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    ๊ธฐ์ €์™ธ์ธกํ•ต ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ™œ์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋‡Œ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2019. 8. ์ตœ์„์šฐ.๊ณตํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ํ•™์Šต์€ ์ค‘์„ฑ ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ €์ธก ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ฑฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์†Œ๊ฑฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ €์ธก ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŽธํ–ฅ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•™์Šต๋œ ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ (์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ) ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž๊ทน์ด ๋๋‚œ ์ดํ›„์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ (์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ) ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ 1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์ € ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณตํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ-์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณตํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์†Œ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์ € ํŽธ๋„์ฒด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ํ•™์Šต ์ด์ „์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋จผ์ € ๋‹จ์ผ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณตํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด ๋งค ํ•™์Šต ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ €์ธก ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜, ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ํ™œ์„ฑ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ํ•™์Šต ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๊ณตํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— ์ธก๋ฉด ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์™€ ๋ณ€์—ฐ์ „ ํ”ผ์งˆ, ๋“ฑ์ชฝ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์˜ ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ณตํฌ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์žฌ๊ท€์  ํ™œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ธ์ถœ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ, ๊ณตํฌ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์ธ์ถœ ํ›„ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณตํฌ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ์ž๋ฐœ์  ๊ณตํฌ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋™์‹œํ™”๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ์จ ์„ธ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ €์ธก ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ, ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์ € ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๊ณตํฌ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ™” ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์„ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ํ•™์Šต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๊ณตํฌ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ธก๋ฉด ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์™€ ๋ณ€์—ฐ๊ณ„ ํ”ผ์งˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ์ชฝ ํ•ด๋งˆ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ •์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„“์€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ณตํฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์‹  ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Pavlovian fear conditioning involves repetitive pairing of neutral conditioned stimuli (CS) and noxious unconditioned stimuli (US). It is reported that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and its neural networks are critical for fear conditioning and extinction in the previous studies using this model. Drawbacks of previous studies are as follows: Researchers have focused on isolating a specific neural subpopulations that shows meaningful changes during conditioning and extinction, which may produce biased representation of the whole population, and to deal only with CS-evoked responses (on-line responses) but not with spontaneous responses after CS presentation (off-line responses). In the chapter 1, I recorded activities from single neurons in the basal nucleus of the amygdala (BA) during conditioning and multiple sessions of extinction. First, I probed changes in neural activities of the whole population using Gaussian-process factor analysis (GPFA). When compared with baseline response (recorded during habituation), activity patterns were increasingly different as conditioning and extinction training proceeded. Then I tracked down activities of single neurons and found that distinct subpopulations of BA neurons were recruited during conditioning and three different sessions of extinction, suggesting that the changes in activity patterns of the whole population are, at least partially, due to session-specific recruitment of new subpopulations. In the second chapter, I examined off-line activities in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus after fear memory retrieval (i.e., after CS presentation in conditioned animals). The previous results from my laboratory implied the existence of off-line activities which may be involved in recurrent and spontaneous retrieval of fear memory. Consistently, oscillations of neural activities at low frequencies in the three brain regions became stronger during spontaneous freezing behaviors. Furthermore, the enhanced oscillations at low frequencies became synchronized during spontaneous freezing behaviors, suggesting stronger connectivity between the three regions. In conclusion, I studied on- and off-line activities in the BLA. First, I found that the basal nucleus changed its on-line activity patterns as conditioning and three different sessions of extinction proceeded. The changes in activity patterns may be due to recruitment of new subpopulations of BA neurons. Second, I found that neural networks between the LA, the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus became stronger during off-line freezing behavior. Together, my study provides a broader understanding of the way by which the amygdala processes emotional information and will be useful for the treatment of fear related mental disorders.1. Background 1 1.1. Pavlovian fear conditioning 2 1,1,1, Features of Pavlovian fear conditioning . 2 1.1.2. Neural systems underlying fear conditioning . 4 1.2. Fear extinction 8 1.2.1. Features of fear extinction 8 1.2.2. Neuronal activities underlying fear extinction . 10 2. Purpose . 13 Chapter 1. On-line activities in the basal amygdala during fear conditioning and multiple extinction 16 Abstract . 17 Introduction . 19 Materials and methods . 23 Results . 29 Discussion . 54 Chapter 2. Off-line activities in the lateral amygdala after fear retrieval 58 Abstract . 59 Introduction . 61 Materials and methods . 65 Results . 70 Discussion . 85 Concluding remarks . 88 References 91 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก . 111Docto

    ์ข…์–‘ ๋ถ„๋น„ TSG-6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ TSG-6 ๋…น์•„์›ƒ ์•” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์œคํ™”์˜.Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced gene 6 (TSG-6)๋Š” ์ฒด๋‚ด ์—ผ์ฆ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ ์—ญ์‹œ TSG-6์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์•…์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฐ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ TSG-6 ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ (Tumor microenvironment, TME) ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์•” ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ, ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ TSG-6 ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด TSG-6-specific siRNA (siTSG-6)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ (CIPp, CIPm ๋ฐ BT-20)์— ํ˜•์งˆ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. siTSG-6์— ํ˜•์งˆ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ์•”์„ธํฌ (siTSG-6 ๊ทธ๋ฃน)์—์„œ CD44 ๋ฐ programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1)์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ mRNA ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ฮบB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2 (Sox2)์˜ mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” TSG-6๊ฐ€ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐ stem cell-like ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ siTSG-6 ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹, ์ด๋™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์นจ์Šต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ฐœ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ TME๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, M1 type macrophage์™€ cytotoxic T cell ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 4T1 ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (P<0.01, P<0.0001, each). ์ด๋“ค ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ cytotoxic T-lymphocyteโ€“associated antigen (CTLA-4) ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , increase the expression of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด TSG-6๊ฐ€ TME ๋‚ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ž์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ, ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ 4T1์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ถ„๋น„ TSG-6๊ฐ€ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ์ด๋™, ์นจ์Šต, stemness ์—ฐ๊ด€ ๋งˆ์ปค (CD44, NF-ฮบB, STAT3, and Sox2), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) ๋งˆ์ปค (N-cadherin, E-cadherin, VE-cadherin) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ด€๋ฌธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ (PD-L1, B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3))์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ Chapter 1์—์„œ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๊ณ„ triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด TSG-6 ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ single guide RNA (sgRNA)๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด CRISPR ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ TSG-6 knock out (KO) ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ (KO-4T1) ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ (SC-4T1)๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 4T1, SC-4T1, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  KO-4T1 ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ํ”ผํ•˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค (์ผ๋ฐ˜ 4T1 ๊ทธ๋ฃน, SC-4T1 ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  KO-4T1 ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ). KO-4T1 ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 4T1์ด๋‚˜ SC-4T1 ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ (P<0.00001) ๋ฐ ํ/๋น„์žฅ ์ „์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์†Œ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค (P<0.001). ์ด๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ TSG-6๋ฅผ ์–ต์••ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•”์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ PD-L1๊ณผ B7-H3์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ์˜ EMT ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ, ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ KO-4T1 ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฉด์—ญํ™”ํ•œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋จ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค (P<0.00001). ์ด์–ด์„œ KO-ACT ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ž…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋‚ด๋กœ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์นจ์Šต๊ณผ M1 type macrophage์˜ ์ „์‹ ์  ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค (P<0.0001). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, cytotoxic T cell์˜ ์ „์‹ ์  ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, KO-4T1 ์„ธํฌ ์ž์ฒด์— ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•”๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ œ์ž‘, ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ข…์–‘์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์ฆ์‹์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ 7์ผ ๋‚ด์— ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์ž๋ฉธ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ KO-4T1 ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, histocompatibility 2, K1 (H2K1)์™€ tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ฮฑ)์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ interleukin-6 (IL-6)์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด TSG-6 KO ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. TSG-6 KO ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์‹  ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์–ต์ œ (P<0.0001), ํ ๋ฐ ๋น„์žฅ ์ „์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ (P<0.0001) ๋ฐ ์ƒ์กด์œจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ (P<0.01)๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘ ๋ถ„๋น„ TSG-6์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋”์šฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, TSG-6๋Š” ๋ง์ดˆ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€๋‚ด ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ฒด๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ, ์นจ์œค ๋ฐ ์ „์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. TSG-6๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ TME ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ์•”์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ด€๋ฌธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•”์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ํšŒํ”ผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. TSG-6 KO ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ์„ธํฌ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” tumor associated antigens (TAAs)/tumor specific antigens (TSAs)๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ , APC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญ์› ์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ์„ ์ฒœ ๋ฐ ํ›„์ฒœ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ TSG-6์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ „์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฉด์—ญ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  TNBC ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘ ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  TSG-6 KO ์„ธํฌ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, TSG-6 KO ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•” ํ™˜์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‚œ์น˜์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced gene 6 (TSG-6) plays a key role in regulating excessive immune responses under inflammatory conditions and is related to the proliferation and growth of stem cells. Recent studies showed that tumor cells secrete TSG-6, and it is related to the malignancy of the tumor and the prognosis of cancer patients. However, it remains unclear whether alleviating TSG-6 secretion by tumor cells can modulate the immune system and cancer growth within the tumor microenvironment (TME). And confirming the potential of TSG-6 as a tumor-associated antigen to function as a therapeutic target is necessary. In the first part, to downregulate TSG-6 production, TSG-6-specific small interfering RNA (siTSG-6) was transfected into canine (CIPp and CIPm) and human (BT-20) breast cancer cells. In siTSG-6 transfected cells, the expression levels of CD44 and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) were decreased at the mRNA and protein levels. The mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ฮบB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2 (Sox2) also decreased, confirming that TSG-6 is a factor governing tumor cell growth and stem cell-like properties. Cells in the siTSG-6 group also showed reduced tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities. Through direct and indirect co-culture of immune cells with the siTSG-6 transfected cells, it was confirmed that macrophages and cytotoxic T cells showed significantly greater activation than when co-cultured with naรฏve cancer cells (P < 0.01, P < 0.0001, each). And these immune cells showed a tendency to decrease the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyteโ€“associated antigen (CTLA-4) and increase the expression of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1), suggesting TSG-6 as immune modulator within the TME. In second, evidences were found supporting that tumor-secreting TSG-6 modulates tumor growth, migration, invasion, stemness related markers (CD44, NF-ฮบB, STAT3, and Sox2), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and VE-cadherin) and immune checkpoint protein expression (PD-L1 and B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3)) as Chapter 1 in murine breast cancer cell line, 4T1. To establish a syngeneic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse model, TSG-6 specific single-guide RNA (sgRNA) was designed, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) gene editing was performed, and a TSG-6 knock out (KO) cell line (KO-4T1) and control cell line (SC-4T1) was established successfully. Subsequently, breast cancer mouse models were established using naรฏve 4T1, SC-4T1, and KO-4T1 cells were injected subcutaneously in each immunocompetent mouse group. In KO-4T1 cells injected mice, tumor growth (P<0.00001) and lung/spleen metastasis were inhibited, and local and systemic immune activation (P<0.001) was increased compared to the naรฏve 4T1 and SC-4T1 injected groups. These were thought to be because inhibition of tumor-specific TSG-6 led to a decrease in PD-L1 and B7-H3, increasing tumorigenic immunogenicity, and suppressing the EMT process of tumor cells. In third, in vitro cytotoxicity assay was conducted and found that the growth of tumor cells was inhibited (P < 0.00001) by sera and immune cells derived from mice immunized with KO-4T1 cells (KO-ACT cells). As a result of adoptive cell treatment of KO-ACT cells in mouse breast cancer models, tumor growth was inhibited (P < 0.0001) by inducing an increase in immune cell invasion in the tumor microenvironment and systemic activation of M1 type macrophages. However, systemic cytotoxic T cell activation was insufficient, and thus did not inhibit tumor metastasis. Accordingly, KO-4T1 cells themselves were used as therapeutic cancer vaccines after gamma ray irradiation. Irradiated cancer cells stopped proliferating within 48 hours of incubation, and almost all cells died due to irradiation-induced apoptosis after 7 days. Gene expression in irradiated KO-4T1 cells was increased in histocompatibility 2, K1 (H2K1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ฮฑ), and decreased in the interleukin-6 (IL-6). As a result of immunotherapy using TSG-6 KO cell vaccine, the treatment effect was successfully improved in mouse breast cancer model compared to naรฏve cancer cell vaccine. The systemic immune activation was increased, resulting in tumor growth inhibition (P<0.0001), reduction of lung and spleen metastasis (P<0.0001), and increased survival (P<0.01). And the therapeutic effect was further improved when the suppression of tumor-secreted TSG-6 was accompanied. In conclusion, TSG-6 reduces the activation of peripheral immune cells and affects the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumor both in vitro and in vivo. TSG-6 also modulates the immune evasion ability of cancer by regulating the expression of immune checkpoint proteins in immune cells and cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment. TSG-6 KO cells provide tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)/tumor specific antigens (TSAs) present in breast cancer cells to the immune surveillance system as immunogens, and enhance antigen presentations to antigen-presenting cells (APC), leading to the activation of innate and acquired immune systems. Therefore, suppression of TSG-6 in tumor cells is an effective therapeutic target to induce an increase in anti-tumor immunity locally and systemically, and increase in tumor immunogenicity in the TNBC animal model. And TSG-6 KO cells themselves could be combined with immunotherapy to improve cancer treatment efficiency. TSG-6 KO therapeutic cancer vaccine could lead to successful immune activation in patients with intractable neoplasms by applying it to the development of treatment for canine and human breast cancer patients.LITERATURE REVIEW 1 CHAPTER 1. Tumor secreted TSG-6 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, regulates immune checkpoint proteins and immunomodulation in vitro 14 1. Introduction 14 2. Materials and Methods 16 3. Results 23 4. Discussion 27 5. Figures and Tables 31 CHAPTER II. Tumor secreted TSG-6 promotes tumor growth and metastasis, regulates immune checkpoint proteins, and immunomodulation in vivo 53 1. Introduction 53 2. Materials and Methods 55 3. Results 63 4. Discussion 69 5. Figures and Tables 74 CHAPTER III. TSG-6 knock-out autologous whole cell vaccine improves therapeutic efficacy against triple-negative mouse breast cancer model 100 1. Introduction 100 2. Materials and Methods 102 3. Results 109 4. Discussion 114 5. Figures and Tables 119 GENERAL CONCLUSION 137 REFERENCES 140 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 158๋ฐ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ํ•˜์ง€์ˆ˜.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž์™€ ํŒจ์…˜์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ์…˜์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ž™์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์ธ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™์€ ํŒจ์…˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ‰ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™์—์„œ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์–‘์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๋™๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜ ์ฐฉ์šฉ๋™๊ธฐ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฉด์ ‘๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธ”๋ž™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ๋ธ”๋ž™๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ•™, ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ธ”๋ž™๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์ ‘๋ฒ•์€ ์ผ์ƒ๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” 20๋Œ€์™€ 30๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๊ฐ 15๋ช… ์ด 30๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด ๋…น์Œ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋…น์Œ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ Giorgi์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๋ชจ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๋ฐ”๋””์ปจ์…”์Šค(Body Conscious) ์„น์‹œํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ํƒˆ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์•„๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ธ”๋ž™์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฒ๊ณ  ์„ผ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์ž ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ƒ๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ชจ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๊พธ๋ฏผ ๋“ฏ ์•ˆ ๊พธ๋ฏผ ๋“ฏํ•œ ๊น”๋”ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ, SPA๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋ฒ ์ด์งํ•œ ์•„์ดํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์žฅ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ชธ์— ์—ฌ์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋งž๋Š” ํ•์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋ฏน์Šค์•ค๋งค์น˜, ์ ˆ๊ฐœ์„ , ํŠธ์ž„, ์„ ์žฅ์‹ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋””ํ…Œ์ผ์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ฐ”๋””์ปจ์…”์Šค ์„น์‹œํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์„น์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” 20๋Œ€์™€ 30๋Œ€์—๊ฒŒ ์„น์‹œํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ํƒˆ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์•„๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋“œํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ณต์‹๊ทœ๋ฒ”์—์„œ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ด์ปค(code breaker)์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋ณต์‹๊ด€๋…์—์„œ ํƒˆํ”ผ, ์ฐฉ์žฅ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•, TPO ๋ฌด์‹œ ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ณต์‹๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๋“ค์ด ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฉ‹์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ํŒจ์…˜๊ด€์—ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•จ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์€ ํˆฌ๋จธ์น˜ํ•œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋ง์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊พธ๋ฏผ ๋“ฏ ์•ˆ ๊พธ๋ฏผ ๋“ฏํ•œ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ๋ง์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ธฐํš์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋””ํ…Œ์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ์žฌ์— ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‘” ํŒจ์…˜๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ธฐํš ๋ฐ ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ค์ •์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 8 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์šฉ์–ด์ •์˜ 15 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 17 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 17 1. ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ์–ด์› ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ 17 2. ๋ธ”๋ž™์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 20 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 26 1. ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ ๋ณ€ํ™” 27 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์ ๋ณ€ํ™” 36 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 49 1. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 49 2. ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 52 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„ํŠน์„ฑ 55 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜• 56 1. ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 56 2. ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 58 3. ๋ชจ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 60 4. ๋ฐ”๋””์ปจ์…”์Šค ์„น์‹œํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 63 5. ํƒˆ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์•„๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋“œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 66 6. ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 69 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํŒจ์…˜๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ํ‘œํ˜„ํŠน์„ฑ 74 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  80 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 84 Abstract 101Maste

    (A) study on knowledge and microbiological examination in military community

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ง€์—ญ ์œ„์•ˆ๋ถ€์˜ ์‹คํƒœ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์ดํ™˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ค‘์— ํฐ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” 1977๋…„ 10์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1978๋…„ 5์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํŠน์ˆ˜์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ์œก๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ณ‘ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ์ž„์งˆ 50์˜ˆ, ๋น„์ž„๊ท ์„ฑ ๋‡จ๋„์—ผ 100์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๋„์™€ ์„ธ๊ท ํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๊ต์œก์ •๋„๋Š” 89.3%๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์กธ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์€์ž๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์„ฑ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 31.3%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๊ณ ๊ต, ๋Œ€ํ•™๋•Œ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜, ์ž…๋Œ€ํ›„ ๊ตฐ์˜๊ด€, ๋ถ€๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋Œ€์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์ž…๋Œ€์ „ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜ˆ๋Š” 26%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ๋ฐ ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋Œ€ํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 74%์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค๋…์ด 76.0%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” 49.3%์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” penicillin, kanamycin, bactrim, terramycin๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ๋‚จ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ท ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ 50.7%์—์„œ condom์„ 20.0%์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ต์ „ํ›„ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์–ด๋„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ˆ์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ•œ์ž๋„ 32.7%๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์›์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์ถ˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ 51.3%, ์ ‘๋Œ€๋ถ€ 30.6%๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ฐ•(54.5%), ํœด๊ฐ€(36.0%)๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์ž„๊ท ์ค‘ 28.9%์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ท ๊ณผ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํฌ๋„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ž„๊ท ์„ฑ ๋‡จ๋„์—ผ์€ 64.5%์—์„œ coagulase์–‘์„ฑ ํฌ๋„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. ์ž„๊ท ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์ œ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ cephalothin, cephacoridine์˜ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ท ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, coagulase์–‘์„ฑ staphylococcus aureus์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์ œ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ท ์ด ์—†์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์•ฝ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Since Dr. Fleming found out penicillin at the first time in 1946 many antibiotics were developed. Nevertheless, the incidence rate of venereal diseases have been increasing all over the world including in Korea. Therefore, the Korean government is now implementing venereal diseases control as a part of governmental medical care program since 1977. Considering the importance of venereal diseases in the public health field, its control is more urgent and serious in the military group rather than in the civilian community. A study on knowledge and attitude for the venereal disease and its control was tried with microbiological examination for 50 cases of gonorrhea and 100 cases of non-gonococcal urethritis among soldiers from October 1977 to May 1978. The results obtained in this study were as follows; 1. In both patients of gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis, the majority (80.3%) received an education higher than the high school. 2. Only 31.3% of the patients had experiences of receiving sex education by teachers on high school or college, or military officers after military enlistment but not regular teaching. 3. Only 26.0% had the experience of venereal disease previously before enlisment. This means 74.0%, not having any past history of venereal disease before enlisment, became to get once or more experiences of venereal disease after enlisment. 4. In understanding as the most dangerous venereal disease by patients, syphilis was indicated in 76.0%, gonorrhea 4.0%, nongonococcal urethriis 3.3%, and "Don't know" 15.3%. 5. In understanding as best kind of antibiotics for the treatment of venereal disease, various durgs were indicated, for example penicillin in 20.0%, kanamycin 9.3%, bactrim 4.7%, terramycin 4.0%, and others such as vibramycin, salvarsan, tetracycline, gentamicin, trobicin. But 49.3% said "Don't know". This implied the possibility of abuse of antibiotics for the treatment and increasing of resistant strains due to inappropriate self prescription. 6. As the best method of the prevention of the venereal disease, condom was answered in 50.7%, taking antibiotics before or after sexual contacts in 20%, washing genitalia or urination after sexual contact in some cases, but 25% of them said "Don't know". 7. Of the patients, 32.7% didn't think it's serious to have venereal disease because of the presence of good natibiotics. 8. Prostitutes were 51.3% as infectious source of venereal disease, waitress of tearoom of saloon 30.6% followed in order by jobless girls, office girls, house maids and students. 9. In opportunity of infection of the venereal disease, sleeping outside of military camp was the highest rate 54.6%, followed in order by furlough 36.0% and official trips and going out in some cases. 10. Gonococcus was found in association with other organisms in 28.9%, mainly staphylococcus aureus. In non-gonococcal urethritis, coagulase positive staphylococcus aureus was found in 64.5%. So the prominent role of staphylococcus aureus, as the cause of non-gonococcal urethritis, appears clear. 11. In the in-vitro sensitivity to N. Gonorrhea, there was no resistant strains to cepholothin and cephaloridine, but 13% to penicillin, 3.3% to ampicillin and oxacillin, 6.7% to cloxa cillin and vibramycin, 20.0% to gentamicin and gantrisin, 23.3% to kanamycin, 30.0% to terranmycin, 63.1% to streptomycin and 80.0% ochloramphenicol. 12. In the in-vitro sensitivity test to coagulase positive staphylococcus aureus, the strains showed the greatest sensitivity to cephalothis and cephaloidine (no resistant strains) Among the other antibiotics, 12.0% of the strains were resistant to oxacillin, 32.0% to cloxacillin, 22.0% to gentamicin, 24.0% to lincomycin, 40-80% to kanamycin, streptomycin, crythromycin, minocin, oleandomycin and more than 90% to tetracycline, terra mycin, gantrisin and chloramphemcolrestrictio

    (An) analysis of discharge abstract data for standardization of medical record

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ฐ ๋ณ‘์› ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ(์‹ค)์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ผํ‡ด์›๋ถ„์„์ง€(Discharge abstract)์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž, 3์ฐจ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์„œ์šธ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  700๋ณ‘์ƒ ์ด์ƒ์ธ 12๊ฐœ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์„œ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณตํ†ตํ•ญ๋ชฉ, ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ•„์š”ํ•ญ๋ชฉ, ๋น„๊ณตํ†ต ์ค‘์š”๋„์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ณตํ†ต ์ค‘์š”๋„์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋ จ๋ณ‘์› ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก๊ณผ(์‹ค) ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐํŽธ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ‘œ์ค€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณ‘์ƒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์› ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ง€์—ญ, ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์‚ฌ 1์ธ๋‹น ๋ณ‘์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1. 12๊ฐœ ๋ณ‘์› ์ค‘ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 11๊ฐœ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์„œ์‹์— ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” 38๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ตํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. 82๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์ค‘ ์ผ์ผํ‡ด์›๋ถ„์„์ง€์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ•„์š”ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. 10๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ•„์š”ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 72๊ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ•ญ๋ชฉ 53๊ฐœ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 5์  ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์š”๋„์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ 5์  ๋งŒ์ ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ™˜์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ 26๊ฐœ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ‘œ์ค€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ‘œ์ค€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ง์—…, ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์ธ, ์›๋‚ด๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด, ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ, Chart ์ •๋ฆฌ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ „๊ณต์˜์‚ฌ Code์™€ Ql(Quality improvement) (QA)(Quality Assurance)์‚ฌํ•ญ (๋ฐœ์ƒ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ณผ, ์˜์‚ฌ, ์ด์œ ) ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ๋ณ‘์ƒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์› ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ค‘์š”๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Chart ์ •๋ฆฌ๋‹ด๋‹น ์ „๊ณต์˜์‚ฌ Codeํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์‚ฌ 1์ธ๋‹น ๋ณ‘์ƒ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋‚ด๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ผ์ผํ‡ด์›๋ถ„์„์ง€์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ „์‚ฐ์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์„œ์‹์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์ฒญ๊ตฌ์šฉ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ„์˜ ์„œ์‹์€ ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„œ์‹ ์ค‘ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ „๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋ จ๋ณ‘์› ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ 92.8%๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„œ์‹์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ข‹์€ ํ‘œ์ค€์„œ์‹์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ตํ•ญ๋ชฉ, ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ•„์š”ํ•ญ๋ชฉ, ๋น„๊ณตํ†ตํ‘œ์ค€ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ผํ‡ด์›๋ถ„์„์ง€์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„์˜ ์„œ์‹์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”์•ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ •๋ณด ์ž‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ž์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ง€์›๋„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this study was to identify important items from the medical records to be used in the standardized discharge abstract. Common items were identified by analyzing medical records from the 11 largest hospitals in Seoul. Non-common items were identified by a questionnaire survey from the directors of medical record departments of 152 teaching hospitals. Important characteristics(e.g. the number of beds and university hospital or not, regions, and the number of beds per medical record professional) for these hospitals were compared using ANOVA. 1. Thirty eight common items were included in the analyzed sheet of 11 hospitals. 2. Eighty two non-common items were identified from the analyzed. Of these, 10 items were found to be important items for the discharge abstract. 3. Another 26 important non-common items were identified from the survey. 4. It was notified in the non-common standardized items group that the importance of some items like the patient's occupation, underlying cause of death, nosocomial infection, complications, house staff code in charge of completing records, and items concerning quality improvement (quality assurance) (department, doctor, screening criteria) showed difference by the number of beds and university hospital or not. The importance of houses staff code who is responsible for completion of the record also showed statistically significant difference by the number of beds per medical record professional and by regions. The item of the types of nosocomial infection also showed statistically significant difference between the regions. Most hospitals obtain a lot of medical information from the computerized discharge abstract. One of the results of the study showed that the concerned sheet can be used as both the data for the medical insurance claims and the basic data for medical quality improvement. Therefore, the discharge abstract should be regarded as the most necessary sheet to be standardized. It was found that 92.8% of the directors of medical record departments of nationwide teaching hospitals acknowledged the necessity of standardization of medical record data set. In the future, doctors' opinion on the standardization of medical record should also be included to improve its credibility as well as usefulness.restrictio

    (A) roentrenocephalometric study on the condylar displacement in angle's class I & II malocclusion

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ €์ž๋Š” ์•…๊ด€์ ˆ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ˜„์ฆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ โ… ๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์ž 22๋ช…๊ณผ โ…ข๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์ž 14๋ช…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ต์œ„์™€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ตํ•ฉ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‘๋ถ€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ํ›„ Ricketts ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ด์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ต์œ„์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ตํ•ฉ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์˜ ์ „๋ฐฉ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ต์œ„์™€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ตํ•ฉ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ„์ธตํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” โ… ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ โ…ข๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์ž์—์„œ facial axis angle, facial depth, mandibular plane angle, lower facial height, mandibular incisor inclination, convexity of A point, mandibular incisor protrusion 7๊ฐœ ํ•ญ ๋ชฉ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. (r>0.90) 2. ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ต์œ„์™€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ตํ•ฉ๊ฐ„์˜ P<0.05์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์œ ์˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ โ… ๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” lower facial height, โ…ข๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” facial axis angle, mandibular plane angle, convexity of A point, lower incisor protrusion, lower facial height์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ต์œ„์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ตํ•ฉ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ํ•˜์•…๊ณจ์˜ ์ „๋ฐฉ์ด๋™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ… ๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  1.27mm(0.2โˆผ2.8mm)์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, โ…ข๊ธ‰ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  1.70mm(0.55โˆผ4.15mm)์˜€๊ณ , ์ „์ฒด์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  1.44mm(0.2โˆผ4.15mm)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this investigation was to know correlation of mean values between centric occlusion and centric relation by the cephalogram in Angle's Class โ…  and โ…ข malocclusion subjects. 22 adults with Angle's Class โ…  malocclusion (17 men and 5 women, 21 to 27 years of age) and 14 adults with Angle's Class โ…ข malocclusion (10 men and 4 women, 21 to 27 years of age) were selected from the dental students in Yonsei University. Each subject was given two lateral cephalometric radiographies and cephalometric analysis was performed. All data from these analyses was recorded and statistically processed with CYBER computer system. The results were obtained as follows: 1. There was a strong positive correlation between centric occlusion and centric relation in all subjects with Angle's Class โ…  and โ…ข malocclusion. 2. In Angle's Class โ…  malocclusion, measurements in lower facial height revealed significant difference between centric occlusion and centric relation (P<0.05). In Angle's Class โ…ข malocclusion, measurements in facial axis angle, mandibular plane angle, convexity of A point, lower incisor protrusion, lower facial height revealed significant difference between centric occlusion and centric relation (P<0.05). 3. When the mandible was moved from centric occlusion to centric relation, the mean distance of mandibular movement was 1.27mm (0.2-2.8mm) in Angle's Class โ…  malocclusion, 1.70mm(0.55-4.15mm) in Angle's Class โ…ข malocclusion, and 1.44mm (0.2-7.15mm) in all subjects.restrictio

    The effect of diabetes self-care management education of Type 2 diabetes

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    ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์™„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์œ ์ง€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์ž˜ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ ํ›„ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์— ์žˆ์–ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ 2006๋…„ 10์›”์—์„œ 2007๋…„ 2์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฝํฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™์„œ์‹ ์˜ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 173๋ช…(๋‚จ์„ฑ 94๋ช…, ์—ฌ์„ฑ 79๋ช…)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์ „ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  3๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„ ์ „ํ™”์„ค๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ SDSCA์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹นํ™” ํ˜ˆ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ต์œก ํ›„ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์–‘์ƒ์€ ๋‹นํ™”ํ˜ˆ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SAS Window์šฉ(ver 9.0)ํ†ต๊ณ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ t-test, X2_ test, Correlation analysis, Logistic analysis๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹นํ™”ํ˜ˆ์ƒ‰์†Œ๊ฐ€ 8.5ยฑ2.4%, ๊ต์œก ํ›„ 6.9ยฑ1.3%, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด 7.7ยฑ1.9%, ๊ต์œก ํ›„ 6.8ยฑ1.0%%๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์‹์ด, ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹์ด, ์šด๋™, ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ๋ฐœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์žˆ์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Introduction : Type 2 diabetes is one of the fastest growing health threats in the world. Diabetes is a disease that impairs the body''s ability to use glucose (blood sugar). Diabetes is also a chronic condition that requires a lifetime treatment plan and self monitoring to prevent a possible complication. Diabetics would have to learn to live with the condition and to change his/her lifestyle to control the disease. Patient education on diabetes plays a crucial role for the diabetics to control their condition and to prevent complications.Purpose : The purpose of the study was to find out the self-care management patterns among Type II diabetics after the patient education.Method : 173 subjects for the study were recruited from individual diabetes counseling sessions from October, 2006 to February, 2007 at Kyung Hee university east-west medical center. The subjects were 94 males and 79 females. Demographic data and other information were collected before the education and counseling sessions. Three month later after the education, a telephone survey was conducted to collect the data on self care activity patterns. The questionnaire for the survey was a revised SDSCA. Individual data on the?percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) A1C were also collected to see if the education had an effect on managing their condition. The subjects were divided into two groups- well managed group (case group) and ill managed group (control) based on the Hb A1C level. The data were analyzed by using SAS (version 9.0 for Window). Bivariate (t-est, X2-_ test, Correlation analysis) and Logistic regression analysis were conducted to see the difference in self- care management patterns between the two groups and to see the contributable variables for better self care management.Results : The observed value for Hb A1C percentage among male diabetics changed from 8.5ยฑ2.4% to 6.9ยฑ1.3% after the education while the value among female changed from 7.7ยฑ1.9% to 6.8ยฑ1.0%. The difference between male and female subjects was statistically significant. For control group, the result showed that the subjects didn''t follow the self-care management guideline. Male subjects in control group in particular didn''t do well in diet and self monitoring for regular blood sugar level. Female subjects. in control group didn''t do well in diet, exercise, self monitoring for regular blood sugar level, and foot care.There were no association between the education, self care management pattern, and glucose control.Conclusion : Diabetes education might have an effect on better management for diabetics. However, the present study found that ill managed group for male and female subjects might needed more attention on different areas in education. The limitation of the study might be the small number of samples. More structured education program and individual sessions should be developed in the future.restrictio

    Body Politics in M. Butterfly

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    1970๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ์ •์น˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ž…์„ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์œ„์—์„œ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ธ์ข…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์™ธ์˜ ์  ๋”, ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 90๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๋ฉด์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ฏธ์™€ ์œ„๋„ŒํŠธ(Michael Omi & Howard Winant)๋Š” ์ธ์ข…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ—ˆ์œ„์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์  ํ•„์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํƒ€์žํ™”๋œ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ธ์ข…๋“ค ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์ , ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(200). ํ•œํŽธ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ฐ”(Homi K. Bhabha) ๋˜ํ•œ ์„œ์–‘์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๋™์–‘๊ณผ ์„œ์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ํƒ€์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์–ด ์™”์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(19). ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋˜ ๋™์–‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์˜คํƒ€์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ(Edward Said)์˜ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์—”ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜(Orientalism)์˜ ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์—”ํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์„œ์–‘์ด ๋™์–‘์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์  ๋”ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋™์„œ์–‘์˜ ์ด๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์‹œ์„ ์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.The 1980s was a new phase of American literary production with the emergence of prominent Asia American plays along with newly-generated literary criticism such as Franz Fanons postcolonialism, Homi K. Bhabhas theory of hybridity, and Edward Saids Orientalism. In David Henry Hwangs M. Butterfly, such challenges are well portrayed through the parody of Giacomo Puccinis Madame Butterfly. The Chinese opera male singer, Song deceives the male French diplomat. Gallimard by using his oriental body because Gallimards fantasy about Orientalism toward the East and the Eastern women consistently make Gallimard believe Song is his Madame Butterfly. However, Songs strategy of taking advantage of Gallimards Orientalism conversely reveals that Gallimard is Songs Madame Butterfly at the end. Through Songs body politics, M. Butterfly suggests there exists no absolute binary opposition of gender and race. M, Butterfly presents a possibility for Asian Americans to experience their metaphoric release from their past racial trauma
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