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    ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด ๋˜๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ƒ?: ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ ์‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 2. ๊ถŒํ˜•๊ธฐ.์ƒ์‚ฐ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋™์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ด์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์žฌํŽธ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ• ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์•ฝํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…์ผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต๋™ํ™”๋กœ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋…์ผ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์ธ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›(Industrial Commons)์ด๋ž€ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์—…ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์ „(ๅ…จ) ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž, ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…์ผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ์ ์‘์ „๋žต์„ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถค์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…์ผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์€ ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ถ„์—…๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ •์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์••๋ ฅ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กฐ์ •๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ์ „ํ›„ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กฐ์ •๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์„ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘๋˜์ž ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์€ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ˜‘์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ฆ‰ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ œ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„์  ์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ณ€์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ต์„ญ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ์–‘์ธก์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ต์„ญ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์œ ์—ฐํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘์˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ต์„ญ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ต์„ญ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์กฐ์ • ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์œ ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ œ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์œ ์‚ฐ์€ ์™ธ์—ฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‚˜ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์œต ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋…์ผ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณต๋™์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ œ๋„์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์šด์˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณต๋™์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ œ๋„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ƒ์‹ค๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ฆ‰ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ๋„์ „์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋„์ „์— ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•์ถฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ™•์ถฉ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ™•์žฅํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ์†Œ์žฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ด์ „์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™, ์‘์šฉํ•™๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ธฐ์—…์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.Globalization has reorganized the national economy by accelerating the off-shoring of production sites in the last three decades. There exists contrasting arguments whether globalization leads to the improvement of industrial competitiveness or the hollowing-out of a national industry. Despite the fact every nation has gone through globalization, however, some countries succeed to up-grade their industrial competency, while others fails to do so. The recent performance of Germany and the United States in the high-tech industry suggests that globalization does not necessarily lead to the improvement of industrial competitiveness or the hollowing-out of industry. Unlike the case of the United States, Germany has been able to enhance its competitiveness in high-tech industry in the course of globalization. By focusing on the concept, industrial commons, this research tries to find the answer to this difference between two nations. Industrial commons consists of final producers, suppliers, R&D institutes, know-how of researchers and engineers, banks, governments etc., which helps a firm to effectively commercialize their innovative idea. In order to create and maintain industrial commons, one needs to coordinate the divergent interests of members of the commons. By focusing on German actors political decision and deliberation, this research aims to delve into the successful adaptation strategy for globalization and specifically how Germany could sustain the richness of industrial commons. The way Germany has dealt with the pressure of globalization is the social coordination. However, this does not mean that the German way of social coordination has been maintained as it was before the globalization. As the German economy faced the severe challenges precipitated by German reunification, the rise of emerging countries and the advent of lean production system in the 1990s, the old version of social coordination did not work well. Thus, the actors in the German Industrial Commons coped with the challenges by creatively adapting or modifying their existing institutional legacies through the deliberation and consultation between stake holders. On the institutional level, the actors participating in the collective bargaining modified the rule. Through the modification, it is allowed that the firms can choose whether to accept the agreement from the bargaining without leaving the employersassociation. This made the collective bargaining more flexible so that the coverage of the peak association could be retained and the labor conditions of the firms outside the agreement could be controlled and monitored. In addition, the other important institutional legacy, the work council has assumed the other critical role other than maintaining the peace between the employer and the labor. That is, the work council now functions as the forum where the various voices in the firm are represented and discussed. As the cases in this study shows, this was important for the Industrial Commons, as the work council played an important role to prevent the unilateral decision of the employer that can be detrimental to the firms R&D capacity. On the actors level, the actors who share the industrial commons succeeded in enhancing their R&D capacity by strengthening and extending their cooperative networks and utilizing the existing public R&D institutions. The improvement of R&D capacity was important for German small and medium size firms, as they faced the pressure to keep up with the fast changing technologies and the fierce competition from the emerging countries in 1990s. It is remarkable that the cooperation between actors was spontaneous and their relationship was cooperative. The endeavor made by small and medium size firms and public institutions made it possible to maintain and enhance the German industrial commons.์ œ1์žฅ. ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ. ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์„œ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ธฐํšŒ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ. ์„œ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”์™€ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 4 ์ œ2์žฅ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  9 ์ œ1์ ˆ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ: ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋…ผ์˜ 9 ์ œ2์ ˆ. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 13 ์ œ3์ ˆ. ์ง‘๋‹จํ–‰๋™๋ฌธ์ œ(Collective Action Problem)์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 16 ์ œ3์žฅ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 19 ์ œ1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 ์ œ2์ ˆ. ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 23 ์ œ4์žฅ. ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๋…์ผ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 25 ์ œ1์ ˆ. ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ์ด์ „์˜ ๋…์ผ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์› 25 ์ œ2์ ˆ. ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๋…์ผ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณต์œ ์ž์› ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘ 30 (1) ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘: ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ต์„ญ ์ œ๋„(Collective Bargaining)์˜ ์œ ์—ฐํ™” 32 (2) ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ: ๊ณต๋™์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ œ๋„(Mitbestimmung)์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 34 (3) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 44 1) ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ 48 2) ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ 54 ์ œ5์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ•จ์˜ 60 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 64Maste

    Regulation of ATP-citrate lyase biosynthesis by insulin in the rat liver.

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์„œ ๊ฐ„์žฅ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ de novo ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ acetyl CoA๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ATP-citrate lyase (ACL)๊ฐ€ insulin์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ์„œ๊ฐ„์žฅ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ์ •์ œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์„œ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ACL์„ polyethylene glycol ๋ฐ ammonium sulfate๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  DEAE-Sephacel ion exchange chromatography ๋ฐ Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, SDS-PAGE๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 110,000, 60,000 ๋ฐ 50,000์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ค‘ 110,000์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ electroelutionํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 110,000์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์„œ ๊ฐ„์žฅ 100g์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด 35mg์˜ ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ specific activity๋Š” 7.71 units/mg์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 110,000, 60,000 ๋ฐ 50,000์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์„ž์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์šฉ์•ก๊ณผ electroelutionํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 100,000์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ immunodiffusion๊ณผ immunostainingํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 60,000๊ณผ 50,000์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์ด ํšจ์†Œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 110,000์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์–ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์„œ๋ฅผ 3์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ ์„คํƒ• ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์ฒด์ค‘ kg๋‹น 3g ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์€์„คํƒ•์šฉ์•ก์„ ์ฒด์ค‘ kg๋‹น 3g ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ํ›„ ์ฆ‰์‹œ insulin (์ฒด์ค‘ 100g ๋‹น 1.5units)์„ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋‚ด๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์— ๊ฐ„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด RNA๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ด RNA ์ผ์ •๋Ÿ‰์„ nitrocellulose membrane์— slot bootํ•œ ํ›„ Lee๋“ฑ(1989)์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ACL์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ cDNA (3.Okb)๊ฐ€ ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ clone (pGACL25-1)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ CDNA๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด cDNA๋ฅผ probe๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ hybridization๊ณผ autoradiography๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ insulin ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ACL mRNAํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 5๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด insulin์ด ๋ฐฑ์„œ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ACL ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์งˆ ๋‚ด ์ด ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” mRNA์˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] This experiment was designed to illustrate the mechanism that insulin increases the biosynthesis of ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) in the rat liver. ACL from rat livers was purified to near homogeneity. The total 35 mg of purified enzyme was obtained from 100g of rat livers, and the specific activity was 7.71 units/mg protein. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 110, 60, and 50kDa by SDS-PAGE. One hundred and ten kDa band was electroeluted and anti-ACL antibodies were prepared using this purified enzyme. By immunostaining methods, 60kDa and 50kDa proteins were identified as the hydrolytic products of 110kDa ACL protein. Using the purified antibody against ACL, cDNA for ACL was cloned, and ACL mRNA content in the cytosol of rat livers of insulin-treated group, after 3 hours of intraperitoneal insulin treatment, was measured by hybridization analysis using ACL cDNA as a probe. The content of mRNA encoding ACL in the cytosol increased 5 folds in the insulin-treated group compared to the control group. It is concluded that the increase in the activity and biosynthesis of ACL in the cytosel of the rat liver by insulin is due to the increased amount of mRNA encoding ACL in the cytosol.restrictio

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ.์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2001.Maste

    (Ein)Studium uber dem abgeteilten Miteigentum

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    The Link between Job Insecurity and Mental Health: A Focus on Differences between Occupational Status and Perceived Job Insecurity

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    ๊ทผ๋ž˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•…ํ™”๋œ ๊ณ ์šฉ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œ์ผœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ด ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ์ธ์‹๋œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ƒ, ์ธ์‹๋œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•(์ž์‹ ๊ฐ, ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ)์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ์‹๋œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ์ž์‹ ๊ฐ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ข…์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ง€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์€ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค

    How does job insecurity affect organizational commitment

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.8. ๊ถŒ์ผ์›….Maste

    ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก ์‹ค์Šต์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…๊ด€๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์ง€์‹ ๋ถ„์„

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    Use of radioisotope testicular scanning in the evaluation of the acute scrotum

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]๊ธ‰์„ฑ์Œ๋‚ญ์ฆ์ด๋ž€ ์ „์‹  ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋Œ๋ฐœ์  ๋™ํ†ต์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ํ™˜๋ถ€์ข…์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ(Moharib๊ณผ krahn, 1970),๋ถ€๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ ๋ฟ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ์ „, ๊ณ ํ™˜๋†์–‘, ๊ณ ํ™˜์ข…์–‘, ๊ณ ํ™˜์ˆ˜์—ผ์ „ ๋ฐ ํŠน๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณ ํ™˜๋ถ€์ข… ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค(Rodriguez๋“ฑ, 1981). ์ด์ค‘ ๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ์ „๊ณผ ๋ถ€๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ๋ณ„์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ์ „์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋ฐ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์š”ํ•˜๋‚˜ 5๋…„์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์Œ๋‚ญ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ๋ณ„์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ํ™˜์˜ ์†Œ์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์„๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ํ™˜์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด 50โˆผ60%์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(Moharib๊ณ  Krahn, 1970; Williamson, 1976). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณ ํ™˜่ตฐๆŸป๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋Š ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ง„๋‹จ์œจ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Riley๋“ฑ, 1976; Stage๋“ฑ, 19 81; Vordermark โ…ก., 1981). ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ๋ณ„์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž, ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค๋ณ‘์› ๋น„๋‡จ๊ธฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๊ณ ํ™˜๋™ํ†ต ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ข…์„ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ 29๋ก€์—์„œ ๊ณ ํ™˜ ่ตฐๆŸป๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œํ›„, ์ดํ•™์  ์†Œ๊ฒฌ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๊ณ ํ™˜่ตฐๆŸป์ƒ ๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ์ „์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ 5๋ก€์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๊ณ ํ™˜่ตฐๆŸป์ƒ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์ธ 12๋ก€์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณด์กด์  ์š”๋ฒ•์—์˜ํ•ด ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๋ถ€๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ 2๋ก€์—์„œ ์žฌ ๊ณ ํ™˜่ตฐๆŸป๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ ํ™˜๋†์–‘์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ๋ถ€๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ, ๊ณ ํ™˜์ข…์–‘, ๊ณ ํ™˜๋†์–‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Œ์˜์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ํ™˜์—ผ์ „, ๊ณ ํ™˜ํ˜ˆ์ข…์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 5. ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์Œ๋‚ญ์ฆ์—์„œ ๊ณ ํ™˜่ตฐๆŸป์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ ํ™˜ ่ตฐๆŸป๋Š” ์‹œํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์Œ๋‚ญ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ๋ณ„์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Acute scrotum is defined as an acute, painful testicular swelling and very difficult differential diagnosis due to equvocal clinical symptoms and signs. But until 5 years ago, no imaging procedures existed in the evaluation. So many testes were lost due to delay of adequate treatment and surgery under the misdiagnosis. Recently the radioisotope testicular scanning in the imaging procedures has been introduced as that is a simple, safe and rapid method and had a high accuracy. Twenty-nine cases with scrotal swelling and pain were studied by means of testicular scanning in the Department of Urology, Severance Hospital, during the period from August 1981 to July 1982. The following result were obtained. 1. There were five cases in whom the scan findings was compatable with torsion of testis. The diagnosis was conformed by operation. 2. Exploration of scrotum was not performed in twelve cases showing increased perfusion because the history and physical findings were compatable with epididymitis. All cases were well improved by antibiotic therapy. 3. In the 2 cases of not improved epididymitis, abscess formation was early found by repeated scan. 4. On the scrotal image, increased activity is seen in epididymitis, abscess and tumor, but decreased activity is seen testicular torsion and hematoma. 5. The scan findings correlate closely with the clinical cours or the findings at surgical exploration on the acute scrotum. So above results, the scan is a well established, easily available and accurate technique used routinely to assist in the clinical evaluation of patients with acute scrotal pain and swelling.restrictio

    (A) study on the teaching the concept of vectors

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ,2009.8.Maste
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