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    Establishment of an Experimental Protocol for Neural Crest Cell Lineage Tracing in Mouse Embryos

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μ˜κ³Όν•™κ³Ό, 2020. 8. 졜무림.Introduction: Neural crest cells (NCCs) are multipotent cells, which arise in the ectoderm during embryogenesis, migrate through the embryo and give rise to a wide range of tissues including smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, Schwann cells and neurons. Accumulated evidence over the past decades suggests that intricate molecular regulation underlies NCC development. Any errors in this process result in congenital defects in humans, including cleft lips and palates, inherited forms of melanoma, DiGeorge/Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (DGS/VCFS), persistent truncus arteriosus and patent ductus arteriosus. Despite accumulating studies, accurate genetic picture underlying the complex nature of NCC migration and differentiation remains elusive. I explored NCC development using lineage-traceable cell clones in developing mouse embryos and established experimental protocols for this purpose. Methods: NCC lineage was traced using CellTag lentivirus in Wnt1-cre;R26R-tomato mouse embryos. In vitro culture was established to study trunk NCC development of embryonic day (E) 9.5 mouse embryos for a 24-hour period and in utero injection was established to study NCC development of E12.5 to E18.5 mouse embryo brain for six days. Single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the E10.5 embryonic torso and the E18.5 embryonic brain was performed and sequencing results were analyzed. Results: A method to inject CellTag lentivirus, a lineage tracing system, into E9.5 mouse embryos was designed. A culture chamber method for 24-hour in vitro culture was established, and tdTomato fluorescence was observed in the embryo after the culture. To model DGS in mouse, the LgDel (Large Deletion) embryos were recovered using the cryopreservation method, and the wildtype and LgDel mice were propagated. As a result of analyzing scRNA-seq data from E10.5 embryos, cardiac muscle and vascular development clusters were uncovered. In contrast, single cell analysis of E18.5 mouse embryo brain resulted in glia cell and neuron differentiation clusters. Discussion: I aimed to trace NCC lineage to resolve the complex molecular mechanism of NCC development in mouse embryos. For this purpose, a lineage tracing system called CellTag was used. However, in order to obtain reads mapped to the CellTag region, an additional PCR step using CellTag specific primers would be necessary. In conclusion, I established experimental protocols for lineage tracing with scRNA-seq, with minor modifications. They can be used to gain insight into the complex relationships between developing cells and to discover novel genes involved in NCC development.μ‹ κ²½λŠ₯선세포 (neural crest cell; NCC) λŠ” λ°œμƒ μ€‘μ˜ λ°°μ•„μ—μ„œ λ‹€λΆ„ν™”λŠ₯을 가지고 μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 세포 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ, ν‰ν™œκ·Ό 세포, λ©œλΌλ…Έ 세포, 슈반 세포와 λ‰΄λŸ° λ“± κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•œ 쑰직 ν˜•μ„±μ— κΈ°μ—¬ν•œλ‹€. μ§€λ‚œ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„κ°„ μΆ•μ λœ μ¦κ±°λŠ” λΆ„μžμ  쑰절이 NCC λ°œλ‹¬μ˜ κΈ°μ΄ˆκ°€ λœλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 였λ₯˜λ„ κ΅¬μˆœκ΅¬κ°œμ—΄κ³Ό ꡬ개, μœ μ „ν˜•μ˜ 흑색쒅, 디죠지/ μž…μ²œμž₯-심μž₯-μ–Όκ΅΄ 증후ꡰ (DiGeorge/Velo-cardio-facial syndrome; DGS), 총동λ§₯κ°„κ°œμ‘΄κ³Ό 동λ§₯관열림증을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μΈκ°„μ˜ μ„ μ²œμ μΈ 결함을 μ΄ˆλž˜ν•œλ‹€. λ°œλ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μ₯ λ°°μ•„μ—μ„œ 계톡 좔적이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 세포 클둠을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ NCCλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆκ³ , 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ‹€ν—˜ ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œμ„ ν™•λ¦½ν–ˆλ‹€. μ‹ κ²½λŠ₯선세포 계톡은 Wnt1-cre;R26R-tomato μ₯μ—μ„œ μ…€νƒœκ·Έ (CellTag) λ Œν‹°λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μΆ”μ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 배아일 (embryonic; E) 9.5 생μ₯ λ°°μ•„μ˜ 24μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ λͺΈν†΅ NCC λ°œλ‹¬μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 체외 배양법을 ν™•λ¦½ν–ˆκ³ , E12.5λΆ€ν„° E18.5κΉŒμ§€ 6일 λ™μ•ˆ 생μ₯ λ°°μ•„μ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ NCC λ°œλ‹¬μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 자ꢁ λ‚΄ μ£Όμž…λ²•μ„ ν™•λ¦½ν–ˆλ‹€. E10.5 λ°°μ•„ λͺΈν†΅κ³Ό E18.5 λ°°μ•„ λ‡Œμ˜ 단일 세포 μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄ (single-cell sequencing; scRNA-seq)을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κ³  μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 계톡좔적 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμΈ CellTag λ Œν‹°λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό E9.5 μ₯ 배아에 μ£Όμž…ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ„€κ³„ν–ˆλ‹€. 24μ‹œκ°„ 체외 배양에 λŒ€ν•œ λ°°μ–‘ 방법을 ν™•λ¦½ν–ˆκ³ , λ°°μ–‘ ν›„ λ°°μ•„μ—μ„œ tdTomato ν˜•κ΄‘μ΄ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 생μ₯μ˜ DGS λͺ¨λΈλ§μ„ μœ„ν•΄ LgDel λ°°μ•„λ₯Ό λ³΅μ›ν•˜μ—¬, wild type μ₯μ™€ LgDel μ₯λ₯Ό λ²ˆμ‹μ‹œμΌ°λ‹€. E10.5 λ°°μ•„μ—μ„œ scRNA-seq 데이터λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό 심μž₯ 근윑과 ν˜ˆκ΄€ λ°œλ‹¬ ν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°κ°€ λ°œκ²¬λλ‹€. λŒ€μ‘°μ μœΌλ‘œ E18.5 마우슀 λ°°μ•„ λ‡Œ 단일 세포 뢄석은 ꡐ질 세포 뢄화와 λ‰΄λŸ° λΆ„ν™” ν΄λŸ¬μŠ€ν„°κ°€ λ‚˜μ™”λ‹€. 본인은 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 생μ₯ λ°°μ•„μ—μ„œ NCC λ°œλ‹¬μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λΆ„μž λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ NCC 계톡을 μΆ”μ ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ ν–ˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ CellTagλΌλŠ” 계톡 좔적 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ΄μš©ν–ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ CellTag μ˜μ—­μ— λ§΅ν•‘λœ λ¦¬λ“œλ₯Ό μ–»μœΌλ €λ©΄, CellTag 특이적인 프라이머λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μΆ”κ°€ PCR 단계가 ν•„μš”ν•  것이닀. 결둠적으둜, 계톡 좔적을 ν†΅ν•œ scRNA-seq에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜ ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œμ„ μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ ν™•λ¦½ν–ˆκ³ , 이 ν”„λ‘œν† μ½œμ€ μ•½κ°„μ˜ μˆ˜μ •λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ λ°œλ‹¬ 세포 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 관계λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  NCC λ°œλ‹¬μ— κ΄€λ ¨λœ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀.INTRODUCTION 1 Neural crest cell development in early embryos 1 The diseases of defective NCC development 4 Using single-cell sequencing to understand NCC development 5 Principles of lineage tracing 8 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 CellTag library system setup 10 Lentivirus 12 Mouse embryo experiments 14 Mouse models 16 Single cell analysis 19 RESULTS 22 CellTag library system setup 22 Mouse embryo culture setup 25 Mouse models setup 34 Single cell analysis 38 DISCUSSION 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY 51 κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝 53Maste
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