재생에너지 공급의무화제도하에서 재생에너지 발전용량 확장을 위한 다기간 슈타켈버그 게임

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 산업공학과, 2020. 8. 이덕주.Under renewable portfolio standard (RPS), the government provides a long-term plan of quota obligation of renewable energy generation imposed on conventional large-scale power generation firms to the market. In this thesis, we propose a multi-period Stackelberg game to model the competition between the conventional generation firm and renewable energy generation firm, and analyze the effect of the quota obligation and other key variables on the proliferation of renewable energy. We proved that the proposed model has a unique Nash equilibrium, and based on this, numerical experiments were conducted to analyze RPS system. We found that the optimal solutions of multi-period model and single-period model are different, and the reason is that determining the optimal renewable energy capacity expansion at each period is inefficient rather than establishing a multi-period optimal strategy at once. We also found that there is an optimal REC weight that maximizes the proliferation of renewable energy. Finally, we found that the rate of increase in demand in the power market and the rate of increase in quota obligation are synergistic with each other from the perspective of renewable energy diffusion.재생에너지 공급의무화제도(RPS) 하에서 정부는 전력시장에 화석연료를 사용하는 대규모 발전사업자에게 부과하는 신재생에너지 발전 의무량에 대한 장기적인 계획을 제시한다. 본 논문은 기존 발전시장 참여자인 화석연료 발전사업자와 신규 참여자인 신재생에너지 발전사업자의 경쟁관계를 다기간 스탁켈베르그 게임(multi-period Stackelberg game)을 통해 모형화하고, 신재생에너지 발전 의무량 등이 신재생에너지 확산에 미치는 영향에 대해 확인한다. 본 연구에서 제시한 모형에 유일한 내쉬 균형이 존재한다는 것을 증명하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 수치예제를 활용하여 재생에너지 공급의무화제도를 분석하였다. 또한 단기간 스탁켈베르그 게임의 해와 다기간 모형의 해가 다르다는 것을 확인하였고, 그 이유는 매 시점에 최적의 재생에너지발전 확장용량을 결정하는 것이 다기간의 최적 전략을 한번에 세우는 것 보다 비효율적이기 때문이라는 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 재생에너지 확산을 최대화하는 최적의 REC 가중치가 존재한다는 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 본 연구에서는 전력 시장의 수요 증가와 재생에너지 공급의무량의 증가가 시너지효과를 내어 재생에너지 확산에 기여할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Problem description 2 1.3 Organization of the Thesis 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 5 Chapter 3 Stackelberg Game for Renewable Power Capacity Expansion 8 3.1 Basic Assumptions and Model Settings 8 3.2 Existence and Uniqueness of Optimal Solution 10 3.3 Single-period Stackelberg Game 12 3.4 Multi-period Stackelberg Game 16 Chapter 4 Numerical Examples and Analysis 32 4.1 Initial Parameters 32 4.2 Comparison of Single-period and Multi-period Stackelberg Game Model 33 4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 36 Chapter 5 Conclusion 45 Bibliography 47 국문초록 51Maste

Numerical Study on Performance of Tidal Current Turbines as Arrangement considering Interactions

There are plenty of renewable energies in the ocean. Among the renewable energies, tidal energy is the reliable and unlimited resource since the tides are caused by gravitational force exerted by the moon and the sun. In order to utilize tidal energy, many companies have been developed various turbine systems which generally consisted of horizontal-axis turbine(HAT) and vertical-axis turbine(VAT) and developed systems have been performed field test for evaluation of turbine efficiency and grid connection. Tidal farm have multi-arrayed turbine systems for utilizing tidal stream energy. It is also required that each unit has to be deployed in order to avoid hydrodynamic interference between turbines and environmental effects. For horizontal-axis turbine(HAT) farm, the European Marine Energy Centre(EMEC) proposed guidelines that turbines must be spaced far apart, but there are no regulation and suggestion for vertical-axis turbine(VAT). Moreover performances of adjacent VATs are able to be increased or decreased, so that it is important to find suitable VATs arrangement. The present paper deals with the numerical study on performance vertical-axis turbine system as arrangement considering interaction using CFD. All numerical study was performed using FLUENT which was based on Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations and contents of this study were consist of four parts. For the study of first, hydrodynamic aspects on three-dimensional effects were investigated for VAT. Performance of VAT can be evaluated to convenient 2-D calculation for simple geometry but there are some discrepancy between experiment and 2-D results. In this respect, it is important to investigate the differences of flow characteristics between 2-D and 3-D. Numerical approach was made to reveal the differences of flow physics between 2-D estimation and rigorous 3-D simulation. It was shown that the 3-D effects were dominant mainly due to the variation of tip vortices around the tip region of rotor blade, causing the loss of lift for steadily translating hydrofoil and the reduction of torque for rotating turbine blade. Due to the 3-D effect, efficiency of 3-D turbine had discrepancy about 16% than 2-D efficiency on TSR=3. For the study of second, numerical calculations were performed to investigate interactions between adjacent two turbines in terms of rotational direction, distance between turbines, diameter. For VATs, it has advantage that each turbine rotates counter-clockwise and clockwise direction, its power coefficient was higher about 9.2% than two times of single turbines' and such improvement caused by increasing velocity between turbines. Performance change were almost disappear that each turbine were spaced 15times of turbine diameter apart. On the other hand, for adjacent HATs, it doesn't have advantage and efficiency was decreased just about 4% than two times of single HAT on high TSR. For the study of third, non-uniform inflow characteristics and turbine performance on the flow condition were investigated. Thermal and nuclear power plants on shore commonly use the sea water for cooling facility. Discharged cooling water has the high kinematic energy potential due to amount of water flux. Discharged channel can be assumed to a kind of confined water and flow characteristics around its inlet was similar with jet flow due to flux about 50ton per second. In this respect, numerical analyses were made to investigate for turbine performance on the non-uniform inflow condition in terms of turbine diameter to inlet size, axial distance, single and dual inlet. Basically, Performance of VAT operated on the non-uniform condition was decreased 15% compared with uniform condition. For the single inlet with HAT and VAT, the mean power coefficient appeared to be gradually decreased with increasing distance, and maximum power was obtained when the turbine diameter was same with the inlet diameter. For the dual inlet with VATs, better performance was obtained, compared with single inlet, due to turbine interaction when the turbine rotated clockwise-counterclockwise. For the study of the last, performance of hextuple VATs according to various arrangements was investigated. It is reasonable that plenty of turbine systems are able to deploy in the ocean, but numerical calculations were performed to investigate turbine performance for only six VATs, the arrangement was included single-type and canard-types. Canard-types were consisted of Dual, Triple, Hextuple. Numerical calculations were performed to compare with efficiency and power for single and Canard-types. For the single-type, performance was almost same with single turbines'. For the Dual, Triple, Hextuple, performances were increased about 13, 16, 18 percent each compared with single turbines'. Velocity deficits of far wake were compared for each types, velocity recovery of canard-types was slower than single-type. It means that longitudinal distance of canard-types for maximum power was required more than single-type. To find out the best arrangement in terms of total power and power per unit, two-rows non-staggered and staggered arrangements were considered with respect to various scenarios for three sites. Among the canard-types, Hextuple was generally the best arrangement in aspect of total power and power per unit for scenarios, but dual and triple were mostly useful for flexible arrangements. Finally, hexagonal staggered dual and triple arrangements utilizing VATs were proposed.List of Tables iv List of Figures vi Abstract xii 1. 서 론 1 1.1 연구 배경 1 1.2 조류발전 개요 4 1.2.1 조류발전시스템 구성 7 1.2.2 국내외 조류발전 기술개발현황 8 1.2.3 조류발전단지 개발현황 13 1.3 조류발전단지설계 16 1.3.1 조류에너지 자원평가 16 1.3.2 조류발전단지설계 가이드라인 22 1.4 주요 연구내용 및 목표 25 2. 대상 터빈 및 수치해석기법 27 2.1 대상 터빈 선정 27 2.1.1 수평축 터빈(비교목적) 27 2.1.2 수직축 터빈 30 2.2 수치해석기법 개요 31 2.3 기본방정식 32 2.4 터빈 성능해석기법 34 2.4.1 BEMT 34 2.4.2 DMS 34 2.4.3 Cascade model 35 2.5 터빈 회전기법 35 2.5.1 MRF(Moving Reference Frame) 35 2.5.2 SMM(Sliding Mesh Method) 36 2.6 경계조건 38 3. 조류발전용 터빈 성능해석 39 3.1 성능해석 모델 검증 39 3.2 터빈 성능 평가 74 3.3 수직축 터빈의 3차원 효과 80 4. 듀얼 터빈의 상호영향에 따른 성능해석 91 4.1 개요 91 4.2 계산영역 및 경계조건 94 4.3 회전방향 영향 97 4.4 터빈간 거리 영향 101 4.5 결론 109 5. 불균일 입구조건에의 조류발전용 터빈 적용 111 5.1 개요 111 5.2 불균일 입구조건 113 5.3 불균일 입구조건 수치해석 및 터빈 적용 122 5.4 성능 결과 130 5.5 결론 144 6.수직축 터빈을 이용한 터빈 배치 적용 146 6.1 터빈 배치방법 및 조건 146 6.2 배치방법에 따른 성능 및 속도결손 148 6.3 터빈 배치기준 및 방법 158 6.4 결론 168 7. 결론 및 향후 연구내용 170 7.1 결론 170 7.2 향후 연구내용 176 참고문헌 17

다항식 근사법을 이용한 영구자석 동기모터의 손실 최소화 제어기법

Docto

An Optimal Selection of Induction Heater Capacitance Considering Dissipation Loss Caused by ESR

Maste

A Qualitative Research on Communication and Participation of the Volunteers in Faith-based Welfare Organizations

The purpose of this study is to analyze the aspect of communication that volunteers of religious social welfare organizats experience while participating in community through volunteer activities. For this purpose, 21 volunteers were interviewed at religious social welfare institutions in Gyeongsangnam - do, and Giorgi 's phenomenological descriptive research method was used. As a result, the volunteers are not receiving much attention from their religion and social welfare institutions, yet they volunteer themselves in a voluntary and independent manner to network various resources of the community. Here, the active communication of volunteers and religious sympathy are mediated. I have derived a core theme for volunteers of religious social welfare organizations as follows: “Der Einzelne” who seeks the meaning of a relationship through religious sympathy despite poor communication.이 논문은 2016년 대한민국 교육부와 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(NRF-2016S1A5B5A07921173)

초기트림을 고려한 선박의 저항성능 연구

The attitude of hull is changed by trim depend on pressure difference between bow and stern on cruising speed and various conditions. As ships proceed in confined water, squat phenomenon is occurred by pressure drop of bottom and difference of density. In addition, trim condition can be changed by cruising condition and the status of cargo loaded. In recent years, the shipowner requested resistance performance of hull on various condition to heavy industry. As such these case, change in attitude of the hull affect the resistance performance and it is important to predict. In this paper, as the basic study for change in attitude, numerical calculations were carried out to predict components of initial trim resistance using FLUENT. Based on the concept of resistance components, the grand total resistance can be obtained by adding initial trim resistance component to total resistance component on calm water. In order to validate the numerical calculations, DTMB5415 and KRISO Container Ship model was chosen and numerical calculation was performed on fixed condition. The results were compared with the results of the CFD Workshop2005 and MOERI experiment data. Initial trim for KRISO Container Ship to draft bow and stern by constant was applied by varying and typical hull type of power yacht obtained through surveys was applied in the same way. Numerical calculations were performed for this condition due to the initial trim coefficient of residuary resistance changes investigated. The residuary resistance on initial trim condition is decrease due to increase the amount of stern trim. By considering the initial trim, this study is expected to contribute initial design and optimization of hull.목 차 Abstract i Nomenclatures iv List of Tables v List of Figures vi Ⅰ. 서론 1 Ⅱ. 본론 4 2.1. 연구 개요 4 2.1.1 연구 배경 4 2.1.2 타 연구결과 5 2.1.3 연구의 필요성 7 2.2. CFD를 이용한 선체 저항성능 계산 9 2.2.1 대상선형의 선정 9 2.2.2 DTMB5415의 저항성능 계산 10 2.2.3 KRISO 컨테이너선(KCS)의 저항성능 계산 17 2.3. 초기트림을 고려한 선체 저항성능 계산 23 2.3.1 초기트림 적용방법 23 2.3.2 초기트림을 고려한 KRISO 컨테이너선(KCS)의 저항성능 계산 23 2.4 초기트림을 고려한 파워요트 대표선형의 선체 저항성능 계산 26 2.4.1 대표선형의 모델링 26 2.4.2 초기트림을 고려하지 않은 경우의 대표선형의 저항계산 27 2.4.3 초기트림을 고려한 경우의 대표선형의 저항계산 38 Ⅲ. 결론 45 참고문헌 4

Sports marketing을 통한 value creating에 관한 연구 : Relationship marketing을 중심으로

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 :경영학과 경영학 전공,1999.Maste

아니온화 셀룰로오스의 카치온 염료 및 금속이온에 대한 흡착거동

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :섬유고분자학과,1998.Maste

Expression of TRAIL in human astrocytes induced by IFN-γ is modulated by p38 MAPK.

의과학사업단/박사[한글] 성상세포는 중추신경계에서 가장 많은 수를 차지하고 있는 세포로서 다른 조직에 비해 상대적으로 결체조직이 적은 중추신경계의 물리적인 지지를 담당한다. 성상세포는 이러한 수동적인 역할 이외에도 다양한 생리적, 면역학적인 기능을 하고 있어 중추신경계 내에서 세포고사와 신경계 질환의 면역반응 그리고 중추신경계의 면역특권에 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려져 있다. 세포고사는 다양한 종류의 자극에 의해 일어날 수 있으며, 여러 리간드-수용체의 결합에 의해서도 유도된다. 본 연구에서는 사람 성상세포를 대상으로 세포고사를 유도할 수 있는 TRAIL과 TRAIL 수용체의 발현 그리고 IFN-g에의한 TRAIL 발현조절기전에 대하여 연구하였다. 그 결과, 아무 자극을 주지 않은 일차배양 태아 성상세포에서는 TRAIL의 발현이 거의 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나, 태아 성상세포에 IFN-g를 처치하였을 때 TRAIL의 mRNA 전사가 증가하였으며, TRAIL 단백의 발현도 증가하였다. 이와 같이 IFN-에 의해 유도된 TRAIL이 Peer 세포의 세포고사를 유도하였기 때문에 성상세포에서 발현된 TRAIL이 적절하게 기능함을 관찰하였다. 성상세포에서 IFN-g 신호전달체계를파악하기위하여STAT1과 MAPK 활성화를 측정하였다. 그결과 IFN-g에 의해 STAT1의 Tyr701과 Ser727의 인산화가 유도되었으며 p38 MAPK 그리고 p38 MAPK의 상위 kinase인 MKK3/MKK6의 인산화도 일어남을 알 수 있었다. p38 MAPK의 억제제인 SB203580을 전처치하고 IFN-g를 처치했을 때, STAT1의 Tyr701 인산화는 억제되지 않았지만 Ser727의 인산화가 억제되었으며 IFN-g에 의한 TRAIL 발현의 증가가 억제되었다. 태아 성상세포에서 p38 MAPK의 isoform인 p38a, p38b2뿐만 아니라, p38 MAPK의 상위 kinase인 MKK6와 MKK3도 발현되고 있는 것을 관찰하였다. 이상의 결과로 MKK3/6-p38 MAPK 경로를 통한 신호 전달이 사람 성상세포에서 IFN-에의한TRAIL 발현조절 기전으로 작용한다는 것을 관찰하였고, 이런 기전이 중추 신경계 내에서 성상세포가 면역학적 기능을 수행하거나 면역특권을 유지하는데 관여하리라 생각된다. [영문] Astrocytes represent the major population of central nervous system (CNS) cells. They function mainly as a physical protective support for neurons. Recently, the immunological activity of astrocytes has been studied. TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand), a member of the death ligand/receptor pairs, is independent of Fas-mediated apoptosis and expressed in most human tissues. To identify the functional role of astrocytes in modulating apoptosis in the brain, the expression of TRAIL induced by IFN-g and the involvement of p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) in IFN-g signaling were investigated in this study. RT-PCR, RPA and western blotting were performed to determine the expression of the TRAIL and TRAIL receptors in the primary astrocytes. The results show that the TRAIL mRNA transcript was not detected in fetal astrocytes, and was expressed at a low level in adult astrocytes. To characterize the effect of cytokines, astrocytes were treated with IL-1, TNF-a or IFN-g. The TRAIL expression level increased after being stimulated with IL-1, TNF-a or IFN-g both in fetal and adult astrocytes. Among three cytokines, the effect of IFN-g was prominent. The TRAIL protein expression level was similar to the result of RT-PCR or RPA. The astrocytes were reacted with Peer cells which are sensitive to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in order to address the biological function of TRAIL up-regulation in astrocytes. The astrocytes pretreated with IFN-g induced apoptosis in Peer cells, which suggests that IFN-g induces the functional TRAIL molecule in astrocytes. The TRAIL receptors, DR4, DR5, DcR1 and DcR2, were detected constitutively in astrocytes. DR4, DR5 and DcR1 expression were not modulated by IFN-g treatment. Only DcR2 was slightly down-regulated by IFN-g. To investigate the signaling pathway in the astrocytes after IFN-g stimulation, STAT1 or p38 MAPK phosphorylation was evaluated. STAT1 is an essential transcription factor for IFN-g signaling. IFN-g activates STAT1 by phosphorylating at two sites. Ser727 phosphorylation is important for the transcriptional activity, whereas, Tyr701 is necessary for the homodimerization of STAT1. The p38 MAPKs, (p38a, p38b, p38b2, p38g, p38d) belong to the third family of MAPK, which are widely expressed in many tissues including the brain. Among these isoforms, p38b2 is reportedly the functionally active form of the p38 MAPK family in the brain. To examine the effect of p38 MAPK on TRAIL expression in astrocytes, SB203580, a specific p38a and p38b2 MAPK inhibitor, was treated prior to IFN-g stimulation. SB203580 inhibited ser727 phosphorylation of STAT1, but not tyr701 phosphorylation. TRAIL expression induced by IFN-g was also inhibited by SB203580. Therefore, p38 MAPK may play a key role in the ser727 phosphorylation of STAT1 and the transcriptional activation of TRAIL expression by IFN-g in the brain astrocytes. MKK6, which is responsible for phosphorylating p38 MAPK, is highly expressed in many tissues, but is absent from brain. The fact that p38b2 is only activated by MKK6 raises the question as to the presence of MKK6 in the activation of p38b2 in astrocytes. In this study, MKK6 was detected in human astrocytes and phosphorylated after IFN-g treatment. This suggests that IFN-g signaling in the brain astrocytes is mediated at least in part by MKK6 and p38 MAPK. These findings suggest that IFN-g up-regulates TRAIL expression during an immune reaction in brain, and that up-regulation of TRAIL may contribute to the immune privilege during fetal brain development or the apoptosis of neighboring cells in the pathological condition of the brainope