31 research outputs found
(A) study on the dose indicator for digital radiography
์๊ณตํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]๋ขดํธ๊ฒ์ด ์์ค์ ์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ๋ค ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์์ํ์์๋ 100์ฌ ๋
๋์ ์๋ ๋ก๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์์ธ ํ๋ฆ์ผ๋ก ์์์ ํ๋ ํ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ 10์ฌ ๋
๋์ ์์ค์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ถ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋์งํธ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์์ค์ ์์์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํ๋ฆ์๋ง ์ ์ฅ ๋์ด ์๋ ์๋ ๋ก๊ทธ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ๋์งํธ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ก ๋ณํ๋๋ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ปดํจํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํ ์์์ฒ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋์ฑ ์ฐ์ํ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค.
๋์งํธ ์์ค์ ์์คํ
์์ ์ฐ์ํ ์์ค์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ถ๊ธฐ๋ ์๋ ๋ก๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์๋ณด๋ค ์์ค์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋์ ์ ๊ฒ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ฏ๋ก ํ์ ํผํญ ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ์์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์ ํผํญ ์ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋์งํธ ์์ค์ ์์คํ
์์ ์ดฌ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ์์๊ฒ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋ฆฌ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ์์์ ๋
ธ์ด์ฆ์ ๋ํ ๋๋ ค์์ ๊ฒ์ฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ์์ธ์ ํ์
ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ์์ โDose Driftโ or "Exposure Creep"๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค.
๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ดฌ์์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ต์ํ์ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋์ผ๋ก ์ต๋์ ์์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ป๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋์งํธ ์์ค์ ์์คํ
์์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ํ์
ํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ์ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์ธ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ด ๊ฒ์ฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ํ๊ธฐ ํ๋ฏ๋ก์จ ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ค๋ฅ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ฒ ์ ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ์ง์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ ํ์ ์ฆ โDose Drift" ๋๋ โExposure Creep"์ ๋ฐฉ์ง ํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ถ์ ํํ ์กฐ์ฌ์ ๋์ ์ํด ๋ถํ์ํ ์๋ฃํผํญ์ ๋์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]Since Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays, radiographic images are acquired from film system in radiography over 100 years. Since the 1990s, advances in digital imaging system have revolutionized the radiographic imaging techniques which is called digital radiography(DR) system. The DR system acquires digital x-ray image from the x-ray detector. This could change analog image information of film system into digital image information of x-ray detector. Incorporating the latest innovations in computer technology and data processing techniques, the DR system could produce excellent digital x-ray images.
It would be expected that efficient x-ray detector is reduced dose more than the analog system therefore we expected to reduce patient dose. But patient dose gradually increase.
This reasoned that the radiologist is not informed propriety of exposure factor in digital x-ray system and that the radiologist gradually increase exposure factor for fearing the noise of digital image. the phenomenon is " Dose Drift " or " Exposure Creep "
The purpose of the DR system is the maximum image information by the minimum patient dose. In this study, the detector dose indicator is used to understand the dose of exposure factor. The detector dose indicator provides the information that operator could easily recognize inaccurate exposure factor and recommends the proper exposure factor. This could prevent gradually increasing patient dose causing " Dose Drift " or " Exposure Creep ". The thesis looks at the perspective of the radiologist on controlling dose and reducing patient dose.ope
Expression and clinical relevance of c-erbB-3 in curatively resected rectal cancer
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์ง์ฅ์์ ๊ตญ๋ด์์๋ ์์ํ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ์๋ฅ ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทผ์น์ ์ ์ ์ ํ์๋ ์์กด์จ์ด ๋ฎ๊ณ ๊ตญ์์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์ด ๋์ ์ข
์์ด๋ค. ์ง์ฅ์์ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ Modified Astler-Coller ( MAC )๋ณ๊ธฐ B^^2 - C^^3์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ณด์กฐ์๋ฒ์ผ๋ก 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU )์ ์ฃผ์ถ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ํญ์์ฝ๋ฌผ์๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ณํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ํ์ค์น๋ฃ๋ก ์ถ์ฒ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ ์ฌ๋ฐ์ฌ๋ถ ๋ฐ ์์กด์จ์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ํํ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๋ ์ํ์ธ์๊ฐ ํ์ํ ์ค์ ์ด๋ค. ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ c-erbB-2 ๋ฐํ์ ๋ถ๋ํ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์์ฌํ๋ ์๊ฒฌ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐํ์ง ๋ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ( Gusterson ๋ฑ, 1992 : Muss ๋ฑ,1994 ), ์ด์ํจ๊ป ๊ฐ์ Type-I Growth Factor Receptor family์ ์ํ๋ Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ( EGFR )์ c-erbB-3๋ฑ์ด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์์ข
์์ ์ํ์ธ์๋ก์์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ ์ง์ฅ์์์ c-erbB-3์ ์ญํ ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ์๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ 114์์ ์ง์ฅ์ ํ์๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ทผ์น์ ์ ์ ์ ํ ์ ์ฌ๋ ์์กฐ์ง์ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฉด์ญ์กฐ์งํํ ์ผ์์ ์ํํ์ฌ c-erbB-3๋จ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐํ๋น๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ,c-erbB-3 ๋ฐํ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น๋ฐํ๊ตฐ์์ ์์กด์จ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ์ํ์ธ์๋ก์์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, c-erbB-3 ๋ฐํ๊ณผ ์ฝ์ ๋ด์ฑ๊ณผ์ ์๊ด์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ 5-FU ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋นํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ c-erbB-3 ๋จ๋ฐฑ ๋ฐํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์์กด์จ์ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ๋ค์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. ์ ์ฒด 114์์ ์ง์ฅ์ ํ์์ค 52์ (46%)์์ c-erbB-3์ ๋ํ ์์ฑ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณ๊ธฐ๋ณ๋ก MAC stage B์์๋ 50์์ค 15์ (30%), MAC stage C์์๋ 64์์ค 37์ (58%)์์ ์์ฑ๋ฐ์์ ๋ณด์ฌ MAC stage C์ด์ ๋ฐํ์จ์ด ๋์ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์์๊ณ (p=0.0685), ์ฃผ๋ก
์ธํฌ๋ง ์ผ์ (membrane staining)์ ์์์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐํน ์ธํฌ์ง์์๋ ๋นํน์ด์ dottingํํ๋ก ์ผ์์ด ๋์๋ค.
2. c-erbB-3 ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 52์์ค 21์ (40%), ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 62์์ค 10์ (10%)์์ ์ข
์์ด ์ฌ๋ฐํ์ฌ ์๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค (p=0.004). ๋ณ๊ธฐ๋ณ๋ก๋ MAC stage B์์๋ ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 22%, ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 13% (p=0.4357), MAC stage C์์๋ ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 56%, ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 20% (p=0.0126)์์ ์ฌ๋ฐํ์ฌ MAC stage C์์๋ง ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๊ณ , ์น๋ฃ์ ํ๋ณ ( ์ฝ๋ฌผ์น๋ฃ, ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ ๋ณํ )๋ก๋ MAC stage C์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ๊ตฐ์์๋ง ์๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅ ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค (70% vs 20%, p=0.03 ).
3. c-erbB-3 ์์ฑ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์์ฑ๊ตฐ์์ 2๋
๋ฌด๋ณ์์กด์จ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 66%, 87% ( p=0.0052 ), ์ ์ฒด์์กด์จ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 84%, 95% ( P=0.005 )๋ก ์๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๋ณ๊ธฐ๋ณ 2๋
๋ฌด๋ณ์์กด์จ์ MAC stage B์์๋ ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 83%, ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 90% (p=0.4182), MAC stage C์์๋ ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 56%, ์์ฑ๊ตฐ 83% (P=0.0137)๋ก MAC stage C์์๋ง ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๊ณ , ์น๋ฃ์ ํ๋ณ๋ก๋ MAC stage C์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ๊ตฐ์์๋ง ์๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ด ์ ์ํ 2๋
๋ฌด๋ณ์์กด์จ์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค (50% vs 82%, p=0.0392).
4. ๋ณ๊ธฐ๋ณ c-erbB-3 ์์ฑ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์์ฑ๊ตฐ์์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์น๋ฃ ๋ณ์ฉ๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฐ๋ฅ ๋ฐ 2๋
๋ฌด๋ณ์์กด์จ์ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก c-erbB-3๋ ์ง์ฅ์์์ ํ์์ ์์กด์ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๋ ์ํ์ธ์๋ก์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์์ผ๋, ์ฝ์ ๋ด์ฑ์ ์งํ๋ก์์ ์๋ฏธ๋ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
Recently, there is an increasing tendency of colorectal cancer in Korea, probably due to changes of diet pattern to western style. In rectal cancer, as the local recurrence is a common and major problem despite of radical resection, it is recommended to use 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based chemotherapy in combination with
pelvic radiation after radical operation in MAC B^^2 - C^^3 cancers by AJCC staging. But until now, there are many controversies about the effective chemotherapeutic agent, radiation dose, route, and chemoradiation schedule. There is increasing evidence that genes involved in normal cell growth and
differentiation( oncogenes ) or genes that encode for growth factor are important in determining the development and biologic aggressiveness of various cancers.
Among many oncogenes thought to be related with cancers, c-er7B-2 is a relatively well known protein to be associnted with cancers, especially in breast and colorectal cancers. In addition to c-erbB-2 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor ( EGFR ), c-er7B-3belongs to Type-โ
Growth Factor Receptor family ( EGFR-related
family ) and is the most recently identified protein in EGFR-related family. There have been a few reports about the prognostic value of c-erbB-3 in breast and prostate cancers. In this study the author performed immunohistochemioal staining
of 114 surgically reseated specimens of rectal cancers to investigate the expression rate and clinical relevance of c-erbB-3 as a prognostic factor and a drupe selection marker. c-erbB-3 expression rate was 46% in 114 rectal cancers and there were significant differences in recurrence rate and survival rate between c-erbB-3 positive group and negative group. Twenty-one cases (40%) recurred in 62 c-erbB-3 positive cases and 10 cases (16%) recurred in 62 c-erbB-3 negative cases ( p=0.004 ). The difference in recurrence rate between c-erbB-3 positive group and
negative group was significant exclusively in MAC stage C (p=0.0126), but not in MAC stage B (p=0.4357). In c-erbB-3 positive and negative group, 2-year disease free survival rate was 66% and 87%, respectively (p=0.0052), and 2-year overall
survival rate was 84% and 95%, respeotively (p=0.005). Again, the difference in 2-yenr disease free survival rate between two groups was significant only in MAC stage C (p=0.0137), not in stage B (p=0.4182). Thee were no significant differences in recurrence rate and 2-year disease free survival rate between radiotherapy group and chemoradiation group regardless of c-erbB-3 expression and stage. Therefore, it seems to be no predictive value of c-erbB-3 as a drug selection marker in rectal cancer.
In conclusion, c-erbB-3 may be regaled as a prognostic marker, but cannot be anticipated as an indicator of drug selection in the treatment of rectal cancer.restrictio