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    Students Understanding of the Second Law of Thermodynamics including Reversible Processes with Suggestions for Effective Instruction

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ์ „๊ณต, 2012. 8. ์†ก์ง„์›….๋‹ค์ž…์ž๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์—ญํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ 2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด 4๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…์˜ ์ „์ฒด ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์„ฑ์  ์„ค๋ช…์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ, ์‹ dS=ฮดQ/T์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘” ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ, ์‹ S=klnฮฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ dS=ฮดQ/T์˜ ๋„์ž…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹๋งŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ S=k lnฮฉ์˜ ๋„์ž…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ์ˆœํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ž‘๋™๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด ์ ์€ ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” '๋‘ ์—ด์› ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ํšจ์œจ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค.'๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ๊ณผ '์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค.'๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  '์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์€ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค.'๋Š” ์„ธ ์„œ์ˆ  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์—ด ๋ฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” 24๋ช…์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ต์œก ์ „๊ณต ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ถ„์„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„์›€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์—ด์› ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์€ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋™์ผํ•จ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ„์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์™€ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ • ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ชจ์ˆœ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด 140๋ช…์˜ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋กœ ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค ์œ„์— ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋†“๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์น˜์› ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์˜ ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ 'pV^ฮณ=์ผ์ •'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•จ์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค์€ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ง„๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์—ญํ•™์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด์กด ๋ฒ•์น™์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € '๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.'๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ œ์‹œ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ •์„ฑ์  ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ž‘๋™๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์†์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™, ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ตฌ์†์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.In the areas of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics which consider many-particle systems, the notion of irreversibility, which is the core of the second law of thermodynamics, is appeared. However, the investigations of students understanding of the second law with focused on many-particle systems and thermodynamic irreversibility were few. This study suggests several ideas for effective instruction of the second law of thermodynamics at the introductory physics level by analyzing explanations of the second law in physics textbooks and investigating students understanding of the second law including reversible processes. This study consists of four parts. The first part analyzed the descriptions of the second law and related concepts appeared in introductory physics textbooks. The second part investigated students understanding of the relationship between thermal efficiencies and the processes of heat engines, and the third part investigated students understanding of irreversible adiabatic processes. Based on the results of three researches, as a final part, ways of how to explain the second law of thermodynamics were suggested. The first research analyzed the forms of content flow, the introduction of mathematical formulas, descriptions of reversible processes, and the Carnot cycle in eight introductory physics textbooks. As a result of the analysis of the content flow with mathematical formulas, three types of characteristics were found. The textbooks focused on qualitative explanations of the second law, the quantitative calculation of dS=ฮดQ/T, or an explanation of S=klnฮฉ. Various methods were used to introduce dS=ฮดQ/T: simply presenting the formula without any qualitative explanation, inducing the formula from Carnots principle, inducing the formula from a definition of statistical temperature, etc. When S=klnฮฉ was explained, most textbooks used metaphors from everyday life situations while just one textbook used a solid model. In the descriptions of the reversible process and the Carnot cycle, it was found that the operational definition of a reversible process was ambiguous, that illustrations did not embody the reversible process, and that the questions to predict the direction of an event through entropy calculations were insufficient. The second research discussed how to solve a contradiction among the three statements of 'all reversible heat engines operating between two reservoirs have the same efficiency', 'an ideal Stirling engine operates reversibly', and 'the efficiency of a Stirling engine is lower than the efficiency of a Carnot engine,' and analyzed undergraduate students thoughts about this contradiction. The participants were 24 students who took a course on thermal and statistical physics at university. The analysis of the explanations of a Stirling engine efficiency showed that a Stirling engine without regenerator cannot operate reversibly between two reservoirs and that the heat efficiency of the Stirling engine was lower than that of Carnot engine. However, if a Stirling engine has a regenerator, it can operate reversibly and the efficiency is equal to that of a Carnot engine. The analysis of students responses showed that most students considered the entropy of a Stirling engine as the most important factor to determine whether the Stirling engine can operate reversibly or not. However, they did not understand clearly the relationship between entropy and a reversible process. Also, many of the participants gave incorrect answers to the question pertaining to the contradiction, with answers such as 'a Stirling engine cannot operate reversibly,' or 'I simply dont know.' It appeared to be caused by students incomplete understanding of thermodynamic processes. The third research investigated students understanding of the movement of an adiabatic system toward an equilibrium state when the system changes irreversibly. The participants were 140 Korean students at a science high school, who had learned thermodynamics in their introductory physics class. A questionnaire that contained two situations involving an adiabatic double chamber and an adiabatic vertical syringe was given to the students. From the analysis, it was found that the students frequently used the formula 'pV^ฮณ=constant' without any consideration of whether the process was reversible or not, although this formula should only be used for reversible adiabatic processes. In addition, the students predicted that the pistons for an adiabatic box or an adiabatic syringe would oscillate eternally because the students believed that the term 'adiabatic' indicated the conservation of mechanical energy or no entropy change of a system without any dissipative effects. They did not recognize the fact that the second law was derived from collisions among many particles, and they did not distinguish between reversible and irreversible processes. Also, they suffered from difficulties in predicting the final state of a system after an irreversible process had been completed. Based on the above findings, the ideas were suggested for effective instruction with a teaching-learning flow chart. In the flow chart, applications of the second law in various situations were emphasized so that students would recognize well the statement that 'the entropy of an isolated system never decreases.' The conditions for applying the second law through the comparison between classical mechanics and thermodynamics were discussed, and the timing of introducing 'a reversible process' was considered. To improve students understanding of a reversible process, providing both qualitative and quantitative explanations of a reversible process with a detailed description of an operating Carnot engine was suggested. Awareness of the restricted conditions pertaining to thermodynamics formulas would also contribute to increasing the ability of students to solve thermodynamic questions. This study showed the various forms on explaining the second law and related concepts, found students understandings and difficulties related to the concepts of the second law including reversible processes, and suggested effective instruction methods to overcome students difficulties through the comparison between classical mechanics and thermodynamics and the provision of concrete explanations of a reversible process.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 1.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 5 1.4. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 8 1.5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 11 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 12 2.1. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ๋… 12 2.1.1. ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 12 2.1.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™ 13 2.1.3. ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ • 14 2.1.4. ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ 20 2.2. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๋… ์กฐ์‚ฌ 27 2.2.1. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๋… ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 2.2.2. ๋ฌธ์ œํ’€์ด์™€ ๊ฐœ๋…์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 30 2.2.3. ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์  32 2.3. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 35 2.3.1. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ดํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 35 2.3.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€ 37 2.3.3. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™ ๋ฐ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 39 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1: ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ถ„์„ 43 3.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  43 3.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ 44 3.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 45 3.3.1. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ  45 3.3.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 48 3.3.3. ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ „๊ฐœ ์ˆœ์„œ 52 3.3.4. ํด๋ผ์šฐ์ง€์šฐ์Šค ์‹๊ณผ ๋ณผ์ฏ”๋งŒ ์‹์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐฉ์‹ 55 3.3.5. ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์˜ˆ์ œ 61 3.3.6. ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜ 63 3.3.7. ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ž‘๋™๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช… 70 3.4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  72 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2: ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์—ดํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด 77 4.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  77 4.2. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹ 78 4.2.1. ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ด ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹ 79 4.2.2. ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹ 85 4.3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ 87 4.4. ํ•™์ƒ ์‘๋‹ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 89 4.4.1. ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 90 4.4.2. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ ํฌ๊ธฐ 91 4.4.3. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 93 4.4.4. ์Šคํ„ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ์ด ์นด๋ฅด๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ด์œ  102 4.5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  109 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3: ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ด์—ญํ•™์  ํ‰ํ˜•์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด 113 5.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  113 5.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ 115 5.3. ํ•™์ƒ ์‘๋‹ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 120 5.3.1. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ดํ•ด 120 5.3.2. ๋ฐ€ํ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค ์šด๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก 132 5.3.3. ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ๋†“์ธ ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์—์„œ ํ”ผ์Šคํ†ค ์šด๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก 140 5.3.4. ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œํ’€์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ง€์‹๋“ค 147 5.4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  156 6. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 : ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 160 6.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  160 6.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด 162 6.3. ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ธก๋ฉด๋“ค 166 6.3.1. ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค 166 6.3.2. ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ดํ•ด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์„ค๋ช… ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 170 6.4. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 180 6.4.1. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ์กฐ์งํ™” 180 6.4.2. ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต ํ๋ฆ„๋„ 184 6.5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  197 7. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 200 7.1. ์š”์•ฝ 200 7.2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  204 7.3. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ 207 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 209 [๋ถ€๋ก1] ์—ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ์˜ ์—ดํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์—ญ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ 223 [๋ถ€๋ก2] ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ ๋‹จ์—ด๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ 227 [๋ถ€๋ก3] ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋‚ด์šฉ 233 ABSTRACT 237Docto

    The Effects of Cooperative Learning on Multicultural Sensibility of Elementary Students

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๊ณต), 2018. 8. ๋ชจ๊ฒฝํ™˜.๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ผ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•œ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ž˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€์™€ ํ˜์˜ค์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ๋…ธํฌ๋น„์•„ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์€ ์ธ์ง€์  ์˜์—ญ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •์˜์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ๋„ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์ด ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”๊ต์œก์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”๊ต์œก์ด ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ๊ฐ€?๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•„๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์€ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ณด๋‹ค ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์€ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ณด๋‹ค ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์€ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ณด๋‹ค ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์€ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ณด๋‹ค ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ธ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 5ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๋Š” Jigsawโ…ก๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์„, ๋น„๊ต ์ง‘๋‹จ์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ยท๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ 4์ฐจ์‹œ์”ฉ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „ํ›„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์ „ยท์‚ฌํ›„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ 138๋ช…์˜ ์‘๋‹ต ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ธ์ธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ •์ฑ…๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์šฉ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋„๊ตฌ(KMCI-A)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ 3๊ฐœ ์ฐจ์›(๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ, ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ) ๋ฐ ์ธ์ง€, ์ •์„œ, ํ–‰๋™์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์š”์†Œ, 34๊ฐœ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…๋ณด๋‹ค ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ํ•˜์œ„ ์ฐจ์›์ธ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ, ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์–ด ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์€ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์Šต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋‹จ์— ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ•™์ƒ, ์ฆ‰ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ํญ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ธ๊ถŒ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ทธ์ณ์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก, ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์ˆ˜์—…โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 4 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 5 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 1. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ 7 1) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ๊ต์œก์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 7 2) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 10 3) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์—… 14 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต 17 1) ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 17 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต 19 3) ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจํ˜• 20 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ 27 4. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 31 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 35 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 35 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 37 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ 40 1) ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ธ 40 2) ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ธ 43 3) ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ธ 47 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 49 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 49 2) ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 50 โ…ฃ. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 52 1. ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 52 1) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 52 2) ํ•˜์œ„ ์ฐจ์›๋ณ„ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 53 (1) ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 53 (2) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 53 (3) ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 54 2. ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 55 1) ์˜ˆ์ธก๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 55 2) ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์š”์ธ 56 3) ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ํ•˜์œ„ ์š”์ธ๋ณ„ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 58 (1) ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 58 (2) ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 59 (3) ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 61 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 64 1. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  64 2. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 68 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 73 ๋ถ€๋ก 81 1. [๋ถ€๋ก1] ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ์ˆ˜์—… ์„ค๊ณ„ 81 2. [๋ถ€๋ก2] ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…(๋น„๊ต์ง‘๋‹จ) ์„ค๊ณ„ 88 3. [๋ถ€๋ก 3-1,2,3,4] ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™์ง€(1,2,3,4์ฐจ์‹œ) 94 4. [๋ถ€๋ก4]์‚ฌ์ „ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 106 Abstract 113Maste

    Identification of Flux-Linkage and Torque for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Considering Magnetic Saturation and Spatial Harmonics

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022.2. ์„ค์Šน๊ธฐ.Permanent magnet synchronous motors(PMSM) have been widely used in industry thanks to the advantages such as high efficiency, torque density, and power density. In recent years, it becomes more often to use the stator and rotor core under saturated conditions even at rated current to increase the torque and power density. Thus, the effect of magnetic saturation, cross-coupling and spatial harmonics has been increased in many applications. This non ideal effect cannot be represented in the fixed parameter-based ideal model and many control algorithms considering the non ideal effect which can be represented based on the nonlinear magnetic model are proposed. Furthermore, to improve the performance of these control algorithms, a lot of research was conducted on flux-linkage identification considering the nonlinear magnetic model. However, in conventional flux-linkage identification methods, the magnetic saturation, cross-coupling and spatial harmonics were not fully considered. Especially, the harmonics of flux-linkage due to spatial harmonics were often neglected. In this study, the flux-linkage identification method including the flux-linkage variation according to both operating current and rotor position is proposed. At first, the voltage equation of PMSM is deduced to calculate the flux-linkage harmonics. Then, to experimentally acquire the electromotive force at every operating point, resonant current controller, discrete Fourier transform and inverter nonlinearity compensation were applied. Finally, the phase delay in the harmonic voltage reference is analyzed and compensated. By substituting the compensated harmonic voltage reference in the voltage equation, the flux-linkage including harmonic components is obtained. Also, the torque calculation method including the ripple components based on the identified flux-linkage is proposed. The torque equation of PMSM is induced from the energy conservative law considering the nonlinear magnetic model. This torque equation contains three components; i.e. cross product of stator current and flux-linkage, the inner product of stator current and partial derivative of flux-linkage according to rotor position, and partial derivative of magnetic energy stored in the motor according to rotor position. Since the magnetic energy stored in the permanent magnet under zero current condition is hardly known, the third component in the torque equation is difficult to calculate from the identified flux-linkage. In this study, it is revealed that the derivative of torque according to current can be obtained from the identified flux-linkage, although the torque itself cannot be calculated due to the third component. Thus, the torque can also be obtained by integrating the calculated derivative of torque. The initial torque value identification scheme is also proposed using the position control. Based on the initial value, the torque including the harmonic components is calculated through line integral. The identified torque is verified through comparison with the measured torque using a torque transducer. Finally, the validity of the identified flux-linkage map is verified using the motor simulation model implemented based on the identified flux-linkage map. Based on the assumption that the simulation result would be identical with the experiment result if the identified flux-linkage map is accurate, it is proposed to verify the identified flux-linkage through the current waveform comparison of the simulation and experiment while the same voltage is applied. Furthermore, it is shown that the identified flux-linkage map-based motor simulation model can broaden the possibility of simulation thanks to the improved simulation performance compared to the conventional simulation models.์˜๊ตฌ์ž์„ ๋™๊ธฐ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ํ† ํฌ ๋ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ† ํฌ์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๊ฒฉ ์ „๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋„ ์ฒ ์‹ฌ์ด ํฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ์ œ์ •์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ํฌํ™”(Magnetic saturation), ๊ต์ฐจ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ(Cross-coupling)๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ(Spatial harmonics)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ž์†์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์†์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ํฌํ™”, ๊ต์ฐจ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์†์˜ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž์†์˜ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์šด์ „์ ๊ณผ ํšŒ์ „์ž ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์†๋งต(Flux-linkage map)์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ž์†์˜ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ „์•• ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์šด์ „์ ๊ณผ ํšŒ์ „์ž ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์ง„ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ(Resonant controller), ์ด์‚ฐ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™˜(Discrete Fourier transform, DFT)๊ณผ ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์ „์•• ์ง€๋ น์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ„์ƒ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋œ ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณต์›๋œ ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ž์†๋งต์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ(Ripple) ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ํ† ํฌ๋งต(Torque map)์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด์กด ๋ฒ•์น™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜๊ตฌ์ž์„ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํ† ํฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํšŒ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ขŒํ‘œ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ† ํฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๊ณ ์ •์ž ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์‡„๊ต์ž์†์˜ ์™ธ์ (Cross product) ์„ฑ๋ถ„, ๊ณ ์ •์ž ์ „๋ฅ˜์™€ ์‡„๊ต์ž์†์˜ ํšŒ์ „์ž ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„(Partial derivative)์˜ ๋‚ด์ (Inner product) ์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํšŒ์ „์ž ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ์•ž์˜ ๋‘ ํ•ญ์€ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์˜์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ž์„์— ์ €์žฅ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ํ† ํฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ† ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ํ† ํฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ญ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ† ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ† ํฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ† ํฌ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์„ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ† ํฌ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์œ„์น˜ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ์ ๋ถ„(Line integral)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ† ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ •๋œ ํ† ํฌ๋Š” ํ† ํฌ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์••์› ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์–ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  7 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 8 ์ œ 2์žฅ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 2.1 ์˜๊ตฌ์ž์„ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 9 2.1.1 ์‹œํ—˜์šฉ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 9 2.1.2 ์˜๊ตฌ์ž์„ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 17 2.1.2.1 ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 17 2.1.2.2 ์ž๊ธฐ ํฌํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 19 2.1.2.3 ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ ํฌํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ 22 2.2 ๊ณ ์ •์ž ์‡„๊ต์ž์† ์ถ”์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 25 2.3 ํ† ํฌ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ ์ถ”์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 30 ์ œ 3์žฅ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ž์†๋งต ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• [66] 33 3.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 34 3.1.1 ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ธํŠธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 34 3.1.2 ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ† ํฌ ์ธก์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ธํŠธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 35 3.2 ์ „์•• ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์ •์ž ์‡„๊ต์ž์† ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 36 3.2.1 ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ • 37 3.2.2 FEA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 40 3.3 ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ • 44 3.3.1 ๊ณต์ง„ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ 44 3.3.2 DFT๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์ „์•• ์ง€๋ น ์ €์žฅ 53 3.3.3 ์ธ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์•• ์™œ๊ณก ๋ณด์ƒ 57 3.3.4 ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 62 3.4 ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ž์†๋งต ๋ณต์› 66 3.4.1 ๊ธฐ๋ณธํŒŒ ์ „์•• ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 66 3.4.2 ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์ „์•• ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 78 3.4.2.1 ์ •์ƒ๋ถ„ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 78 3.4.2.2 ์—ญ์ƒ๋ถ„ ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 85 3.4.2.3 ๊ณ ์กฐํŒŒ ์ „์•• ์ง€๋ น์—์„œ์˜ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ 89 3.5 ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต 93 ์ œ 4์žฅ ์ž์†๋งต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ ํ† ํฌ ์ถ”์ • 96 4.1 ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์˜ ํ† ํฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 96 4.1.1 ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณด์กด ๋ฒ•์น™ 97 4.1.2 3์ƒ ์ „๋™๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ํ† ํฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 98 4.1.3 FEA ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ† ํฌ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 101 4.2 ์„ ์ ๋ถ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ† ํฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• [79] 104 4.2.1 ์Šค์นผ๋ผ์™€ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ์˜ ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ [80] 105 4.2.2 ํ† ํฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ 106 4.2.3 FEA ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ† ํฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 108 4.3 ํ† ํฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์  ์ถ”์ • 114 4.4 ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ํ† ํฌ ์ถ”์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 117 ์ œ 5์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 124 5.1 ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 124 5.1.1 FEA์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ž์†๋งต๊ณผ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์˜ ๋น„๊ต 125 5.1.2 ํ‰๊ท  ํ† ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 128 5.1.3 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 131 5.1.3.1 ๊ณผ๋„์ƒํƒœ ์‘๋‹ต 140 5.1.3.2 ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ ์‘๋‹ต 151 5.2 ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ž์†๋งต์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 157 5.2.1 ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œ์–ด 159 5.2.2 ์—ญ๊ธฐ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์ œ์–ด 174 5.2.3 ์•ฝ์ž์† ์ œ์–ด 185 ์ œ 6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 194 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 199 Abstract 204๋ฐ•

    3์ฐจ์› ์Œ๊ณก ๋‹ค์–‘์ฒด ์œ„์˜ ํƒ€์ดํŠธํ•œ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 2. Otto Van Koert.์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ฮฃร—I\Sigma\times I์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ฮฃร—{0}\Sigma\times \{0\}์— ์ž„์˜์˜ separating ๊ณก์„  ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ dividing ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๊ณก์„ ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” nonseparating ๊ณก์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ฮฃร—{0}\Sigma\times \{0\}์˜ dividing ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ด ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ ์ž„์˜์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜ nn ๋ฒˆ Dehn ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆผํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์€ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ฮฃร—{1}\Sigma\times \{1\}์˜ dividing ๊ณก์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ํƒ€์ดํŠธํ•œ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•œ ํƒ€์ดํŠธํ•œ ์ ‘์ด‰๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.1 Introduction : Honda's conjecture 1 2 3-dimensional topology and geometry 5 2.1 Topology of 3-manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Thurston's hyperbolization theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Contact 3-manifolds 24 3.1 Prelimenaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 Existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.3 Global structures of overtwisted(OT) contact 3-manifold . . . 29 3.4 Convex surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.5 Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.6 Gluing of tight contact manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.7 Global structures of tight contact 3-manifold . . . . . . . . . . 45 4 Tight contact structures on hyperbolic 3-manifolds 48 4.1 Tight contact structures on hyperbolic surface bundles over the interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.2 Proof of Proposition 4.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.3 Proof of Proposition 4.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.4 Proof of Proposition 4.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.5 Proof of Proposition 4.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.6 Proof of Proposition 4.1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ๊ณ ๊ธธ๊ณค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™” ๋œ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜, ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๊ฐ€ ์†๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์ฒ™๊ฒฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •์˜, ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋„๋•์ โ€ค๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํŒจ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ™œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚œ์ ์„ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ํ–‰์œ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋„๋ก ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜„์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ด์ค‘ ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ€๋ฆผ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ผ์ง‘๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์ „-์‚ฌํ›„ ๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ๋™์›๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ˜„์žฅ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์ง™์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํƒ“์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์ธ์‹๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค๋„, ๋ถ€ํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚œ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ „์ œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ์‹ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ถ”์ถœ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค์†Œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์งˆ์  ๋ถ„์„์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ํ†ต์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์ „ํ™˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ผ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ ์™€ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ๋ถ€ํŒจ, ๋ถ€ํŒจ์ธ์‹, ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ํ–ฅ, ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„, ์ •์ง, ํ˜„์žฅ์‹คํ—˜ ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ : 2012 - 23770๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 3 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ์™€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 9 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ 9 1. ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ •์˜ 9 2. ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์†์„ฑ 11 3. ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„ ์ ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 12 4. ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„ ์ธก์ •์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 13 5. ๋ถ€ํŒจ์ธ์‹๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 14 6. ๋ถ€ํŒจ์ธ์‹ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ€์ •์งํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ 17 1. ๋ถ€์ •์งํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ •์˜ 17 2. ๋ถ€์ •์งํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์†์„ฑ 18 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๋ถ€์ •์งํ–‰์œ„ 19 1. ํ–‰๋™์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 2. ๊ณ„ํšํ–‰๋™ ์ด๋ก  20 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ์ด๋ก  21 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 22 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 22 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 22 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 22 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 24 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 25 (1) ํ˜„์žฅ์‹คํ—˜ 25 (2) ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 26 3. ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ 28 (1) ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฌธํ•ญ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 28 (2) ํ˜„์žฅ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ ˆ์ฐจ 30 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • 36 1. ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 36 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 36 3. ํ†ต์ œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 39 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 40 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 41 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 41 2. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์ธ์‹ 43 (1) ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ 43 (2) ๋ถ€ํŒจ ๋งŒ์—ฐ์„ฑ ์ธ์‹ 44 (3) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ๋ ด๋„ ์ธ์‹ 44 3. ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์ธ์‹ 46 (1) ๋ถ€ํŒจ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ธ์‹ 46 (2) ๋ถ€์ •์ง ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ธ์‹ 47 4. ์‹คํ—˜๋ณ„ ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ถ”์ด 47 5. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ 49 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 51 1. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 51 (1) ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 51 (2) ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 52 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 52 (1) ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„ 52 (2) ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ” 53 (2) ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ 54 (2) ๋ถ€ํŒจํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 54 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ โ€ง ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 56 1. ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ํ–ฅ ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 56 (1) ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ •์ง์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 57 (2) ๋ถ€ํŒจ์ธ์‹ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ง์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ 59 2. ๋ถ€์ •์งํ–‰์œ„ ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 62 (1) ๋ถ€์ •์งํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์ง์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ 63 (2) ๋ถ€์ •์งํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ 63 3. ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 69 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 70 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  72 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 72 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ 73 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 77 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 79 ์ง„ํ–‰์ž ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ ์›๊ณ  (ํ‰๊ฐ€์šฉ) 88 ์ง„ํ–‰์ž ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ ์›๊ณ  (์‹ค์Šต์šฉ) 89 ์ง„ํ–‰์ž ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ ์›๊ณ  (๊ฐ•์—ฐ์šฉ) 96 ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ง€ A 100 ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ง€ B 101 ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋‹ต์•ˆ์ง€ 104 ์‹ค์Šต ์‘๋‹ต์ง€ 106 ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ง€ 107 ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋™์˜์„œ 111 Abstract 112Maste

    SEM-CL ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‡„์„ค์„ฑ ์ €์–ด์ฝ˜์˜ Zr/Hf ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋™์ธต๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์•”์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2012. 8. ์ด์šฉ์ผ.๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ„์ง€์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋™์ธต๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์•”์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์•”์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ ๋™์ธต๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์•”์˜ ์ฃผ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , SEM-CL ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„์˜ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ €์–ด์ฝ˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ Zr/Hf ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹ ๋™์ธต๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์•”์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผํ–ฅ์ด๋™๋‹จ์ธต์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—ฐ๋ณ€๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ‡ด์ ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด ์‹ ๋™์ธต๊ตฐ์ด ํ‡ด์ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ง€์˜ ์ง€์งˆ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋™์ธต๊ตฐ์ด ์Œ“์ด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์›์ง€์˜ ์ง€์งˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์›์ง€์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํŽธ๋งˆ์•”๋ฅ˜, ํ™”๊ฐ•์•”๋ฅ˜, (๋ณ€์„ฑ)ํ‡ด์ ์•”๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ถ€์ง€๊ฐ ์กฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์•”์„๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (์„ ์บ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ™”๊ฐ•ํŽธ๋งˆ์•”, ๊ณ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋ณ€์„ฑํ‡ด์ ์•”๋ฅ˜, ์‚ผ์ฒจ๊ธฐ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•”๋ฅ˜, ์ฅ๋ผ๊ธฐ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•”๋ฅ˜ ๋“ฑ). ํ•˜์‚ฐ๋™์ธต๊ณผ ์ง„์ฃผ์ธต์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์‚ฐ์•”์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ํ‡ด์ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์› ํ™”์‚ฐ์•”์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™”์‚ฐ์•”์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜์‚ฐ๋™์ธต๊ณผ ์ง„์ฃผ์ธต์ด ํ‡ด์ ๋  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํ™”์‚ฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์ง„์ฃผ์ธต์ด ํ‡ด์ ๋  ๋•Œ ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ™”์‚ฐํ™œ๋™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Œ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ„์ง€ ๋ถ๋ถ€์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ์•”์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์‚ฐ์•”์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ™”์‚ฐ์•”๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ค‘, ๋‚จ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ง€์—๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €์–ด์ฝ˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ Zr/Hf ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ €์–ด์ฝ˜ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์•”์„ ์กฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์•”์„๊ณผ ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€ ์•”์„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์•”์„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ์ €์–ด์ฝ˜๋“ค์ด 60~95%์ •๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‚™๋™์ธต์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์•”์„์—์„œ ์˜จ ์ €์–ด์ฝ˜์ด 60% ์ด์ƒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‚ผ์ฒฉ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋น„์กฐ์‚ฐ๋Œ€ ํ™”๊ฐ•์•”๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค.Provenance of the Lower Cretaceous Sindong Group sandstones in the Gyeongsan Basin was investigated. For the provenance study, the framework composition of sandstones, the scanning electron microscopy โ€“ cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) technique on single quartz grains, and the Zr/Hf ratio of single zircon grains were analyzed. Observations of quartz grains using SEM-CL images with high magnification and resolution have shown various microstructures. Also, Zr/Hf ratio of single zircon grains are separated into the mantle-derived anorogenic magmatic zircons and the crust-derived orogenic magmatic zircons These microstructures and ratio are classified for detrital quartz and zircon grains of different origins. Deposition of the Sindong Group was initiated in a basin probably formed by strike-slip movement in the eastern continental margin of Asia during the Early Cretaceous. Changes in geology of the source part during this time were not much. During the deposition of the Sindong Group, rocks of upper crustal component such as granitic/gneissic rocks and meta-sedimentary rocks were distributed in the source part (Precambrian granitic-gneiss, Paleozoic meta-sedimentary rocks, Triassic granitic rocks, and Jurassic granitic rocks). The Hasandong and Jinju formation contains some detritus from volcanic rocks, but the source volcanic rocks have not been found either within or marginal to the basin. However, characters of the volcanic rocks as incipient continental-arc volcanic rocks and timing of eruption were recorded in the Hasandong and Jinju formations. Also, some source rock of the Nakdong Formation in the northern part was Triassic anorgenic granitic rock.Abstract i Table of contents iii List of tables v List of figures vi 1. Introduction 1 2. Geological Setting 4 3. Method 10 3.1. Sample collection 10 3.2. Sandstone petrography 10 3.3. SEM-CL analysis 11 3.4. EPMA analysis 12 4. Results 13 4.1. Detrital composition 13 4.2. Monopanchormtic SEM-CL analysis of quartz 16 4.3. Zr/Hf ratio of detrital zircon 22 5. Discussion 24 5.1. Provenance from petrography 24 5.2. Provenance from SEM-CL analysis 25 5.3. Provenance from Zr/Hf ratio of detrital zircon 29 5.4. Probable sources 36 5.5. Spatial and temporal source rock changes 37 6. Conclusions 40 References 42 Abstract (In Korean) 64Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™์–‘์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๊น€๋ณ‘์ค€.ไบบๅŠ›์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์  ์šด์šฉ์€ ๆฌŠๅŠ›์˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๊ณผ ์œ ์ง€์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ, ไธญๅœ‹ ๅคไปฃ ๅธๅœ‹์˜ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋Š” ์ผ์ฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ไบบๅŠ› ่ณ‡ๆบ์˜ ํŽธ์ œ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ† ์™€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ํ–‰์ •, ๊ฑด์„ค, ์šด์†ก ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ ์—…๋ฌด ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์šฉ ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜ยท๊ฒฝ์ œยท์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์› ์šด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ƒ์€ ๊ณง ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ†ต์น˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ยท์ด๋…๊ณผ๋„ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๆœฌ ็ก็ฉถ๋Š” ์ด ์ ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๆˆฐๅœ‹ๆ™‚ไปฃ์—์„œ ไธ‰ๅœ‹ๆ™‚ไปฃ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๆˆฐๅœ‹ๆ™‚ไปฃ, ๅ‰ๆผข ๆ–‡ๅธ ์žฌ์œ„๊ธฐ, ๅพŒๆผข ๋ง๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ โ… , โ…ก, โ…ข์žฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๏ฆธๅฑฌ ไบบๅŠ›์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ็งฆ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ „ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ 13๋…„(BCE 167) ์ดํ›„ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์„ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ์ดํ›„ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ด์šฉ์˜ ์™ธ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ํ›„ํ•œ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŽธ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋‚ด์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๆˆฐๅœ‹ๆ™‚ไปฃ ์ดํ›„ ็งฆ์€ ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋…ธ๋™์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ็งฆ์˜ ๅพ’๏ฆธ์ธ ๏ฆธ่‡ฃๅฆพ, ๅŸŽๆ—ฆ่ˆ‚, ้ฌผ่–ช็™ฝ็ฒฒ์˜ ๋ช…์นญ์€ ํŠน์ • ๋…ธ๋™ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ํ˜น์€ ํ”ผ์˜ˆ์†๋ฏผ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์—ฌ, ์˜ˆ์†์  ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ็งฆ์˜ ํ•„์š”์—์„œ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด ์„ ํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์— ํŠน์ • ๋…ธ๋™์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŠน์ • ๋…ธ๋™์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด๋ž€ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํŽธ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ็งฆ์€ ๋จผ์ € ์ œ๊ตญ ์šด์˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์—…๋ฌดโ€ง๋…ธ๋™์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์—…๋ฌดโ€ง๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๏งฉ่€ถ็งฆ็ฐก ไฝœๅพ’็ฐฟ์™€ ็งฆ ๏ง˜ไปค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ด€์˜์ˆ˜๊ณต์—…, ๊ณต์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘, ํ–‰์ • ์žก๋ฌด, ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด, ๊ฑด์„ค, ๋ฌผ์ž ์šด์†ก์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์ง„์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์—…๋ฌดโ€ง๋…ธ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ง„์€ ์‹ ๋ถ„์  ์†์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„โ€ง์—ฐ๋ นโ€ง์‹ ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™ ๆฏ”ๅƒน๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„์˜ ์—…๋ฌดโ€ง๋…ธ๋™์— ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์„ ํŽธ์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€์˜์ˆ˜๊ณต์—…, ๊ณต์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘, ๊ฑด์„ค, ๋ฌผ์ž ์šด์†ก์—๋Š” ๅพ’๏ฆธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๋™์›๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๅฑ…่ฒฒ่ด–ๅ‚ต, ๅ’, ้ป”้ฆ–๋„ ๋™์›์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ด€์˜์ˆ˜๊ณต์—…์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์ถ•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ˆ˜๊ณต์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๅพ’๏ฆธ๋Š” ๅทฅๅฎ˜์— ์˜ˆ์†๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๅบถไบบ์œผ๋กœ ์†๋ฉด๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๅทฅๅฎ˜์— ์˜ˆ์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๊ณต์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ้ป”้ฆ– ์—ญ์‹œ ๅทฅๅฎ˜์— ์†Œ์†๋˜์–ด ้ฝŠๆฐ‘๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์€ ็งฆ์ด ์ˆ˜๊ณต์—… ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๅ•†ๅทฅๆฅญ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ็งฆ์˜ ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์„ ํŽธ์ œํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ง„์€ ๊ณต์ „์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๆ–ฐ็ธฃ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ็ธฃ์˜ ไปค์€ ๊ทธ ์ด๋“ฌํ•ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ็ธฃ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณด์œ  ๋„์˜ˆ ์ค‘ ์ผ์ • ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์„ ์ „๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์˜ˆ[็”ฐๅพ’]๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์—๋Š” ๅฑ…่ฒฒ่ด–ๅ‚ต, ๅ’์ด ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณต์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์€ ๋„์˜ˆ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์›์น™์€ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์ž์˜ ์šด์†ก์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ้ป”้ฆ–๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€โ€ง๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ง€ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋„๋กœ์™€ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๊ธฐ์ โ€ง๋น„์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์ž๋ฅผ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๅพญๅฝน์— ๋™์›๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋น„์ •๊ธฐ์  ๋ฌผ์ž ์šด์†ก์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„์˜ˆ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ็งฆ์€ ๊ฐ์ข… ์œก์ฒด๋…ธ๋™ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋„์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–‰์ • ์žก๋ฌด์™€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด์—๋Š” ๋„์˜ˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํŠน์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–‰์ • ์žก๋ฌด์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ๋„์˜ˆ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ๅฎ˜ๅ์˜ ๋ณด์ขŒ์™€ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์—ญ(ๅƒ•ยท้คŠยท่ตฐ)์—๋Š” ๏ฆธ่‡ฃ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋™์›๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๏ฆธๅฆพโ€งๅŸŽๆ—ฆ่ˆ‚โ€ง้ฌผ่–ช็™ฝ็ฒฒ์˜ ๋™์›์€ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๏ฆธ่‡ฃ์ด ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚ด ๋…ธ์˜ˆ, ํ”ผ์˜ˆ์†๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๅฎถ๋‚˜ ๅœ‹ๅฎถ์˜ ์žก๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํžˆ ๊ด€๋ จ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋„์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์—ญยท์š”์—ญ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ็งฆ์€ ๊ฐ์ข… ์—…๋ฌดยท๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์„ ๋นˆํ‹ˆ์—†์ด ์กฐ์งํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์—ฐ ๋„์˜ˆ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์˜ˆ๋Š” ็งฆ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์˜ ์ค‘ํ•ต์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—…๋ฌดยท๋…ธ๋™์— ์šฐ์„  ๋™์›๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง„ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ํŽธ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ž๋ฆฝ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋„์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ตญ์€ ์‹๋น„, ์˜๋ณต๋น„, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์ถœ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋„์˜ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์‚ฌ์—ญ์€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ตฐ, ๊ฑด์„ค ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๆˆฐๆ™‚๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜, ์ œ๊ตญ์ด ๋‚œ์ˆ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ž‰์—ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ • ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ็งฆ~ๅ‰ๆผข ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ่ตฆๅ…ไปค์ด ์ˆ˜์ฐจ๋ก€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋„์˜ˆ๋Š” ่‚‰ๅˆ‘, ็„กๆœŸ ๏คฏๅฝนๅˆ‘์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๅ‰ๆผข ๆ–‡ๅธ 13๋…„, ์œกํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์—ญํ˜•์ด ํ์ง€๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ•œ ๋…ธ์—ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์˜ˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฉธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ 13๋…„ ์ดํ›„์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ ๋„์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๅˆ‘ๆœŸ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ๋„์˜ˆ๋กœ, ํ›„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ„์Šน๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ 13๋…„ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋„์˜ˆ์™€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐํžˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ 13๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๅ‰ๆผข์˜ ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐยทํ–‰์ • ์žก๋ฌดยท๊ฑด์„คยท์šด์†ก ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—…๋ฌดยท๋…ธ๋™์€ ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋น„๋ก ้–‹ๅ‰ตๆœŸ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์„์ง€์–ธ์ • ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์„ ๋ณ‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์‹œ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ณ‘์šฉ๋œ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜์‹์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ณ ์ • ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ ํœด ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๅ‰ๆผข์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ํƒ€์ง€์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๅฎขๆฐ‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋„ ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ „ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณ‘์—ญยท์š”์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์ด ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋˜์–ด, ๅพŒๆผข์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ด ์œก์ฒด๋…ธ๋™์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ธ์— ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ›„ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์‹์ž์ธต์ด ํƒ€์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๅฎ˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋…ธ๋™์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ ํ™•๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๅ‰ๆผข ๅธๅœ‹์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ์—๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถœํ†  ๋ฌธ์„œ๋Š” ๅ‰ๆผข ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๅฎ˜ๅบœ๊ฐ€ ์šด์†ก, ๊ฑด์„ค, ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์— ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์šด์†ก ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ์€ ๅƒฆไบบ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ธ์ด๋ž€ ๊ด€๋ถ€์— ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์ž๋ฅผ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ธ์€ ์ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ นํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šด์†ก ๋‹ด๋‹น ๅ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๆˆๅธ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ฌ˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์— ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑด์„ค, ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๅฎ˜ๅ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์กฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๅฎ˜ๅฑฌ์ด ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณด์กฐ์ž๋‚˜ ํŠน์ • ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก์€ ๊ด€์†์€ ์›์น™์ƒ ๅฎ˜ๅบœ๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋‹น๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์›์น™์ด ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ง„~์ „ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ง๋ฌด์— ํŠน์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ „ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ง๋ฌด์— ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์„ ์ ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋‹นํ•ด๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€๋…์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์š”์•ฝํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ „ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์šด์šฉ์—์„œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ์™ธ์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๅพŒๆผข ๋ง~ไธ‰ๅœ‹ๆ™‚ไปฃ ์ดˆ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์ „ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ด๋ž˜์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์šด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ๊ด€๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„ํ•œ ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ง์—ญ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํŽธ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๅฎ˜ๅบœ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์žฌ์žฅ์•…์ด ์‹œ๋„๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ›„ํ•œ์˜ ์žฌ์ • ์•…ํ™”, ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์•ฝ์ , ํ•˜๊ธ‰ ํ–‰์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๋Œ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ไธ‰ๅœ‹์˜ ํŒจ๊ถŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ์•ฝ์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ธต ํ–‰์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋‚˜, ไฝฟๅฝน์˜ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•˜๊ธ‰ ํ–‰์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•œ ๋ง ์ดํ›„ ้ƒก ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•˜๊ธ‰ ํ–‰์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ํ•˜๊ธ‰ ํ–‰์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒœ์‹œ ํ’์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹์ž์ธต์ด๋‚˜ ์žฌ์ง€ ์œ ๋ ฅ์ž๋Š” ํ•˜๊ธ‰ ํ–‰์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐํ”ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ–‰์ • ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ถฉ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๅพŒๆผข์€ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ž„์‹œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๊ธ‰ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•˜์œ„์˜ ํ–‰์ • ์žก์—ญ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์›ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์žฅ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๅ† ๋‚ด์ฃผํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ›„ํ•œ ๋ง~์‚ผ๊ตญ ์ดˆ ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŽธ์ œ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ่ตฐ้ฆฌๆจ“ๅณ็ฐก๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๆˆถ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ˜ธ์— ํŠน์ • ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์ œ, ์„ธ์Šต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ่ตฐ้ฆฌๆจ“ๅณ็ฐก ์ค‘ ้‡Œ ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ 50๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ้‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 1๊ฐœ์˜ ้‡Œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์š”์—ญ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ[ๆ‡‰ๅฝนๆˆถ], ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ง์—ญ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ, ๅ…ๅฝนๆˆถ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ง์—ญ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ง์—ญ์€ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์—๋„ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ›„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธ์Šต๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐ์ข… ์—…๋ฌด(๊ด€์˜์ˆ˜๊ณต์—…ยท๋‘”์ „ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ยท์šด์†กยท๊ด€๋ถ€ ์žก์—ญ)์— ๋™์›๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๆˆถ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์œก์ฒด๋…ธ๋™์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๊ณต์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์šด์†ก ๋“ฑ ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง๋ฌด์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ถ€์˜ ์žก์—ญ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ถ€ ์†Œ์†์˜ ์˜ˆ์†๋ฏผ์ธ ๅฎข, ๅ›่ตฐํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž, ๋นˆ๊ณคํ•œ ์ž๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๅยทๅ’ ํ˜ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๅยทๅ’์€ ํ•˜๊ธ‰์˜ ํ–‰์ • ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ–‰์ • ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๅยทๅ’์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ํ–‰์ • ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์ธ ้™็ฑณ๋ฅผ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ข…๊ตฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •์‹์˜ ๅ๋‚˜ ๅ’์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๊ทธ ่ท์„ ์ž„์‹œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ็ตฆๅ, ็ตฆๅ’์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๅยทๅ’์˜ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์€ ้ƒก, ็ธฃ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋„๋ง์„ ์นœ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น ํ˜ธ์— ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋œ ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ็งฆ~ไธ‰ๅœ‹ๆ™‚ๆœŸ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ํŽธ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ด์šฉ(๋‚ด์ฃผํ™”)โ†’์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ(์™ธ์ฃผํ™”)โ†’ๆˆถ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๆฐ‘์˜ ์˜ˆ์†๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—ญ(ๅ† ๋‚ด์ฃผํ™”)์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋‹น๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์˜จ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.The effective management of manpower is pivotal in creating and maintaining power. The rulers of ancient empires in China were aware of this fact and focused on organizing the manpower in their empires early on. They assigned the appropriate manpower to each area of production, administration, construction, and transportation to govern their vast lands and many subjects effectively. As the number and types of available manpower were affected by political, economic, and social conditions, the management of manpower in ancient Chinese empires changed by time. It was also closely related to the governing ideologies of the states. This study examined how the management methods of manpower changed from the Warring States Period to the Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. Chapters I, II, and III of this paper each examined the following three periods in China: the Warring States Period, the reign of Emperor Wen (ๆ–‡ๅธ) of the Former Han dynasty, and the end of the Later Han dynasty. Qin's management methods of assuming complete control over its manpower changed dramatically after the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen's reign. Later, the state began to "outsource" manpower, while "re-insourcing," the reorganization of manpower, began the end of the Later Han dynasty." The Qin dynasty set the tasks and labor essential for state management and assigned State-owned labor forces in accordance with the characteristics of each task or labor. An analysis of the administrative documents and law during the Qin dynasty showed that there were six types of essential tasks and labor: the state-owned handicraft industry, farming, administrative chores, military tasks, construction, and transportation. The Qin government assigned manpower to the tasks mentioned above, according to laborers' labor capacity, which was based on the laborers' social status, sex, age, and physical fitness. State slaves were assigned to work in the state-owned handicraft industry, farm state-owned lands, and transport goods. When there was a deficiency of state slaves, and more manpower was needed, soldiers and peasants were drafted. First, in most parts, manpower put to work in the state-owned handicraft industry consisted of workers with skills. State slaves with hand-craftsmanship were attached to state offices and classified as artisans even after being freed. It could be presumed that peasants with hand craftsmanship were also attached to state offices and were managed under a system different from the general public, which showed how the Qin government aimed to control hand-craftsmanship and industry in extension, the trade, and the industry. At the same time, this showed how meticulous the Qin government was in managing its manpower. Second, the Qin dynasty also mobilized a considerable amount of State-owned labor forces for cultivating and farming state-owned land. While some soldiers were also mobilized, the state slaves were central as manpower for farming the state-owned land. State slaves were also mobilized for most of the construction works and the transportation of goods. Peasants were obligated to construct or fix fortifications and infrastructures in their hometowns and farming lands. They also had to participate in statute labor by transporting goods on a regular and irregular basis. However, this was only possible when certain conditions were met, and the law stipulated that the state slaves should be used first in the case of irregular transportation of goods. Such examples showed that the Qin dynasty prioritized using its state slaves when demands for physical labor arose. For administrative tasks and military projects, the Qin government chose to use specific manpower instead of extensively mobilizing its state slaves. Although state slaves were able to meet the labor demand for administrative tasks, only the Lichen (๏ฆธ่‡ฃ) and no other state slaves were allowed to serve as assistants to the officials or run errands. This was because the Lichen was a social class created for household slaves or servants who were in charge of menial tasks for the state. Since the state slaves did not have to serve in the military or take part in any statute labor, the military tasks were assigned to the peasants. While the Qin government was meticulous in its planning of manpower by the characteristics of the tasks and labor, the state slaves accounted for the most substantial portion of its manpower. State slaves were at the core of the Qin manpower and were the first to be mobilized for most tasks except for the military projects. However, Qin's method of managing its manpower was fundamentally based on the subjugated class that did not have any basis for independence. The state had to pay for the food, clothing, and other expenses to maintain the state slaves, which led to higher government expenditure. Because statute labor did not yield any compensation, the high productivity of the forced labor provided by the state slaves could not always be guaranteed. Moreover, while slave labor was needed during wartime or at the beginning of the dynasty, when more manpower was needed for the war campaigns and construction works, state slaves became increasingly redundant as the regime became stable. A number of decrees of amnesty were issued from the Qin dynasty to the early days of the Former Han dynasty to alleviate the financial burden. However, amnesty could not become the solution for reducing the number of state slaves as long as the punishments of physical mutilation or compulsory labor, which reproduced state slaves, were imposed. As physical mutilation and compulsory labor were abolished as punishments during Year 13 (BCE 167) of Emperor Wen's reign during the Former Han dynasty, permanent state slaves disappeared. The state slaves that existed after Year 13 of Emperor Wen's reign served as state slaves for a limited time and received amnesty after they completed their time. They were distinguished from the state slaves that existed before Year 13 of Emperor Wen's reign. Manpower controlled by the Former Han naturally dropped after the change in the state policy. However, labor, including production, administration, menial tasks, construction, and transportation, was essential to maintain the empire. It could thus be presumed that the demand for manpower maintained a certain level that was slightly lower than that at the beginning of the new empire. After the mid-Former Han period, the Han government attempted to meet the demand for labor by employing commoners instead of using state slave labor. Employers did not have to cover the fixed costs of clothing, feeding, and housing for their slaves when they employed commoners. They were able to use as much manpower they needed when necessary, thereby minimizing the possibility of the idle labor force. The demand for employment in the commoner society during the Former Han dynasty led to a rise in the number of migrants who left their hometowns, which had helped maintain the supply of manpower. After the mid-Former Han period, employment became more common as more people began to employ agents for their military and compulsory labor services. By the Late-Former Han period, different types of people were working as employees in various fields. The expansion of employed labor in commoner society after the mid-Former Han period led to a rise in the number of employed workers. It also affected the state's decision to employ commoners for its projects. Excavated documents showed that after the mid-Former Han period, government offices were directly employing manpower for transportation, construction, and farming. First, evidence for employment in the transportation sector could be found in the activities of the Jiuren (ๅƒฆไบบ). Jiuren refers to the people who were employed by government offices and regularly transported goods. They received their salaries by the amount of load they delivered and were managed by public officials. Records of using employed labor to build the emperor's tomb and payrolls for commoners who were employed by government offices for farming showed that commoners were employed for construction and farming projects. After the mid-Former Han period, public officials began to employ assistants, and public assistants also began to hire labor to work on their behalf. The principle that public assistant, whose main tasks were to serve as assistants or specialize in specific tasks, should be filled in by "suitable personnel" vetted by the government office had faded away. While there had been a system for allocating specific personnel to certain tasks until the Qin dynasty and the Early-Former Han dynasty, opinions changed after the mid-Former Han period. More officials believed that they could employ commoners for specific posts to meet the labor demand whenever necessary. A type of labor "outsourcing" began to appear after the mid-Former Han period. The management of manpower established in the mid-Former Han period changed at the end of the Late Han dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms Period. The employment rate of government offices decreased after the mid-Later Han period, and at the end of the Later Han dynasty, manpower was organized through compulsory labor tasks again. The dip in government employment and the new attempts made to reclaim the manpower may have been caused by the worsening financial condition of the Later Han dynasty, the shortcomings of employed labor, the increasing demand for low-level administrative workers, and the rivalry between the Three Kingdoms. This paper focused on the shortcomings of employed labor and the demand for low-level administrative workers. First, while the employment of manpower was efficient, it was more inconvenient for the state to assign tasks, and the continuity of work was also slow. Next, the demand for low-level administrative workers also affected the change. After the Late-Former Han period, the functions of the Jun (้ƒก) were expanded, thereby increasing the demand for much low-level administrative manpower. However, few of the literati or members of influential families applied for administrative positions as the low-level administrative workers during the era were treated with disdain. With no choice but to staff the administrative positions, the Later Han government resorted to forceful measures and temporary means to fill low-level public posts or the lower administrative positions. Instead of using manpower at a cost, the government began to take control of as much manpower as possible through "re-insourcing." The management of manpower from the Late-Later Han dynasty to the early Three Kingdoms Period could be found in the Zoumalouwujian (่ตฐ้ฆฌๆจ“ๅณ็ฐก) and other historical documents. The records confirmed that the state took full control of its manpower by each household and forced each household to take part in a specific task and to pass it on within the household. There were mainly two types of households assigned with particular types of labor. First, some households were assigned various government-related tasks (state-owned handicraft industry, farming of state-owned lands, transportation of goods, menial labor in government offices). These households mainly engaged in physical labor, and skilled workers were assigned to tasks that require specific skills, such as the handicraft industry and transportation. For farming and menial labor in government offices, the state used Ke(ๅฎข), who were mostly owned by government offices, runaways, and paupers. Second, some households served their duties as local administrative workers or soldiers. They became part of the low-level administrative manpower and engaged in administrative or military tasks. The male family members of these households were considered reservists who could work on administrative or military tasks. The brothers or sons of administrative workers paid a different type of tax, participated in wars, and were obligated to perform their duties as administrative workers even when they were not formally appointed. The current conditions of families with administrative duties were continuously reported to the state, and the duties assigned to each household did not disappear even when they turned ill or ran away. The management of manpower from the Qin dynasty to the Three Kingdoms Period could be summed up as follows: the process of "utilizing state-owned manpower (insourcing) โ†’ employment (outsourcing) โ†’ controlling and assigning duties by household (re-insourcing)." This paper found that the state authority's demand determined its method of using its manpower. This paper further confirmed that the manpower management method of a specific period was influenced not only by the situations of the time but also by the management method used during the previous era.์„œ ๋ก  1 โ… . ็งฆ์˜ ไบบๅŠ› ่ณ‡ๆบ ๆŽŒๆก๊ณผ ็ทจๅˆถ 10 1. ๆˆฐๅœ‹ๆ™‚ไปฃ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ็งฆ์˜ ไบบๅŠ› ่ณ‡ๆบ ๆŽŒๆก ๆ–นๅผ 10 2. ไบบๅŠ› ่ณ‡ๆบ์„ ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ 19 3. ไบบๅŠ› ่ณ‡ๆบ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์šด์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ 31 1) ่‚‰้ซ”๏คฏๅ‹•์— ํŽธ์ œ๋œ ์ธ๋ ฅ 32 2) ํ–‰์ • ์žก๋ฌด๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด์— ํŽธ์ œ๋œ ์ธ๋ ฅ 57 ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 80 โ…ก. ๅ‰ๆผข ไธญๆœŸ ไบบๅŠ› ่ณ‡ๆบ ์šด์šฉ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ไบบๅŠ› ้›‡ๅ‚ญ 83 1. ๏ฆธๅฑฌ ไบบๅŠ› ์œ ์ง€์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ 83 1) ๅพ’๏ฆธ ๏คฏๅ‹•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ 86 2) ็งฆ~ๅ‰ๆผข ๅˆๆœŸ์˜ ๅพ’๏ฆธ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋„ 100 3) ๆ–‡ๅธ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ดํ›„์— ๋‚จ์€ ์˜ˆ์† ์ธ๋ ฅ 110 2. ๆฐ‘้–“็คพๆœƒ์˜ ไบบๅŠ› ้›‡ๅ‚ญ 116 1) ไบบๅŠ› ้›‡ๅ‚ญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ 116 2) ๅ‰ๆผข ไธญๆœŸ ๅ…ตๅฝนๅฝน์˜ ไปฃๅฝน ์„ฑํ–‰ 133 3) ๅพŒๆผข์˜ ้›‡ๅ‚ญ ๏คฏๅ‹• ํ™•์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํ™” 142 3. ไบบๅŠ› ้›‡ๅ‚ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๅ‰ๆผข์˜ ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ ์šด์šฉ 147 1) ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ๋ ฅ ์šด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ 147 2) ๅ‰ๆผข์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ 164 3) ๅฎ˜ๅฑฌๅ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ์šฉ 177 ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 186 โ…ข. ๅพŒๆผข ๆœซๆœŸ~ไธ‰ๅœ‹ ๅˆๆœŸ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ž์›์˜ ๅ†ๆŽŒๆก๊ณผ ่ทๅฝน์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 188 1. ๅพŒๆผข ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์šด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 188 1) ไบบๅŠ› ้›‡ๅ‚ญ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„ 188 2) ๅพŒๆผข์˜ ํ–‰์ • ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š” ํ™•๋Œ€ 197 2. ๅพŒๆผข ๆœซ~ไธ‰ๅœ‹ ๅˆ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๆˆถ์˜ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ่ทๅฝน์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 207 1) ่‚‰้ซ”๏คฏๅ‹•๊ณผ ็‰นๆฎŠ ่ทๅฝน ๆˆถ 211 2) ํ–‰์ •๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด์™€ ๅๅ’ ๆˆถ 229 ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 245 ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  248 ๅƒ่€ƒๆ–‡็ป 256 Abstract 271Docto

    Clinicopathological features of infiltrating lobular carcinomas comparing with infiltrating ductal carcinomas: a case control study

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    BACKGROUND: Infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common type of invasive breast cancers and it has been reported to have some unique biologic and epidemiologic characteristics. METHODS: Clinicopathological features of 95 patients with ILC, their relapse free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were retrospectively investigated and compared with those of 3,621 patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma-not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS) between January 1984 and December 2005. RESULTS: ILC constitutes 2.3% of all invasive breast cancers. There were no difference between the ILC and the IDC-NOS groups regarding age at diagnosis, tumor size, nodal status, and treatment modalities except hormone therapy. The ILC group showed more estrogen receptor expression, less HER-2 expression and higher bilaterality. RFS and OS of the ILC patients were similar to those of the IDC. IDC-NOS metastasized more frequently to the lung and bone, whereas, ILC to the bone and ovary. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of ILC was relatively low in Korean breast cancer patients. Comparing to IDC-NOS ILC showed some different features such as higher estrogen receptor expression, less HER-2 expression, higher bilaterality and preferred metastatic sites of bone and ovary. Contralateral cancers and bone and ovary evaluation should be considered when monitoring ILC patientsope

    Early catheter removal improves patient survival in peritoneal dialysis patients with fungal peritonitis: results of ninety-four episodes of fungal peritonitis at a single center

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    BACKGROUND: Fungal peritonitis (FP) is an uncommon but serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although previous studies have demonstrated that abdominal pain and catheter in situ are associated with mortality in FP patients, the effect of early catheter removal on mortality remains largely unexplored. In this study, therefore, we not only determine the risk factors for mortality but also investigate the effect of immediate catheter removal on mortality in PD patients with FP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on 94 episodes of FP in 1926 patients that underwent PD at Yonsei University Health System from January 1992 to December 2008. Data including demographic characteristics, laboratory and clinical findings, management, and outcome were collected from medical records. RESULTS: Among a total of 2361 episodes of peritonitis, there were 94 episodes of FP in 92 patients, which accounted for 4.0% of all peritonitis episodes and occurred in 4.8% of patients. Mean age of patients was 52.1 years and mean duration of PD before contracting FP was 46.1 months. The presenting symptoms included turbid dialysate (93.6%), abdominal pain (84.0%), and fever (66.0%). Intestinal obstruction was complicated in 39 episodes (41.5%). 75% of FP was caused by Candida species, among which Candida albicans was the most common pathogen, accounting for 41.5% of all episodes of FP. The PD catheter was removed within 24 hours in 39 patients (41.5%), whereas catheter removal was performed between 2 and 9 days after the diagnosis of FP in 42 patients (44.7%). 27 patients (28.7%) died as a result of FP, 59 patients (62.8%) required a change to hemodialysis, and PD was resumed in 8 episodes (8.5%). In addition, the mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with delayed catheter removal (13/41, 31.7%) compared to patients with catheter removal within 24 hours (5/39, 12.8%) (p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that delayed catheter removal, the presence of intestinal obstruction, and higher white blood cell counts in the blood and in the PD effluent were independently associated with mortality in FP patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that immediate catheter removal (i.e., within 24 hours after the diagnosis of FP) is mandatory in PD patients with FP.ope

    Targeted sequencing with enrichment PCR: a novel diagnostic method for the detection of EGFR mutations.

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    Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an important mediator of tumor cell survival and proliferation. The detection of EGFR mutations can predict prognoses and indicate when treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors should be used. As such, the development of highly sensitive methods for detecting EGFR mutations is important. Targeted next-generation sequencing is an effective method for diagnosing mutations. We compared the abilities of enrichment PCR followed by ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDP), UDP alone, and PNA-mediated RT-PCR clamping to detect low-frequency EGFR mutations in tumor cell lines and tissue samples. Using enrichment PCR-UDP, we were able to detect the E19del and L858R mutations at minimum frequencies of 0.01% and 0.05%, respectively, in the PC-9 and H197 tumor cell lines. We also confirmed the sensitivity of detecting the E19del mutation by performing a titration analysis in FFPE tumor samples. The lowest mutation frequency detected was 0.0692% in tissue samples. EGFR mutations with frequencies as low as 0.01% were detected using enrichment PCR-UDP, suggesting that this method is a valuable tool for detecting rare mutations, especially in scarce tissue samples or those with small quantities of DNA.ope
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