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    ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ฒฐํ•๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์—ญํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต),2020. 2. ์กฐ์„ฑ์ผ.์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ฉด์—ญ๊ฒฐํ•๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค (Human Immunodeficiency virus, HIV) ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ์„ฑ๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๊ณ  ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด๋‹ค. 1985๋…„ ์ฒซ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์œ ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, UNAIDS (The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) ์—์„œ๋Š” 90-90-90 target์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ž์˜ 90%๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 90%๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 90%๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ต์ œ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™ ํ†ต๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ „์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ์—ผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์ดํ›„์˜ ์•ฝ์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆœ์‘๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , HIV ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ณดํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์˜ ๋ณ‘์› ๋‚ด์›๊ณผ ์•ฝ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ˆ˜์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ญํ•™์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, (1) ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž์™€ ์—ญํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (2) ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์†Œ์ง€ ๋น„์œจ (medication possession ratio)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค. (3) ๊ตญ๋‚ด HIV-๋งค๋… ์ค‘๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๊ฐ€ HIV-๋งค๋… ์ค‘๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (1) ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ 2007๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ HIV ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  HIV ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„์ฒœ์„ฑ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ฒฐํ•์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; AIDS)๋Š” AIDS ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™•์ธ๋œ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (2) ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ 2007๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2016๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ HIV ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , 2009๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2016๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์†Œ์ง€๋น„์œจ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 95%์ด์ƒ ๋†’์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (3) ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ 2008๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2016๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ ์ค‘ ๋งค๋… ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์•ฝ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค๋… ์ค‘๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ 95% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ค‘๋ณต ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ€ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (1) ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์—์„œ 10% ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ถ”์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆ„์  ํ™˜์ž์™€ ์‹ ๊ทœ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹น ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ CD4 ์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ• ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ CD4 ์„ธํฌ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 200/mm3 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (2) 8,501 ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ ์ค‘์—์„œ 70.4%์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์†Œ์ง€๋น„์œจ 95% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•, ์—ฌ์„ฑ, 20-29์„ธ ๋˜๋Š” 50์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด, ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ, 3์ฐจ ๋ณ‘์› ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ณ‘์› ์ง„๋ฃŒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค (๊ฐ๊ฐ Odds ratio 1.7, 1.6, 1.6, 1.4, 1.6, 2.1, 1.2, 1.6 to 3.8). (3) 9,393 ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ ์ค‘ 4,536 (48.3%)๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋… ์ค‘๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋Š” HIV-๋งค๋… ์ค‘๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค (odds ratio 1.18; 95% confidence interval 1.08โ€“1.30; P=0.001). ์ด์™ธ์— ๋‚จ์„ฑ, ์„ธ๊ท /์›์ถฉ ์„ฑ๋งค๊ฐœ๊ฐ์—ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํฌ์ง„๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋˜ํ•œ HIV-๋งค๋… ์ค‘๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  (1) ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๊ตญ๋‚ด HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘์› ์ง„๋ฃŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด AIDS ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ณธ๋ถ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. (2) ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด HIV ๊ฐ์—ผ์ธ์˜ ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋†’์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์— ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ 10๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. (3) ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด HIV-๋งค๋… ์ค‘๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†’์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์‘๋„๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋งค๋… ์ค‘๋ณต๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์–ด HIV ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฝ˜๋”์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. โ€ƒIntroduction and Objective Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a sexually-transmissible chronic infection, the occurrence of which has increased continuously in Korea. Each step of the diagnosis, engagement in antiretroviral therapy (ART), and care maintenance is necessary to control an HIV infection. However, epidemiological data on the achievement of these steps are not well-established in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of HIV infection in Korea, using nationwide claims data from the Korean National Health Insurance database. The objectives are as follows: (1) To identify the number of annual HIV infections and their epidemiological characteristics in Korea through an analysis of the national claims data and evaluate the usefulness of these data for an epidemiological study of HIV infection in Korea. (2) To identify medication adherence for ART among those diagnosed with HIV in Korea and determine risk factors for suboptimal adherence via the medication possession ratio (MPR). (3) To identify the percentage of HIV-syphilis coinfection in Korea and risk factors for HIV-syphilis coinfection by using national claims data. Methods (1) Using the National Health Institute database, we established two surveillance systems to yield the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection in Korea from 2007 to 2015. We then compared these results to those reported in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) registry, based on positive laboratory tests. (2) We estimated ART adherence among incident HIV-infected individuals and investigated factors affecting low medication adherence using the national health insurance claims data from 2007 to 2016. The MPR was used to measure medication adherence and risk factors for suboptimal adherence were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. (3) This study was retrospective in nature, using the claims database of the NHI system from 2008 to 2016. The clinical characteristics of people living with HIV with or without syphilis coinfection were analyzed. People with HIV and syphilis coinfection were divided into two groups based on an MPR cutoff of 95%: an optimal ART adherence group and a suboptimal ART adherence group. Results (1) The number of patients who visited hospitals recorded in the KCDC registry differed by about 10%. However, age and sex trends by year were comparable to the number of existing and newly diagnosed cases reported by the KCDC. In particular, the claims data provided a more accurate estimate of the number of patients with a CD4-positive T cell count of less than 200/mm3, while much of those data were missing in the KCDC registry. (2) Of the 8,501 newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals identified during 2009-2016 with at least one ART prescription, 5,981 (70.4%) patients had adequate adherence to ART (defined as MPR โ‰ฅ 95%). Women (odds ratio [OR] 1.6), age under 20 and same or over 50 compared to 30โ€“39 (OR 1.6, 1.4), a history of malignancy (OR 1.6), lower socioeconomic status (OR 1.2), not visiting a tertiary-level hospital (OR 1.2), and being diagnosed in the earlier years (OR for 2009 3.7-2015 1.7) were found to be risk factors for lower adherence. (3) Of the 9,393 people living with HIV, 4,536 (48.3%) were diagnosed with a syphilis coinfection. Optimal adherence to ART was independently associated with a syphilis coinfection (OR 1.18; 95% confidence interval 1.08โ€“1.30; P=0.001). Male gender, having a bacterial or protozoan sexually transmitted disease, and having a genital herpes viral infection were also identified as risk factors for an HIV-syphilis coinfection. An HIV-syphilis coinfection was still associated with an optimal adherence >95% to ART even after the definition of syphilis infection has been limited since the diagnosis of HIV infection. Conclusions (1) The first study found that the claims data are valuable in estimating the epidemiology of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome visiting the hospital. The KCDC registry reports the total number of people living with HIV and the claims data shows their hospital visits. A combination of the two databases can be used as a tool to connect diagnosed people living with HIV to the treatment they require. We suggest building a matched HIV surveillance system linking the claims data and the nationwide registry built by the government. (2) The results from the second study indicate that health authorities should take modifiable and unmodifiable barriers into consideration, in order to establish a sustainable monitoring system at the national level and to improve adherence. (3) The results from the third study suggest that the occurrence of unsafe sex is independent of medication adherence. Although HIV is unlikely to be transmitted when the viral load is controlled, consistent use of condoms is needed to prevent a syphilis infection.Abstract 1 Contents 6 List of Tables 8 List of Figures 10 Chapter 1. Introduction 11 Chapter 2. Usefulness of the Korean National Health Insurance database in establishing surveillance systems of treatment cascade for HIV infection 19 2-1. Introduction 20 2-2. Materials and Methods 21 2-3. Results 28 2-4. Discussion 39 Chapter 3. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and factors affecting low medication adherence among incident HIV-infected individuals during 2009โ€“2016: A nationwide study 45 3-1. Introduction 46 3-2. Materials and Methods 47 3-3. Results 53 3-4. Discussion 65 Chapter 4. Association of HIV-syphilis coinfection with optimal antiretroviral adherence: A nation-wide claims study 72 4-1. Introduction 73 4-2. Materials and Methods 75 4-3. Results 79 4-4. Discussion 87 Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusion 91 References 98 Abstract in Korean 104Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๋…ธ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜.The skin has been extensively investigated as a physical and immunolog-ical barrier tis-sue to diverse harmful external effects, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, microorganisms, and xenobiotic chemicals such as drugs, pes-ticides, cosmetics, industrial chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Using normal human keratinocytes (NHKs), we investigated the role of epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) in sensing responses to common xenobiotic chemicals in contact with the skin, including formaldehyde, sensitizers, and sunscreen agents, to elucidate molecular pathways of skin responses, as well as identify novel biomarkers in KCs to regulate and ameliorate skin inflammation. It is crucial to understand toxicological mechanisms underlying sub-cytotoxic for-maldehyde, widely present in various types of products at low levels, to inves-tigate the role of NHKs in xenobiotic sensing responses under normal living conditions. In the cellular transsulfuration pathway, sub-cytotoxic formalde-hyde upregulated two enzymes, cystathionine ฮณ-lyase (CTH) and cystathi-onine-ฮฒ-synthase (CBS). We proposed that CTH and CBS may play a role in the resolution of inflammation by suppressing the early pro-inflammatory re-sponses mediated by sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde in NHKs. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) are common inflamma-tory skin disorders. Although ACD and ICD are differentiated based on path-ophysiological backgrounds, both can present similar clinical aspects and his-topathologies. In this study, to elucidate the roles of NHKs in toxicological molecular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of ACD and ICD, we demonstrated that interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) were commonly altered by both sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and urushiol. IL-8 was upregulated in response to both SLS and urushiol but CXCL14 was down-regulated in NHKs. In a validation study performed using NHKs with OECD TG429 reference chemicals for skin sensitization, 87.5% of the reference sensitizing chemicals significantly induced either CXCL8 upregulation or CXCL14 downregulation, and 62.5% of reference sensitizers downregulated CXCL14 expression. In NHKs, the downregulation of constitutively expressed CXCL14 was regulated by both the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK and Janus kinase 3 (JAK3)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) pathways. Additionally, CXCL14 in NHKs may play important roles in the skin allergic response and could be used as a mechanism-based biomarker to improve the distinction be-tween allergenic sensitizers and non-sensitizers during in vitro skin sensitiza-tion test. Furthermore, we investigated whether phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), playing a well-established role in inflammatory responses in im-mune cells, has a role in the mechanism of BP-3-induced phototoxicity in NHKs. UVB-irradiated BP-3 significantly upregulated PDE4B and pro-inflammatory mediators and downregulated the level of cornified envelope associated proteins. In conclusion, we proposed novel mechanism-based biomarkers in the xenobiotic sensing response; (1) role of ER-UPR-associated genes and CTB/CTH in inflammation resolution, (2) CXCL14 in the STAT6-dependent pathway as a novel biomarker for the in vitro sensitization test, and (3) PDE4B-related phototoxic mechanism for investigating the structure-toxicity relationship.ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ž์™ธ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์นจ์ž…, ์™ธ๋ž˜๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œ ํ•ด์ธ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ๋ฉด์—ญํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์œ ํ•ด์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์™ธ๊ฐ์ธต์ธ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์™ธ์ธ์„ฑ ์ž๊ทน์›์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์•„์ง ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ž˜๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋†๋„๋กœ ์ธ์ฒด์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” formalde-hyde, ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์™ธ๋ž˜๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ์ž๊ทน์›๊ณผ ํ•ญ์›, ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์™ธ์„  ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ž˜๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €๋†๋„ formaldehyde์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ž๊ทน ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ •๋ณด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œํฌ์ฒด ๋ฏธ์ ‘ํž˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ํ™ฉ์ „ํ™˜์ž‘์šฉ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ CTH์™€ CBS๊ฐ€ ์ €๋†๋„ formaldehyde ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋…์„ฑ๊ธฐ์ „์—์„œ ์—ผ์ฆ์œ ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ผ์ฆํ•ด์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ CTH์™€ CBS์™€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ์œ ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” VEGF๊ฐ€ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ผ์ฆ ํ•ด์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์—๋„ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๊ทน์› SLS์™€ ํ•ญ์› urushiol๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์˜จํ†จ๋กœ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ •๋ณด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ผ์ฆ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ํ‘œํ”ผ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ DEGs๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ DEGs๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ DEGs ์ค‘์—์„œ CXCL14๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์ž‘์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž์ž„์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. OECD TG429 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ™•์ธ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ, ๊ฐ์ž‘์›์˜ 62.5%๊ฐ€ CXCL14๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” CXCL8(IL8)์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ CXCL14์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ž‘์›์˜ 87.5%๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ CXCL8(IL8)์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ CXCL14๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ CXCL14์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ MAPK/ERK ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ JAK3/STAT6 ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋จ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ž์™ธ์„  ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ ์ค‘ BP-3์™€ BP-8๋Š” PDE4B๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ, PDE4B์˜ ๊ด‘๋…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. BP-3๋Š” UVB๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ๊ฐ์งˆ์„ฑ์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ PGE2, TNF ฮฑ, IL8 ๋“ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ์œ ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ํ‘œํ”ผ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์งˆ์™ธํ”ผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ PDE4B๊ฐ€ BP-3์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ž˜๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž์ธ CTH์™€ CBS์˜ ๋…์„ฑ ํ•ด์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ „์—์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , JAK3/STAT6 ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ CXCL14์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ PDE4B๊ฐ€ CREB ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ผ์ฆ์œ ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ‘œํ”ผ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ์†์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์™ธ์ธ์„ฑ ์ž๊ทน์›์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์งˆ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ PPAR์™€ VEGFC, ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Molecular response of epidermal keratinocytes to environmental toxicants 1 2. Environmental toxic stimui on the skin 9 II. RESULTS 13 Chapter 1. Effects of formaldehyde in NHKs 13 1. Genome-wide transcription profile in sub-cytotoxic formaldehyde-treated NHKs 13 2. Analysis of DEGs using Gene Ontology (GO) Biological Process (BP) enrichment analysis 19 3. Validation of DEGs in formaldehyde-treated NHKs 21 4. Time course expression profile of CBS, CTH and pro-inflammatory cytokines 24 5. Biological reaction associated with CBS and CTH in the formaldehyde-induced inflammation 25 6. Effects of immune cytokines on CBS and CTH transcription 26 Chapter 2. Effects of sensitizers and non-sensitizers in NHKs 27 1. Genome-wide transcription profile in SLS- or urushiol-treated NHKs 27 2. GO BP enrichment analysis in SLS-induced or urushiol-induced DEGs 41 3. Validation of DEGs in formaldehyde-treated NHKs 43 4. Temporal expression profile of DEGs in NHKs treated with sensitiz-ers and non-sensitizers 45 5. Effects of non-sensitizers and sensitizers on expression of CXCL8 and CXCL14 47 6. Downregulation of CXCL14 related to the JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling path-ways in NHKs 52 Chapter 3. Effects of photoactivated BP-3 in NHKs 54 1. Effects of BP-3 in PDE4B gene transcription by in UVB-irradiated NHKs 54 2. Downregulation of intracellular cAMP signaling in UVB-irradiated NHKs by BP-3 56 3. BP-3 and UVB upregulated PGE2, TNFฮฑ, and IL8 in NHKs 57 4. Effects of BP-3 and UVB irradiation to the epidermal differentiation markers expression in NHKs 59 5. The effects of BP-3 in UVB-irradiated NHKs were mediated by PDE4B 61 III. DISCUSSION 64 Chapter 1. Effects of formaldehyde on NHKs 64 Chapter 2. Effects of sensitizers and non-sensitizers in NHKs 69 Chapter 3. Effects of photoactivated BP-3 in NHKs 74 IV. CONCLUSION 78 V. MATERIALS AND METHODS 80 1. Cell culture and cell viability test 80 2. Microarray experiments 80 3. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis 81 4. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reac-tion (Q-RT-PCR) 82 5. Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 83 6. Statistical analysis 84 REFERENCES 85 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 99 ORIGINAL ARTICLES 101Docto

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์—์„œ DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด์™€ ์ž„์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์œค์„ฑ์ˆ˜.Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complicated disease characterized by heterogeneous and simultaneous variant genetic alterations. Epigenetic dysregulation is one of the most important carcinogenesis mechanisms and frequently discovered aberration in AML. The correlation of DNA methylation with carcinogenesis and progression has been investigated for years. However, genetic alteration status, including locus and allele frequency of genes associated with DNA methylation, especially DNMT3A, the most prevalent genetic alteration in adult AML, has not been sufficiently investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine clinical significance of DNMT3A mutation and the efficacy of hypomethylating agents (HMA) based on detailed mutation patterns. Materials and Methods For the genetic study part, 96 samples from AML patients were analyzed by target sequencing to investigate the DNMT3A mutation status. For the clinical cohort study part, clinical medical records of newly diagnosed AML patients (n = 216) were collected, and DNMT3A mutated Korean AML patients (n = 62, 30.5%) were reviewed, compared, and combined with Western datasets to analyze detailed alteration profiles. Results In the genetic study, 191 variants were detected from 70 analyzable samples after variant filtering. The mutation prevalence of DNMT3A was 34.3%: Point mutation at R882 of the DNMT3A gene was observed at 14.3% in total and 41.7% in DNMT3A mutation. Mutations at non-R882 were observed in 58.3% of DNMT3A mutations. The median variant allele frequency (VAF) of DNMT3A mutation was 43.1%. In the clinical cohort study part, among 216 patients, the median age at diagnosis was 61.3 years old (range, 18-88 years), 47.7% of patients (n = 103) were adverse prognosis group, and 33.8% (n = 73) had more than 4 mutations. DNMT3A mutant group was sorted out to study detailed alteration profiles. The median age was 64.9 years old (range, 37-87 years) and 49.3% (n = 34) was the adverse risk group. The prevalence of DNMT3A mutation was 30.5% (n = 69) and presented less frequent favorable cytogenetics (P = 0.037). DNMT3A WT group was more responsive to intensive chemotherapy (P = 0.014) than the DNMT3A mutant group, while the response to the first line HMA was not different (P = 0.244). The presence of DNMT3A mutation was associated with shorter overall survival (OS, P = 0.0001). Among DNMT3A mutant group, the prevalence of R882 mutation was 47.8%. The mutation prevalence of DNMT3A methyltransferase domain where R882 residue was located was 76.8%. DNMT3A mutated patients were classified into DNMT3A mutation low (VAF โ‰ค 47.6%, n = 54) and DNMT3A mutation high (VAF > 47.6%, n = 12) except 3 cases with unknown locations of mutations. Low DNMT3A VAF did not present survival benefit. Low VAF of R882 point mutation (P = 0.0015) and methyltransferase domain mutation (P = 0.0284) presented longer OS. Patients with low VAF of total DNMT3A mutation (P = 0.0047) and methyltransferase domain mutation lived longer after initial HMA therapy (P = 0.0268). To validate the clinical impact of DNMT3A mutation in a larger dataset, Korean dataset was combined with Western datasets, and the tendency of better survival in the low DNMT3A VAF group was maintained for methyltransferase domain mutation (P = 0.0068), including R882 (P = 0.0027) and total DNMT3A mutant cases (P = 0.0138). Methyltransferase domain mutant patients treated by HMA had more prolonged survival when their DNMT3A mutation VAF was low (P = 0.0079). Conclusion This study presented different DNMT3A mutation patterns between Korean and Western AML patients. There were no significant survival differences or frequency of methyltransferase domain mutations between Korean and Western patients. Results of this study suggest that higher allele frequency of DNMT3A methyltransferase domain mutations might be suggested as an adverse prognostic factor for survival and a predictable factor for initial HMA therapy in elderly AML patients.์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด์™€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „์ฒด์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์•”๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ์ „ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•”๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์•” ์ง„ํ–‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” DNA ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์ธ DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ˜•์งˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ํŒจํ„ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž„์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์ €๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”์ œ์ œ (hypomethylating agent, HMA)์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ถ„์„ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 96๋ช…์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ 216๋ช…์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘ DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž 62๋ช…์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์†Œ์Šค์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์„œ์–‘์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ถ„์„ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” 96๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฒด ์ค‘ 70๊ฐœ ๊ฒ€์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 191๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ DNMT3A ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์œ ๋ณ‘์œจ์€ 34.3%์˜€๋‹ค. DNMT3A R882 ์ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” 14.3%์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” R882 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” 41.7%, ๋น„-R882 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” 58.3%์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ˜•์งˆ ๋นˆ๋„(VAF)์˜ ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์€ 43.1%์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ 216๋ช…์˜ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์€ 61.3์„ธ(๋ฒ”์œ„, 18-88์„ธ)์˜€๊ณ  47.7%(n = 103)๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ˆํ›„๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์†ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 33.8%(n = 73)์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ 4๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” 30.5%(n = 69)์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋ น ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์€ 64.9์„ธ (๋ฒ”์œ„, 37-87์„ธ)์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 49.3%(n = 34)๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์˜ˆํ›„๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์†ํ–ˆ๊ณ , DNMT3A ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์ด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(P = 0.037). DNMT3A ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ ๊ด€ํ•ด์œ ๋„ ํ•ญ์•”์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (P = 0.014)์ด DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ HMA ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(P = 0.244). DNMT3A ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์งง์€ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(P = 0.0001). DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ R882 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” 47.8%๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , R882 ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” 76.8%์˜€๋‹ค. R882(P = 0.0015)์™€ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์˜์—ญ(P = 0.0284)์—์„œ DNMT3A VAF๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ (VAF ๊ธฐ์ค€ 47.6%) ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, HMA ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ VAF๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „์ฒด DNMT3A ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน(P = 0.0047)๊ณผ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์˜์—ญ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน(P = 0.0268)์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. DNMT3A ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์„œ์–‘ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ VAF๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์˜์—ญ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด(P = 0.0068), R882 ์ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด(P = 0.0027) ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „์ฒด DNMT3A ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(P = 0.0138). HMA ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ VAF๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์˜์—ญ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด VAF๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์˜์—ญ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(P = 0.0079). ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ ์„œ์–‘์ธ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ DNMT3A ์œ ์ „์ž ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. R882 ์ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ R882๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์˜์—ญ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ๋†’์€ VAF๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜ˆํ›„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ €๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”์ œ์ œ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ƒ์กด ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Materials and methods 5 Results 10 Discussion 83 References 89 Abstract in Korean 94๋ฐ•

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    ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ์ˆ  ์‹œํ–‰ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ ์ง€์† ์œ ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์–‘์ƒ ๋น„๊ต

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ†ต๊ณ„์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง์›์ธ 2์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค (ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ, 2013). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ถŒ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋“ค(ACC/AHA Guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery; ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์งˆํ™˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ถŒ๊ณ ์•ˆ, 2007) ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ฒฝํ”ผ์  ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ (Percutaneous coronary intervention) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ์ˆ (Coronary artery bypass graft surgery) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฌ๊ด€๋ฅ˜(revascularization) ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ทผ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ผ์ฐจ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ 2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2008๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์˜์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(Myocardial Perfusion Imagining, MPI)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ 180์ผ ๊ฒฝ์— ์žฌ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ 20์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ ํ™˜์ž 749๋ช…์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง, ๋‡Œ์กธ์ฆ, ์žฌ๊ฐœํ†ต์ˆ , ์žฌ์ž…์›, ์‹ฌ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ํ™˜์ž๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ, ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ํ•ต์˜ํ•™ ์˜์ƒ์ดฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ, ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์†Œ๊ฒฌ, ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ์ˆ  ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์†Œ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Kaplan-Meier ์ƒ์กด๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•๊ณผ Cox์ด ๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ •์ƒํ™”๋œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์„ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ (์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ ์ •์ƒํ™” ๊ตฐ vs ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ ์ง€์† ๊ตฐ: 40.3% vs 62.7%, p=0.0052) ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ด ์ •์ƒํ™”๋œ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 48% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.02-2.16, P=0.0386) ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ์ง€์นจ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋™๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์Šคํƒ€ํ‹ด(statin)์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50-0.98, P=0.0395). ์Šคํƒ€ํ‹ด ๋ณต์šฉ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ •์ƒํ™” ๋œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.22-0.87, P=0.0187). ๊ฒฐ ๋ก ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ์ˆ  ์‹œํ–‰ ํ›„ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์†์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ •์ƒํ™”๋œ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๋†’์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์šฐํšŒ๋กœ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์žฌ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์‹œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋žต์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.ope

    Treatment outcome of intrabony defects with guided tissue regeneration using space-providing suturing technique

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    Dental Science/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ suture technique์„ ๊ธฐ์กด GTR membrane๊ณผํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ space-provision์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , intrabony defect์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ 1๋…„ ํ›„ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 28๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ clinical attachment level (CAL)๊ณผ probing depth (PD)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 6mm์ด์ƒ์ธ 34๊ฐœ์˜ interproximal intrabony defect๋ฅผ ๊ณจ๋ผ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๋‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ ์ธ์ ‘๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์น˜์€๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ์†ŒํŒŒ ํ•œ ๋’ค expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes์„ space-providing suture technique์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์•„์— ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ ์น˜์€ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ์†ŒํŒŒ์ˆ ๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ infection control program์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ฒซ 6์ฃผ ๊ฐ„์€ ๋งค์ฃผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ 12๊ฐœ์›”์€ ์„ธ ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฉด ์„ธ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1) ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ˆ  ํ›„ 1๋…„์˜ clinical attachment level (CAL)๊ณผ probing depth (PD)๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2) clinical attachment level (CAL)์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋” ํฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. (์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ: 4.06mmยฑ1.60mm, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ: 2.53mmยฑ1.94mm, p<0.0174) 3) probing depth (PD)์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋” ํฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. (์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ: 4.35ยฑ 1.46mm, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ: 2.53ยฑ 1.28mm, p<0.0005)๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes์„ space-providing suture technique์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ˆ  ํ›„ 1๋…„์˜ clinical attachment level (CAL)๊ณผ probing depth (PD)์—์„œ ์น˜์€ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ์†ŒํŒŒ์ˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this clinical trial was to demonstrate how the specially designed suturing technique enhanced space-provision by the conventional GTR membrane and evaluate the healing of intrabony defect with GTR procedures using this technique 1year after surgery.Thirty-four (34) defects in 25 patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups. The test group was treated with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes and space-providing suturing technique; the second group was treated with an access flap procedure only. During the 1-year observation period, patients were subjected to a stringent infection control program including professional tooth cleaning every week for the first 6 weeks (two groups) and then checked every 3 months for 12 months (two groups).The results indicated that; 1) treatment modalities of the two groups resulted in clinically and statistically significant improvement in clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing depth (PD) at 1year; 2) a significantly greater amount of CAL gain (P<0.0174) was observed in the test group (4.06ยฑ1.60 mm) with respect to the control group (2.53ยฑ1.94mm); 3) a significantly greater amount of PD reduction (P<0.0005) was observed in the test group (4.35ยฑ1.46 mm) with respect to the control group (2.53ยฑ1.28mm)It can be concluded that the combination of space-providing suturing technique with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes resulted in significantly greater CAL and PD improvement than access flapsope

    ๋น„ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์  ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์˜ : ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฃผ(ๅทž) ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ๋Œ€(ๅฐ)EPA ์†Œ์†กํ–‰์œ„ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์™ธ๊ตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2017. 8. ์ด์˜ฅ์—ฐ.์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ทจ์ž„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฒญ์ •์—๋„ˆ์ง€์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์ด ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  2010๋…„๊ณผ 2014๋…„ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์ด ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒํ•˜์›์„ ๋‹ค ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ์žฅ์•…ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ์ง, ํŠนํžˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตญ(EPA)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋„์ž… ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€์™ธ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„๋งŒ ์ฃผ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ œ์ •๋œ EPA์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ํ˜‘์กฐ์  ์ดํ–‰ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ EPA์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํ˜‘์กฐ์  ํ–‰์œ„, ํŠนํžˆ ์†Œ์†ก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ EPA๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋„, ์ฃผ ์˜ํšŒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตญ(EPA)์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด€๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์˜์—ญ์— ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์— ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์†ก ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ 2์žฅ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํŽธ์˜์ฃผ์˜์  ๋„๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋™๋œ ์•ˆ์ „์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ผ๋ จ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ-์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋‚ด ํŽธ์˜์ฃผ์˜์  ๋„๋ฐœ์€ ๋‹นํŒŒ์  ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์†Œ์†ก์ด๋ž€ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์†กํ•˜๋Š” ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ์ฃผ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 4์žฅ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋Œ€EPA ์†Œ์†กํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€๋„ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทœ์ œ์ฒด์ œ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ด๋…์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ์ผ ๋•Œ๋งŒ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์‚ฐ์—…์  ์ด์ต์— ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ ๋‚ด ๊ต์ฐฉ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ฃผ ์ •์น˜์—๋„ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 50๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 37๊ฐœ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ์™€ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ƒํ•˜์›์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹น์ด ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹นํŒŒ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์€ ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์†Œ์†ก๋“ค์€ EPA์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง€ ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์ ์  ๋” ๋‹นํŒŒ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ์Œ“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฃผ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ทœ์ œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ •์น˜์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฒฝ์ง๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ฐฉ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ-์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์žฌ์„ค์ •์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ„ ๋น„ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๊ฑดํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.The challenge of keeping a balance between state autonomy and federal oversight has been a long-standing interest in the literature of federalism. This is especially pertinent in the area of environmental regulation with the 2007 landmark case of Massachusetts v. EPA, when the greenhouse gases became subject to federal regulation under the Clean Air Act. While state governments have implemented policies in pursuance of the EPAs enforcement measures, they have also filed numerous lawsuits challenging the EPAs authority. What is surprising is the lack of attempts to explain the variance in states noncompliance, compared to the series of recent research on state governments cooperation and policy innovations. This thesis attempts to bridge the discrepancy in the literature by analyzing the actor filing the litigation on behalf of the state government against the EPA: the state attorney general. This thesis analyzes an original dataset of state attorneys general participation in state litigation against the EPAs Clean Air Act from 2009 to 2015. This thesis brought the analysis of state attorneys general behavior into the discussion of federalism. The study explains the legal fight between state attorneys general and the EPA, driven by the ongoing struggle between federal and state governments over the right division of power. Chapter 2 demonstrated that current series of lawsuits bombarding the federal government was an outcome of a long history of gradual federal expansion and state responses. By looking at the leading case of Texas, Chapter 3 identified electoral and political factors which enable AGs to mobilize their formal powers to influence federal agency rules. As expected, the finding from Chapter 4 suggests state-level variables and interest groups influence AGs decision to sue the EPA. However, this studys novel finding is that state government actors and state government ideology also influences AGs decision. This is likely to be the outcome of vertical polarization โ€“ between federal and state governments, or more specifically the Executive branch and state governments. Most federal-state relationships are continually open for renegotiation and contestation, with the result that the policymaking realm itself is the source of the most settled understandings at any given time of the respective levels of state and federal authority in making social policy, economic policy, and environmental policy. As a unique actor that stands on the crossroad between legal and political arena, state attorneys general play an interesting role in bringing political and policy discussion into the courtroom. The findings illustrate that the state attorneys general, motivated their electoral goals, are influenced by interest groups and other state actors in their decision to sue the federal government. The thesis suggests that the increasingly partisan behavior of the AGs is not only the outcome of political polarization, but can also be a force of further polarization. The implications from this study warns against continued dependence on uncooperative legal measures against the federal government to raise partisan opposition. The state attorneys general may bring policy debate into the courtroom, but the legal precedents made in the courtroom will not be easy to overturn, causing serious ramifications for the future policymaking arena.I. Introduction 1. Introducing the Research Question 2. Reviewing Extant Literature 3. Designing Research on State Attorneys General Litigation Behavior 4. Outlining Subsequent Chapters II. Climate Tug of War: Opportunisms and Safeguards in Environmental Policymaking 1. Round One: States Race to the Bottom 2. Round Two: Federal Encroachment and Delegation 3. Round Three: Executive Overreach III. Safeguarding Federalism? State Attorneys General vs. EPA 1. Rise of State Attorneys General 2. State Attorneys General vs. EPA 3. Lead Litigator: Case of Texas Attorney General 1) Office of Texas Attorney General 2) Texass Energy Profile and the Clean Air Act 3) Texas Government and Texas Attorney General 4. Extrapolating Hypotheses IV. To Sue or Not to Sue? Empirical Analysis of State Attorneys General Litigation against EPA 1. Model, Data, and Method 2. Interpreting the Results 3. Discussing the Implications and Limitations V. Uncooperative Federalism in the Era of Polarization Bibliography Appendix A: Data Collection Appendix B: List of President Obamas Executive Orders for Environmental Policy ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋กMaste

    Massively parallel sequencing of 25 autosomal STRs including SE33 in four population groups for forensic applications

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    The introduction of massively parallel sequencing (MPS) in forensic investigation enables sequence-based large-scale multiplexing beyond size-based analysis using capillary electrophoresis (CE). For the practical application of MPS to forensic casework, many population studies have provided sequence data for autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs). However, SE33, a highly polymorphic STR marker, has little sequence-based data because of difficulties in analysis. In this study, 25 autosomal STRs were analyzed, including SE33, using an in-house MPS panel for 350 samples from four populations (African-American, Caucasian, Hispanic, and Korean). The barcoded MPS library was generated using a two-step PCR method and sequenced using a MiSeq System. As a result, 99.88% genotype concordance was obtained between length- and sequence-based analyses. In SE33, the most discordances (eight samples, 0.08%) were observed because of the 4 bp deletion between the CE and MPS primer binding sites. Compared with the length-based CE method, the number of alleles increased from 332 to 725 (2.18-fold) for 25 autosomal STRs in the sequence-based MPS method. Notably, additional 129 unique alleles, a 4.15-fold increase, were detected in SE33 by identifying sequence variations. This population data set provides sequence variations and sequence-based allele frequencies for 25 autosomal STRs.ope

    Dysferlin Expression in Skeletal muscles of Patients with Myopathy and Cultured Human Myoblast/Myotube

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    Background: Dysferlin is a 230 kDa protein of the sarcolemma. This encoding gene is mutated in patients with dysferlinopathy (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy), which is characterized byan active muscle degeneration and regeneration process. Dysferlin is known to play an essential role in muscle signaling and muscle fiber repair. We studied the gene to define its functional role in muscle repair and differentiation in human skeletal muscle of the patients with myopathies and cultured human myoblast. Methods: An immunohistochemical analysis of dysferlin and N-CAM in biopsied muscle tissue obtained from eleven patients with myopathies [six patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), two patients with dermatomyositis (DM), two patients with polymyositis (PM), and one patient with dysferlinopathy (MM)] and eight normal controls. Cultured human myoblast obtained from normal muscle tissue was also analyzed by the expression of dysferlin through immunocytochemical staining and western blot. Results: The immunoreactivity of dysferlin was strongly expressed in regenerative muscle fibers of myopathies except dysferlinpathy, which was co-localization with N-CAM by double immunohistochemistry. By western blot analysis, the expression level of dysferlin was variable in myopathies compared to normal controls, but no expression in dyferlinopathy. The expression of dysferlin in myotubes was significantly increased compared to that in myoblast by immunostaining and western blot analysis. Conclusions: These results indicated that the expression of dysferlin increased in regenerative and degenerative muscle fibers and also increased in myoblast differentiation. Our study supports that dysferlin not only has a role in skeletal muscle development but also in regeneration/repair process. KeyWords:Dysferlin, Myopathy, Myoblast, Degeneration, Regeneration, Differentiationope

    A Case of Pituitary Adenoma with Simultaneous Secretion of TSH and GH

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    Thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma is a very rare disease. In one-quarter of patients suffering from this disease, the pituitary tumor secretes other anterior pituitary hormones. Herein, we report a case of pituitary adenoma with simultaneous secretion of TSH and growth hormone (GH). A 34-year-old female visitied local hospital complaining of sweating, intermittent palpitation, and weight loss of 8 kg within 1 year. The patient had undergone trans-sphenoidal surgery 3 years prior for resolution of a TSH and GH co-secreting pituitary adenoma. She had been administered somatostatin analogue prior to visiting our hospital. The patient's GH levels were suppressed to below 1 ng/mL on the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, and her basal insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) level was within normal range. Thyroid function tests demonstrated increased levels of both free thyroxine and TSH. Sella-MRI revealed pituitary adenoma at the floor of the pituitary fossa, approximately 2 cm in height. Therefore, she was diagnosed with residual TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma. The patient again underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery and entered complete remission, based on hormone levels and MRI findings.ope
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