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    ๊ทผ์ ์™ธ์„  ์œ ๊ธฐ๊ด‘๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๊น€์žฅ์ฃผ.์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณต์ • ๋น„์šฉ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐํŒ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ, ํŒŒ์žฅ ์„ ํƒ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํŠน์ • ํŒŒ์žฅ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํก์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทผ ์ ์™ธ์„  ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ”์šฉ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, ์›๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ข…, ์ ์™ธ์„  ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋“ฑ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ๊ณต ๋ง๋ง‰์—๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทผ์ ์™ธ์„  ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ฐญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ, ์•”์ „๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์••์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ด‘์ „๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์•”์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์ „์ž ์ฃผ๊ฐœ์™€ ์ „์ž ๋ฐ›๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ๋ง‰์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ์ผœ ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ€ ํˆฌ๋ช… ์ „๊ทน์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ์†์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํฐ ์•” ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๊ณผ ์ •๊ณต ์ด๋™๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ์ „์ž ์ฃผ๊ฐœ ์ธต ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 4,4-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1-biphenyl (CBP)๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ -3V์—์„œ 164 nA/cm2์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•”์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ป์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ด‘์ „ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํšจ์œจ์ด 25.1%์—์„œ 29.3%๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ 9.7ร—1011 cm Hz1/2/W์˜ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์–ป์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ธต์˜ ๋†’์€ LUMO ์ค€์œ„๋กœ ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ HOMO ์ค€์œ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ๋ง‰์€ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ธต์˜ HOMO ์ค€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•”์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” LUMO ์ค€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉด HOMO ์ค€์œ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋™ ๋ฒ”์œ„, ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜, ์‘๋‹ต ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž…์‚ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ด‘ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ ์•” ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†Œ์ž์—์„œ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ธต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์‘๋‹ต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‘๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ์Œ“์ธ ์ „ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ธต์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ด‘ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ ์ธต ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.Potential of organic semiconductors was proved as the development of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) used in many areas of our life. Interest in organic photodetectors is also increasing thanks to an advantage of organic materials such as low process cost, using flexible substrate, wavelength selectivity by designing a molecular structure. Organic photodetectors (OPDs) can be applied in various fields depending on the absorption wavelength region. Near-infrared photodetectors have the various application of NIR camera, organ implant, motion detector, and remote controller. However, NIR OPDs have a drawback in terms of small bandgap causing high dark current density, namely noise in OPDs. Noise stand out particularly in the photoconductive mode of photodetectors in which an external voltage is applied. An increase in the dark current reduces the detectivity and it is important to improve the detectivity without decreasing the efficiency. For enhancing the detectivity of OPDs it is required to reduce dark current density and increase external quantum efficiency. The dark current density is originated from the injected carrier from the electrode and thermally generated carrier in the PN junction and leakage current in devices. Reducing the dark current by blocking this flow of charge is important to improve the detectivity. In this study, we introduced organic materials as charge blocking layers (CBLs) on inverted-structure NIR OPDs to investigate the origin of the dark current density. Depending on CBLs with various molecular energy levels, characteristics of OPDs is different. The deeper HOMO of the charge blocking layer is, the lower the dark current density is. With inserting 4,4-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1-biphenyl (CBP) between anode and donor the dark current density was reduced up to 164 nA/cm2 and EQE also increased from 25.1% to 29.3%. High detectivity of 1.06 ร—1012 cm2 Hz/W at 970 nm under a reverse bias of -3V was obtained. The low dark current density was obtained due to low HOMO and high LUMO level of CBP working as energetic barriers on the injected charge from the electrode and thermally generated charge at PN junction respectively. Other figure of merits including linear dynamic range, cut off frequency, and response time were compared depending on used CBL. The linear region was also longest in the device with CBP due to the low dark current density. However, using charge blocking layers resulted in increased response time compared with the device without CBL because the charge extraction was delayed due to the increase of device thickness and accumulation at the organic interface. Similarly, the cut-off frequency was reduced compared with the device without CBL but high mobility of CBL compensated loss of frequency response. In this study, we could know the effect of the charge blocking layer on the characteristics of the organic photodetector and it will be useful for the study of material and development of device structure in the future.Abstract i Contents v List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and outline of thesis 1 1.1.1 Motivation 1 1.1.2 Outline of thesis 2 1.2 Organic photodetectors 4 1.2.1 Photodetectors 4 1.2.2 Working principles of organic photodetectors 4 1.2.3 Figure of merits of organic photodetectors 10 Chapter 2. Effect of charge blocking layer for enhancing detectivity in near-infrared organic photodetectors 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.1.1 Reviews on OPDs with charge blocking layers 15 2.1.2 Hole transport materials 19 2.2 Experimental methods 23 2.3 Result and discussion 28 2.4 Conclusion 40 Chapter 3. Figure of merits in near-infrared organic photodetectors 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Experimental methods 41 3.3 Result and discussion 44 3.3.1 Linear dynamic range 44 3.3.2 Fall time 46 3.3.3 Cut-off frequency 48 3.4 Conclusion 53 Chapter 4. Summary and outlook 54 Bibliography 56 ์ดˆ๋ก 61Maste

    ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„ ์šฐ์šธ ๋‹ค์ค‘์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ฐจ์ง€์šฑ.Mental illnesses run in families. Children with a family history of depression are at risk for mental illnesses. Understanding the pathways through which a family history of depression increases the offsprings risk for psychopathology could help identify those at higher risk, aiding in targeting intervention. In this study, we hypothesized polygenic scores (PGSs) of mental illnesses play a role as the genetic mechanism for the impact of a family history of depression. To this end, we analyzed the phenotype and genotype data of 8,111 multiethnic preadolescents (including 6,151 of European ancestry) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. A four-level risk variable describing how many prior generations were affected by depression was created, assuming that children with both a parent and grandparent with depression have the highest risk. We estimated the PGSs of 30 psychiatric and cognitive traits. Logistic regression showed that higher familial risk was significantly associated with a higher polygenic risk (adjusted for covariates). PGSs for depression (corrected P<0.01; odds ratio [OR] = 1.14) and bipolar disorder (corrected P<0.05; OR = 1.12) were significantly associated with a family history of depression. Mediation analysis revealed that PGS for depression significantly mediated the impact of a family history of depression on offsprings psychiatric disorders and suicidality. These findings show an increase in inherited genetic susceptibility to depression would be a mechanism for intergenerational transmission of depression. Future study is needed to investigate how polygenic risk influences developmental trajectory under the familial risk of mental illness. Such research will pave the way to understanding the pathophysiology of childhood psychopathology and defining children at higher risk for psychiatric conditions.์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์•„๋™์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์‹๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์ถ”์ •์น˜์ธ ๋‹ค์ค‘์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ˆ˜(polygenic score)๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ญํ• ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•„๋™์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋‡Œ์ธ์ง€๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ(Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development, ABCD) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ธ์ข… 6,151๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค์ธ์ข… ์•„๋™ 8,111๋ช…์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•๊ณผ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๋‘ ์„ธ๋Œ€(๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ)์—์„œ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์ธ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” 30๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๊ต๋ž€ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„, ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹ค์ค‘์œ ์ „์  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ๊ณผ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ž๋…€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์ž์‚ด๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์ค‘์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์•„๋™์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Genetic contributions to mental disorders 1 1.2. Polygenic prediction for mental disorders 4 1.3. Impact of family history of depression on psychopathology 6 1.4. Familial and polygenic risk on mental disorders 9 1.5. Objectives and hypotheses 10 Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 12 2.1. Participants and data source 12 2.2. Measures 14 2.3. Analysis 20 Chapter 3. Results 23 3.1. Participants 23 3.2. Association between familial risk and polygenic scores 25 3.3. Association of psychopathology with polygenic scores and family history of depression 31 3.4. Mediating role of polygenic scores 41 Chapter 4. Discussion 44 4.1. PGSs associated with multigenerational depression history 44 4.2. Polygenic risks for childhood psychopathology 46 4.3. Mediating effect of depression PGS in the relationship between depression history and offspring psychopathology 51 4.4. Implications and future directions 52 Supplementary Material 55 Bibliography 68 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 84์„

    ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ž๊ถ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์œก์ข…์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„ ์ธ์ž ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ด์€์ง€.Introduction: To evaluate favorable prognostic factors related to the prognosis of recurrent uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS). Materials and Methods: The database searched those diagnosed at Seoul national university hospital for recurrent uLMS between January 2000 and December 2020. Prognostic factors related to the treatment-free interval (TFI), treatment-related survival (TRS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by using the Kaplan and Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses. Results: A total of 43 patients with recurrent uLMS were included, and 25 (58.1%) underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery (CRS). Secondary CRS improved TFI (median, 8.1 vs. 4.6 mons; P=0.001), which was favorable factor affecting TFI (HR, 0.298; 95% CI 0.137-0.646; P=0.002). Moreover, prior treatment-free interval (PTFI) longer than six months was related with better TRS (median, 9.84 vs. 22.28 mons; P <0.001) and OS (median, 16.99 vs. 51.09 mons; P <0.001), which was also a factor improving TRS (HR, 0.298; 95% CI 0.133-0.667; P=0.003) and OS (HR, 0.184; 95% CI 0.069-0.489; P=0.001). In 15 patients of multiple recurrences, secondary CRS showed better TFI with borderline significance (P=0.059). Conclusion: These data suggest that secondary CRS is a favorable factor for TFI, and PTFI longer than six months may be important for improving TRS and OS in recurrent uLMS. After maximal CRS in multiple recurrences, it is expected that the TFI can be delayed.๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ์ž๊ถ์œก์ข…์•”์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„๋‹จ๋จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ช…๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์ž˜ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ž๊ถํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์œก์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆํ›„ ์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ž๊ถ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์œก์ข…์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 2000๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ž๊ถ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์œก์ข… ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ƒ์กด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆํ›„ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆํ›„ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ Kaplan-Meier์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ Cox ๋น„๋ก€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ด 43 ๋ช…์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ž๊ถํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์œก์ข… ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ค‘ 25 ๋ช… (58.1%)์ด 2์ฐจ ์ข…์–‘๊ฐ์ถ• ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ์ข…์–‘๊ฐ์ถ•์ˆ ์€ ๋ฌด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , (์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’, 8.1 vs. 4.6 ๊ฐœ์›”; P=0.001)์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ด์ „ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 6๊ฐœ์›”๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋งŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ (HR, 0.298; 95% CI 0.133-0.667; P=0.003) ๋ฐ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ (HR, 0.184; 95% CI 0.069-0.489; P=0.001)์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ (์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’, 9.84 vs. 22.28 ๊ฐœ์›”, P <0.001)์™€ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’, 16.99 vs. 51.09 ๊ฐœ์›”, P <0.001)์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ณด์ธ 15๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ 2์ฐจ ์ข…์–‘๊ฐ์ถ• ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ๋ฌด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค (P=0.059). ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ž๊ถ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์œก์ข…์—์„œ 2์ฐจ ์ข…์–‘ ๊ฐ์ถ• ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ๋ฌด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ, ์ฆ‰ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ˜ธ์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 6๊ฐœ์›”๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ข…์–‘๊ฐ์ถ• ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ๋ฌด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์— ์ง€์—ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study background 1 1.2. Purpose of research 2 Chapter 2. Body 3 2.1. Material and methods 3 2.2. Results 4 2.3. Conclusion 5 References 7 Abstract (Korean) 9 Tables [Table 1] 11 [Table 2] 13 [Table 3] 14 [Table 4] 15 Figures [Figures 1] 16 [Figures 2] 17 [Figures 3] 18 [Figures 4] 20์„

    3~6์„ธ ์—ฌ์•„ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๋‚จ์œค์ž.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ํ˜ธ์นญ๋ณ„ ์ธ์ฒด ์น˜์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ์—ฌ์•„ 3โˆผ6์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์—…์ฒด์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์‹œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ๊ตฌ๋งค ์‹œ์—๋„ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ๊ตฌ์ž… ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ, ๋””์ž์ธ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„, ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ •๋ณด ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 3โˆผ6์„ธ ์—ฌ์•„์˜ ์ธ์ฒด์ธก์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํ˜• ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ๊ตฌ๋งค ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์„ค๋ฌธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์ž… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์•„๋ณต๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์ด 62.6%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ์ž… ์‹œ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋”ฑ ๋งž๋Š” ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‘๋‹ต์ด 40.9%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์•„๋ณต์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต์— ์žˆ์–ด ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋งž์Œ์ƒˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๊ณ , ์˜๋ณต ๊ตฌ๋งค ์‹œ ์„ ํƒ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‘๋‹ต์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์นญ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์™ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ 37๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์นญ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์•„๋™๋ณต์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ˆซ์žํ˜ธ์นญ, ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์นญ, ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์žํ˜ธ์นญ, ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง์ˆ˜ํ˜ธ์นญ, ASTM์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์™ธ ํ˜ธ์นญ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ์นญ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์•„๋™๋ณต ์ˆซ์žํ˜ธ์นญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , KS ์œ ์•„๋ณต ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์นญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—…์ฒด๋ณ„๋กœ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ˜ธ์นญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์—…์ฒด ๊ฐ„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ฒด ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์ธ์ฒด์น˜์ˆ˜, ์ œํ’ˆ์น˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ด, ํ‚ค ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ธ์ฒด ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ 3์„ธ์—์„œ 6์„ธ์˜ ์—ฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ5์ฐจ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ธ์ฒด ์น˜์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ(Size Korea)์˜ ์ธก์ • ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‚ค ๊ธฐ์ค€ ํ˜ธ์นญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์œ ์•„๋ณต ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ทœ๊ฒฉ(KS K 0052:2009)์—์„œ๋„ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์นญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ฒด ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‚ค ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋„ ์ฒดํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‘˜๋ ˆํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ‚ค 90, 100, 110, 120์˜ 4๊ฐœ ํ˜ธ์นญ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ์ฒดํ˜•์€ S(Slim), ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฒดํ˜•์€ R(Regular), ๋น„๋งŒ ์ฒดํ˜•์€ P(Plump)๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ํ‘œ์‹œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ, ๊ฐ€์Šด๋‘˜๋ ˆ, ๋ฐฐ๊ผฝ์ˆ˜์ค€ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๋‘˜๋ ˆ, ์—‰๋ฉ์ด๋‘˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต 4 1. ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 4 2. ๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 6 3. ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต์˜ ์ •์˜ 10 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์œ ์•„๋ณต ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ 12 1. ์œ ์•„๋ณต์˜ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ทœ๊ฒฉ 12 2. ์œ ์•„๋ณต์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 17 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 20 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 20 1. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 20 2. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 20 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 21 1. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์—…์ฒด ์„ ์ • 21 2. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๊ธฐ 22 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ์„ค์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ธ์ฒด ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ 23 1. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ 23 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 25 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 25 1. ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 25 2. ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต ๊ตฌ๋งค ์‹คํƒœ 28 3. ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธํ•ญ 35 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์œ ์•„๋ฐœ๋ ˆ๋ณต์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 38 1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ํ˜ธ์นญ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์„ 38 2. ๊ตญ์™ธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ ํ˜ธ์นญ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์„ 42 3. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„ 43 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ์„ค์ • 48 1. ํ˜ธ์นญ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ํ˜ธ์นญ๋ณ„ ์ธ์ฒด์น˜์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ 48 2. ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์„ค์ • 52 3. ์น˜์ˆ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ์„ค์ • 70 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 75 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  75 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ 78 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 79 Abstract 83 ๋ถ€๋ก 85Maste

    SAMHD1 ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํ‹ฐ๋“œ3์ธ์‚ฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์•”์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๊น€๊ทœ์›.SAMHD1 is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) which inhibits retroviruses by depleting intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) in noncycling myeloid cells. Although SAMHD1 is expressed ubiquitously throughout the human body, the molecular mechanism to directly regulate its enzymatic activity and its function in non-immune cells are relatively unexplored. Here, I demonstrate that the dNTPase activity of SAMHD1 is regulated by acetylation, which promotes cell cycle progression in cancer cells. SAMHD1 was acetylated at residue K405 by ARD1, an acetyltransferase, which directly enhanced its dNTPase activity in vitro. When SAMHD1 wildtype and non-acetylated K405R mutant overexpressing stable cells were constructed in cancer cells, K405R mutant expressing cells showed decreased G1/S transition and slower proliferation over wildtype cells. SAMHD1 acetylation level was strongest during the G1 phase, implicating its role during G1 phase. Collectively, these findings suggest that SAMHD1 acetylation enhances its dNTPase activity and promotes cancer cell proliferation.INTRODUCTION 1 I. dNTPs 1 II. SAMHD1. 6 1. SAMHD1 is a dNTPase. 6 2. SAMHD1 and innate immunity 10 3. SAMHD1 and cell growth . 13 4. Posttranslational modifications of SAMHD1. 15 III. ARD1. 17 1. Protein acetylation. 17 2. ARD1 is an acetyltransferase. 21 3. ARD1 is oncogenic. 23 PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY 26 MATERIALS AND METHODS. 28 1. Human liver tissue samples 28 2. Cell Culture and synchronization 28 3. in vitro acetylation assay 29 4. Mass spectrometric analysis 29 5. in vitro dNTPase assay 30 6. siRNA and plasmid construction 31 7. Transfection and stable cell line construction 32 8. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation 33 9. Screening of binding proteins. 33 10. Recombinant protein preparation 34 11. Protein sequence alignment 35 12. Flow cytometry analysis 35 13. Cell proliferation assay 35 14. Colony formation assay 36 15. Fluorescence microscopy 36 16. Statistical analysis 37 RESULTS . 38 1. SAMHD is a novel acetylation substrate of ARD1 38 2. K405 residue of SAMHD1 is acetylated by ARD1 46 3. ARD1-mediated SAMHD1 acetylation enhances its dNTPase activity 57 4. SAMHD1 acetylation is important for cell proliferation in various cancer cells 64 5. SAMHD1 acetylation promotes G1/S transition in cancer cells 78 6. SAMHD1 acetylation may play other undiscovered roles in various cell lines 96 DISCUSSION 105 CONCLUSION 110 REFERENCES 112 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 121Docto

    Construction of cadmium and lead database for commonly consumed food items among Korean population and epidemiological characteristics of dietary cadmium and lead exposure

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑด์˜์–‘ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต), 2015. 8. ์ •ํšจ์ง€.์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด์€ ์‹ ์žฅ, ๊ณจ ์กฐ์ง, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ฑ ์œ ํ•ด๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ฉ์€ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ด์ƒ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ด์ƒ, ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜, ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ €ํ•ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์€ ์ง์—…์  ๋…ธ์ถœ, ๊ณต๊ธฐ, ํ† ์–‘, ์‹ํ’ˆ, ๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ์ฒด์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์—…์  ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ํ’ˆ์ด ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋…ธ์ถœ์›์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ค‘ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ ์„ญ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ƒ์šฉ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ค‘ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ๋ฐ ๋‚ฉ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ๋ฐ ๋‚ฉ ๋…ธ์ถœ์˜ ์—ญํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ 4๊ธฐ(2007-2009) ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ƒ์šฉ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ค‘ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ฉ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ’์ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์งˆ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ’์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ’์ด ์—†์„ ์‹œ ์›์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ 4๊ธฐ, ์ œ 5๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธก ๋ฐ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์‹์‚ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ•„์š” ์ถ”์ •๋Ÿ‰์˜ 20-200%๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ์ด 41,587๋ช…์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ๋ฐ ๋‚ฉ ์„ญ์ทจ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ญ์ทจ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋†๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ญ์ทจ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ ์ž ์ •์ผ์ผ์„ญ์ทจํ—ˆ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰(Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake, PTDI) ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‹ค์ œ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ „์ฒด์˜ 95 ํผ์„ผํƒ€์ผ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 702๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด์€ 54.4%, ๋‚ฉ์€ 55.0%์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ํ’ˆ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•œ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋Š” ๋‘ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ 95.6%์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ 10.50ฮผg/day, ๋‚ฉ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ 9.73ฮผg/day์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท  %PTDI๋Š” ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด์ด 22.72%, ๋‚ฉ์ด 4.93% ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ์„ญ์ทจ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ญํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋น„๋งŒ๋„, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“, ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€, ํก์—ฐ, ์Œ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด๊ณผ ๋‚ฉ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ตฐ์€ ์–ดํŒจ๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๊ณก๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์œจ์ด ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 4.8%๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด์„, 5.5%๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‚ฉ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ž 10์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋…ธ์ถœ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ๋ฐ ๋‚ฉ ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ์–ดํŒจ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ณก๋ฅ˜, ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜, ์กฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃŒ๋ฅ˜, ์ข…์‹ค๋ฅ˜, ์œ ์ง€๋ฅ˜, ๋‹น๋ฅ˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์œก๋ฅ˜, ์šฐ์œ  ๋ฐ ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ, ๊ฐ์ž ๋ฐ ์ „๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ผ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋„ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰ ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘๋‹น ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ๋†๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ (ฮฒ=0.0252p<0.0001), ๋‚ฉ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋‚ฉ ๋†๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(ฮฒ=0.0134p<0.0001). ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜, ๋‹น๋ฅ˜, ์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜, ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜, ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ์–ดํŒจ๋ฅ˜, ์กฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃŒ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด ๋†๋„์™€ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ, ๊ฐ์ž ๋ฐ ์ „๋ถ„๋ฅ˜, ์œ ์ง€๋ฅ˜, ๊ณก๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ๋‚ฉ ๋†๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Œ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜, ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅ˜, ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜, ์–ดํŒจ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‚ฉ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณก๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‚ฉ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ๋Š” ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ €๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ… ๋งˆ๋ จ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋…ธ์ถœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 12 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 36 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 43 ๋ถ€๋ก 50 Abstract 67Maste

    ๊ฐ€์ •์šฉ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์ œ์–ด ๋ณ€๋™ํญ์ด ์‹ ์„  ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์†์‹ค์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ์ตœ์˜์ง„.Household refrigerator which is commonly used, operates the temperature rise and drop of ยฑ2.0โ„ƒ distribution inside the fridge. It is well known that food can be deteriorated by a high storage temperature, but temperature fluctuation in fridge also can cause severe quality loss in foods. In this study, the effects of temperature fluctuation on storage quality of fresh foods including eye of round (meat), mackerel (fish), spinach and pak-choi (leafy vegetables) in refrigerator was investigated. According to the samples, mean temperatures were set to -2.5โ„ƒ or 0.5โ„ƒ (code L) and -1.0โ„ƒ or 2.5โ„ƒ (code H) and temperature fluctuations were designated in ยฑ0.5โ„ƒ, ยฑ1.0โ„ƒ, ยฑ2.0โ„ƒ (code 0.5, 1.0, 2.0). Changes of storage quality were identified by measuring protein decay, lipid rancidity and moisture loss of food during the storage period. As a result, there was no significant difference in the degree of protein decay, fat rancidity of eye of round and mackerel between temperature fluctuations condition during storage. However, eye of round was frozen only at L2.0 condition during the storage and mackerels were frozen from the day of 3, 6 and 8 at L2.0, L1.0 and L0.5, respectively. Also, both weight loss of spinach and pak-choi were accelerated as the temperature fluctuation increased. In addition, model food, daikon, was introduced to investigate freezing and evaporation phenomena of stored food according to the temperature fluctuation condition. Freezing phenomenon as larger temperature fluctuation had relevance to that more chance to pass through the freezing point. Thus, ice nucleus could be formed and once nucleation occurred, freezing accelerated. Also, each temperature condition was expressed in terms of periodic sine function with constant amplitude and phase in order to interpretation of evaporation, and the amount of evaporation was calculated according to the temperature fluctuation through cumulative time data. As a results, the larger the temperature fluctuation was, the greater the driving force as partial pressure difference, more heat escaped from the food. In this study, it was verified that relatively constant temperatures had advantages in maintaining moisture on foods. It is expected that this research will be used as a basis for the effects of temperature fluctuation control on fresh food in the domestic refrigerator and it could be used as a valuable reference for refrigerator technology research.โ… . INTRODUCTION 1 โ…ก. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 2.1. Sample preparation 4 2.2. Temperature setting on refrigerator 6 2.3. Storage quality 8 2.3.1. Volatile basic nitrogen 8 2.3.2. Thio-barbituric acid reactive substances 9 2.3.3. Weight loss 10 2.3.4. Appearance 10 2.4. Daikon as numerical model 11 2.5. Statistical analysis 14 โ…ข. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15 3.1. Temperature profiles 15 3.2. Quality changes during storage at various temperature conditions 17 3.2.1. Eye of round 17 3.2.2. Mackerel 22 3.2.3. Spinach 27 3.2.4. Pak-choi 30 3.3. Weight loss of daikon as a modeling 33 3.4. Relationship between heat & mass transfer and temperature fluctuation during cold storage 38 โ…ฃ. CONCLUSION 52 โ…ค. NOMENCLATURE 53 โ…ฅ. REFERENCES 55 โ…ฆ. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 59Maste

    An Educational Anthropological Study on the Coming out Experiences of Parents of Sexual Minorities and its Existential Meaning

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œกํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ์กฐ์šฉํ™˜.People become existential beings by unfolding their individuality through relationships with others and the world. Through this process, people develop a sense of responsibility for the relationships with others and the world and start making changes in the pre-existing socialized ways. This study explored the existential process that aims to change the culture that suppresses the individuality of minorities. In this study, I investigated the emergence of becoming, apart from the past, in a parent-child relationship, which seems to follow the social regulation about being normal and its expansion to relationships outside the family as the existential topic. In an attempt to explore the existential life experiences of people faced with the challenges of major life changes, I studied parents who had shared coming out experiences of their children and embarked on a new life. I investigated the experiences of a group of parents of sexual minorities through participation observations for three years. Through the stories of nine primary participants and two secondary participants, I was able to uncover the existential meaning and educational potential of their experiences as parents of sexual minorities. They had been on the side of the majority as they were not sexual minorities. However, they were put in the position of the parents of sexual minorities after their children disclosed their gender identity. The series of experiences they went through after their children's coming out led them to a different existential processโ€”leading them to become educational beings. This study interpreted the existential meaning of coming out from an academic anthropological perspective based on these cases. Further, the purpose of this study was to look at the implications for the Korean society during a time when it is urged by the world to improve the educational culture as the concerns over discrimination and exclusion against sexual minorities are serious. The following is a summary of research questions and conclusions. First, what aspects of coming out are the parents of sexual minorities experiencing? I divided the aspects of coming out that the parents experience into two categories in Chapter III to answer this question. These are the experiences where the parents experience their children's coming out and where the parents reveal that their children are sexual minorities. In addition to the difference in each individual's life, factors such as time, space, the way it is done, and the listeners' characteristics make each case different. However, some common features found from these cases included the fact that after their 20s, the period when children came out was suspended. Further, children tended to reveal their identity more to their mothers than their fathers. The perception toward youth, sexual minorities, and family in our society had a complicated influence on these common factors. The children's coming out guided both the parents and children to brainstorm better ways of communicating, and it impacted on broadening the topics they could discuss. Parents met again with their children as beings that they could no longer judge or define based on their pre-existing knowledge. The cases of parents' revelation were categorized into those within their circle and outside their circle. These were categorized based on the timing, location, method, the listener, and the purpose. Parents revealed their children's sexual identity in their social group while sharing their updates or introducing themselves. This gave them emotional relief. These were often accompanied by listening to other sexual minorities or their parents, which helped them prepare to come out of their social groups. Coming out of their social groups was an attempt to expand toward the relationship created in its own form. The repeated processes of coming out inside and outside their group changed the relationships within oneself, neighbors, and society. Second, what existential meaning does an experience of coming out entail? To answer this question, I analyzed the experience of parents of sexual minorities from the existential process perspective in Chapter IV. Further, I described the existential meaning implied in the coming out experience. The coming out experience was expressed in existential terms such as oppression against existence, frame transition, and liberation from existence. Through these processes, the parents were able to head toward another direction compared to the past. In oppression against existence, I explored the cultural aspect, which oppresses the existence of sexual minorities through four topics: oblivion, distortion, deferral, and concealment. In frame transition, I focused on how the form of life changed as the parents, who were used to the culture that has oppressed the existence of sexual minorities, experienced different time, space, and relationship from the past. These changes led to the liberation from existence, seeking for a better existence. The liberation from existence was divided into four topics of freedom, participation, responsibility, and questions about existence. Participants were freed from the restraint of thinking that children are their alter egos. Through this process, they learned that people are existential beings who choose their own lives rather than being grouped based on commonalities. Third, what kind of educational anthropological implications does an existential meaning of coming out have? To answer this question, I explored the educational possibilities that can be derived through the existential process of coming out in Chapter V. Further, I re-interpreted the prominent meaning of existence in connection with academic anthropology. The existential process went beyond the cultural discourse that materialized humans and treated them as tools, but was a transformational process from possession to existence, which looked at them as beings with individuality. It read the concrete signs from the face of the minorities, which had been abstract previously. It was a process from abstraction to concrete, which also materialized one's existence in the world's relationship. It was a process from autism to existence, which emerged through repeated participation that encompasses the genealogical approach and differences about the culture of normality. The educational possibility that I could find through these three processes is also interconnected with academic anthropology. I attempted an interpretive approach to existence through the connection with educational anthropology. Through this process, existence emerged as an educational being and a virtuous cycle of life and knowing. Becoming an educational being is debating and choosing to be a better self, even when the conditions were not favorable. Parents also emphasized that it is crucial to have space to dwell as themselves to be an educational being. This was considered an attempt to critically evaluate the culture, which was socialized in an unjust way toward the minorities and created a more educational culture. These parents' cases demonstrated the possibility of existential education that could help them become a part of the world based on one's individuality. Existential education occurs when individuals form themselves into educational beings while residing in relationships with others and the world. This goes beyond the dichotomy of majorities and minorities. However, it understands that each individual is unique in their own way and can create a better culture together and individually.์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ํƒ€์ธ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ํŽผ์ณ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์กด์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํƒ€์ธ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ฑ…์ž„์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์ƒ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ๋‹ต์Šตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ-์ž๋…€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋˜๊ธฐ(becoming)๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‹ค์กด์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋…€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ถ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ž„์„ ๋ฐํžŒ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ธ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 9๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 2๋ช…์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์กด์  ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋น„์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ž๋…€์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ดํ›„ ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๊ต์œก์  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์‹ค์กด์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ต์œก์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ต์œก ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋…€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ์ž„์„ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„ ์˜จ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ž๋…€์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์žฅ์†Œ, ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 20๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ , ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ƒ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„, ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž, ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋…€์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์ž๋…€ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ํญ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์˜ ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์˜ ์ž๋…€์™€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์€ ๋ชจ์ž„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ž„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์žฅ์†Œ, ๋ฐฉ์‹, ์ƒ๋Œ€, ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์ž„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์€ ๊ทผํ™ฉ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์„œ์ ์ธ ์œ„์•ˆ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์ฒดํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ์ž„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์ž„ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€์™€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ์ด ๊ต์ฐจ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ž์‹ , ์ด์›ƒ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‹ค์กด์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๋‚ดํฌ๋œ ์‹ค์กด์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์€ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••์ œ, ๋ชธํ‹€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜, ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ถ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ง๊ฐ, ์™œ๊ณก, ์œ ์˜ˆ, ์€ํ๋ผ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ์‹ค์กด์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชธํ‹€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์••์ œํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๊ธธ๋“ค์—ฌ์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ถ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‹ค์กด์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์€ ์ž์œ , ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์ฑ…์ž„, ์กด์žฌ๋ฌผ์Œ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ„์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†๋ฐ•์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์กด์  ์ฃผ์ฒด์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์‹ค์กด์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ํ•จ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด โ…ค์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์กด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ต์œก์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์†์—์„œ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฌผํ™”, ๋„๊ตฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์œ ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ์ถ”์ƒํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •, ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ณดํ•™์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์žํ์—์„œ ํƒˆ์กด์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๊ต์œก์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์†์—์„œ ์‹ค์กด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ค์กด์€ ๊ต์œก์  ์กด์žฌ-๋˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์•Ž์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์  ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ถˆํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์œก์  ์กด์žฌ-๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ด ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜๋กญ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ต์œก์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์กด๋ก ์  ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์กด๋ก ์  ๊ต์œก์€ ํƒ€์ธ ๋ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์œก์  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ž์™€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ์ด-์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 10 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ • 13 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„์žฅ 13 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 19 3) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 28 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 35 II. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 37 1. ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜ 37 2. ์‹ค์กด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก 45 3. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 54 III. ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜ 66 1. ์ž๋…€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ 66 1) ๋ฏธ์•ผ: ํ˜‘๋ฐ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์กด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 68 2) ์Šน์—ฐ: ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์™ธ๋กœ์›€ 72 3) ๋ด‰๋ ˆ์˜ค: ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ ์Šค์Šน 74 4) ๊ณ ๋ž˜: ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก 77 5) ๋น—๋ฐฉ์šธ: ์ง‘์ด ์ œ์ผ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ 81 6) ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ ์ž๋…€์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ 84 7) ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋น„๊ต 88 2. ์„ฑ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ 111 1) ๋ฌผ: ์–ด๋ฅธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ๋ฐœ์–ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ 112 2) ๊ตญํ™”ํ–ฅ๊ธฐ: ์•Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ถŒ ์šด๋™ 115 3) ๋‚˜๋น„: ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํž˜ 118 4) ์œ„๋‹ˆ์™€ ํ‘ธ์šฐ: ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ 120 5) ์ง€๋ฏธ์™€ ๋น„๋น„์•ˆ: ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒ ์ฃ  123 6) ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ 127 7) ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋น„๊ต 136 IV. ์ปค๋ฐ์•„์›ƒ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ • 167 1. ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์••์ œ 169 1) ๋ง๊ฐ: ๋‚ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค 170 2) ์™œ๊ณก: ์„น์Šˆ์–ผํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถˆ์˜จ์‹œ 174 3) ์œ ์˜ˆ: ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค, ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ƒ์กฐ๋‹ค 179 4) ์€ํ: ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์งˆ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊น ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ 184 2. ๋ชธํ‹€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 188 1) ์‹œ๊ฐ„: ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅธ ๋’ค์— ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด 188 2) ๊ณต๊ฐ„: ์œ ๋… ๊ฐ€์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋…๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 193 3) ๊ด€๊ณ„: ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์— ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„์น˜ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹ 198 4) ์‚ถ์˜ ํ˜•์‹: ์‚ด์•„ ์˜จ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๊ฑท์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • 202 3. ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ 207 1) ์ž์œ : ์ด๊ฑธ ์™œ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ 209 2) ์ฐธ์—ฌ: ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  213 3) ์ฑ…์ž„: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค 218 4) ์กด์žฌ๋ฌผ์Œ: ์™œ ์‚ด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๋‚˜๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ 223 V. ๊ต์œก์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ํ•จ์˜ 230 1. ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 232 1) ์†Œ์œ ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ 233 2) ์ถ”์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ 240 3) ์žํ์—์„œ ํƒˆ์กด์œผ๋กœ 246 2. ์‹ค์กด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„ํ•™์  ์ˆœํ™˜ 255 1) ๊ต์œก์  ์กด์žฌ-๋˜๊ธฐ: ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ 256 2) ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์•Ž์˜ ์„ ์ˆœํ™˜: ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 263 VI. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  271 1. ์š”์•ฝ 271 2. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  277 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 282 Abstract 304Docto

    STAT3 ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ 15-Keto prostaglandin E2์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ์„œ์˜์ค€.Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is highly produced during inflammation and cancer. Overproduction of PGE2 has been associated with increased tumor cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and invasiveness. PGE2 is oxidized to 15-keto prostaglandin E2 (15-keto PGE2) by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). 15-Keto PGE2 is considered as a biologically inactive form of the pro-tumorigenic lipid mediator, PGE2. However, recent studies have revealed that 15-keto PGE2 has tumor suppressive functions, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that regulates transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell survival. It is constitutively activated in most of cancer types, and the aberrantly activated STAT3 contributes to tumor promotion and progression. This prompted me to investigate the effects of 15-keto PGE2 on STAT3 activation. Notably, 15-keto PGE2 containing an ฮฑ,ฮฒ-unsaturated carbonyl group directly bound to STAT3 and thereby suppressed the phosphorylation, dimerization and nuclear translocation of this transcription factor in Ha-Ras transformed human mammary epithelial (MCF10A-ras) cells. In contrast, its non-electrophilic analogue, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2 failed to inhibit the STAT3 activation and was unable to suppress the growth and transformation of MCF10A-ras cells. Moreover, thiol reducing agents, such as dithiothreitol or N-acetyl-L-cysteine, disrupted the interaction between 15-keto PGE2 and STAT3, and abrogated STAT3 inactivation by 15-keto PGE2. A molecular docking analysis suggests that Cys251 and Cys259 residues of STAT3 are preferential binding sites for this lipid mediator. In addition, subcutaneous injection of 15-keto PGE2 attenuated xenograft tumor growth and decreased phosphorylated STAT3 in athymic nude mice transplanted with human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Taken together, thiol modification of STAT3 by 15-keto PGE2 inhibits STAT3 activation, thereby suppressing breast cancer cell proliferation, growth and transformation.โ…ฐ. Introduction 1 โ…ฑ. Material and Methods 4 โ…ฒ. Results 13 โ…ณ. Discussion 36 โ…ด. References 39 โ…ต. Abstract in Korean 44Maste

    Studies on Memory and Storage Management for Non-volatile Memory Systems

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    Recently, high-speed non-volatile storage technologies such as PCM (Phase Change Memory) emerge and there is a bright prospect that PCM will be adopted in the design of computer systems. PCM is considered to be used as a part of DRAM-like memory since it is byte-addressable and provides a comparable access speed to DRAM. Furthermore, the rapid enhancement of micro-fabrication processes and multi-level cell (MLC) technologies leads to high capacity of PCM and allows it to be used as disk-like secondary storage as well. In this dissertation, we discuss several important issues in exploiting PCM in the memory and storage hierarchies of computer systems and present new designs of operating system components to use PCM efficiently. We first present an efficient memory management scheme when high-speed non-volatile memory such as PCM is adopted as secondary storage. Our proposed scheme allows interactive jobs to use a part of real-time tasks memory area during the slack time of the real-time task. The memory area is then restored into the original state of the real-time task before it is activated. This scheme is feasible because a page loading time is short and predictable when high speed non-volatile storage is used. We show that the page faults of interactive jobs are significantly reduced by 8.68% and 69.11% when the slack time changes from 20ms and 300ms. Secondly, we present an in-memory journaling scheme for PCM based main memory systems. As PCM is non-volatile, it is possible for main memory to retain data without power. Motivated by this, we investigate an efficient way to journal data in main memory instead of secondary storage. We have implemented the prototype of the proposed scheme on Linux and show our scheme improves performance by up to 43.7% than ext3 for multiple benchmarks. In addition, we redesign a journaling file system and a snapshot file system targeting on high-speed and byte-addressable storage backed by PCM. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of PCM based storage systems, our proposed file system improves performance and reliability, as well as endurance of storage. Lastly, we present an efficient buffer cache management scheme for high-speed secondary storage that performs nearly as fast as main memory. Since the optimistic access time of PCM is expected to be almost identical to that of DRAM, the traditional buffer cache may not be effective for PCM storage. We analyze the cost and benefit of caching when the speed gap of cache and storage becomes small and find the condition for caching to be beneficial by characterizing I/O workload patterns. In each issue, we provide a comprehensive analysis of ex-isting techniques and validate our scheme by implementation and trace-driven si-mulations.Docto
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