 35
5. Results and Discussion 36
5.1 Residual stress distribution 36
5.2 Dissolution of aluminum without residual stress 38
5.3 Dissolution of aluminum with residual stress 42
5.4 The work function calculation 47
5.5 The first-principles approach 53
6. Conclusions 59
References 60Maste
Discontinuations of treatment with oral or long-acting injectable paliperidone in outpatients with schizophrenia: An analysis from HIRAโNPS (National Patients Sample) data of South Korea, 2017-2018
์กฐํ๋ณ ์น๋ฃ์ ์์ํ์ง ์๋ ํ์๋ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ๋ค. ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ง์ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ํ์๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํด ์ค ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ, ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์น๋ฃ ์ํฉ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์ด ํ์์ ์น๋ฃ ์์๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ง์ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ์์ ์, ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ง์ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ๊ฐ ์กฐํ๋ณ ํ์์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ ์ค๋จ์ํ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ฑด๊ฐ๋ณดํ์ฌ์ฌํ๊ฐ์์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ ์ฒดํ์๋ฐ์ดํฐ์
(HIRA-NPS)์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ Paliperidone ์ฑ๋ถ ํญ์ ์ ๋ณ์ ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ง์ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ ์ค๋จ์ํ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฝ์ค๋น๋ก์ํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์์กด๋ถ์์ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ด 522๋ช
์ ์กฐํ๋ณ ํ์์ค 164๋ช
(31.4%)์ ํ์๊ฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ค๋จํ๋ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์ฉ ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํ์ ์ด 349๋ช
์ค 38.1%์ธ 133๋ช
์ด 1๋
์ด๋ด์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ค๋จํ์๊ณ , ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ง์ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํ์ ์ด 173๋ช
์ค 17.9%์ธ 31๋ช
์ด 1๋
์ด๋ด์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ค๋จํ์ฌ, ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ง์ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ ์ค๋จ์ํ์ด ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ฎ์๋ค(P<.0001). ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์ฉ ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ก ์น๋ฃํ ํ์๋ค์ด ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ง์ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ก ์น๋ฃ๋ฐ์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋นํด 2.36๋ฐฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ ์ค๋จ์ํ์ด ๋ ๋์๋ค(P<.0001). ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์กฐํ๋ณ ์น๋ฃ์ ์์ด ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ง์ํ ์น๋ฃ์ ๊ฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ ์ค๋จ์ํ์ ์์ด ์ ๋ฆฌํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ค์ ํ๋ฒ ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์กฐํ๋ณ ํ์๋ค์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ ์ ์งํ ๊ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ ์ค๋จ์ํ์ด ๋ฎ์ ์ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ๋ ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ธ ์ ๊ทผ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
Background: Treatment compliant patients with schizophrenia had a lower relapse rate. Continuous medication is important for them. Long-acting antipsychotics makes it possible not only symptom relapse prevention but also treatment compliance monitoring in patients with schizophrenia. As the utilization of long-action antipsychotics has been increased, we analyzed the treatment discontinuation hazard ratio of oral or long-acting antipsychotics(paliperidone). Method: The data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service โ 2017 and 2018 National Patient Sample (HIRA-NPS) includes 2,955,004 patients. 522 patients with schizophrenia treated by paliperidone were analyzed. We performed survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the relationship between discontinuation hazard ratio and type of medication. Results: There was a significant difference in treatment discontinuation rate (38.1% Oral treatment and 17.9% Long-Acting Treatment, p<.0001) The Oral Treatment were associated with the risk of discontinuation (Oral antipsychotics = Adjusted Hazard Ratio: 2.36, 95% Confidence interval: 1.56-3.57; Long-acting injection=ref). Conclusions: The study found the advantages of Long-Acting Treatment over oral antipsychotics again. South Korea needs a policy approach to consider of using long-acting antipsychotics for effective mental health management.open์
์ ์ง๋ณตํฉ์ฌ๋ฃ์์ ์์ฉ์ ์ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์กฑ ์ก์ ์์คํ ๋ฅด ์ํญ์ ์์ง์ ํฉ์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์ฑํฅ์
Thesis (doctoral)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ณต์
ํํ๊ณผ,1998.Docto
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