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    ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๊น€์žฌ์„.This study aims to examine the mechanism of imagination, which makes and persists the popularity of ordinary daily vlog on YouTube by analyzing vloggers and viewers as subjects. In South Korea, digital technologies have enabled the rise of services that do not require direct human interactions. This non-face-to-face life rendered more popular because of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Many people became more interested in SNS such as YouTube as it restored communication and mobility blocked by the Pandemic situation. For this purpose, this study began with questioning how ordinary daily life has become one of the popular commodities circulated in various SNS. Jean Baudrillardโ€™s simulation and voyeurism are the two core concepts that I use to analyze the social relation in online space and the effects of imagination that operates through the consumption of images. The everyday practices of two agents, vlogger and viewer, are based on the opaque structure of YouTube. As an online space, YouTube guarantees the anonymity of users, which allows its viewers to have ever-shifting relationships with YouTube contents creators. YouTube further differs from existing online services, as its profit model allows an individual creator to share the financial profit generated in YouTube with no additional cost. The fact that YouTube keeps its systemic algorithm unknown to ordinary users generated unusual power effects among vloggers and viewers. As this algorithm determines amounts of profit and overall use environment, both vloggers and viewers constantly guess the actual operations of the uncertain ecosystem, while assuming the mechanisms of success and failure through their own experience: on the one hand, vloggers make a constant effort to differentiate their contents with details. On the other hand, viewers give the vlogger their feedback on vlog. These constant flows of feedback between vloggers and viewers keep the YouTube ecosystem healthy. Through the cycle of production and consumption process, vloggers and viewers have gradually figured out the inner workings of the YouTube algorithm, while learning how to make their vlogs successful and how to influence the production of vlog content. There are two key factors that explain how daily vlog successfully spotted a niche in the YouTube market. First, vloggers entered YouTube relatively easily because producing daily content has low entry barrier in terms of technique and subject. Second, viewers found daily vlog different from existing YouTube contents, as the former displays restful scenes and background music. Especially, daily vlog satisfied the viewerโ€™s voyeurism, or the desire of peering into othersโ€™ private lives without revealing oneself. The popularity of daily vlog shows how daily life has become a commodity consumed as a sign in modern capitalist society. Individualsโ€™ daily lives used to be protected as part of the private sphere, safe from othersโ€™ eyes, and couldnโ€™t be sold in the public sphere, in this case, YouTube. However, the desire of voyeurism made daily life alienable and vendible. Vloggers regarded more and more private spaces as a source of public content, as more revelation of private life would guarantee success in the YouTube ecosystem. Vlog displays images of special, non-daily life, not an ordinary life as it is. Vloggers and viewers tacitly approved the fabrication of the original life as long as the fabricated image struck a balance between the natural and the artificial. In this process, popular images in vlog gradually became hyperreality. Eventually, vloggers completed a sort of โ€œaestheticizationโ€ of their own everyday life, as they forged narratives of their daily life as if it is untouched or natural. Jean Baudrillardโ€™s concept of simulation lies behind the popularity of daily vlog. Simulation starts with a simple reflection of a reality but it quickly perverts and denatures the very reality. This image eventually claims to represent something real, while still no actual representation emerges. Simulation, therefore, is inherently contradictory in that it pretends to make a faithful imitation of reality. The paradox of simulation has intensified as the vlog market turned into a red ocean. Now, images that merely reflect other images proliferate, while establishing no relation to reality. Viewers harshly criticize this type of vlogs, as they argue that such vlogs are only vulgar mimicry of existing successful vlogs. To overcome this complicated situation, vloggers try to make more refined images while suffering from the confusion of public sphere and their own private sphere. They use more elements from their private life, and are always conscious of content even when the camera is off. Some of them even internalize the surveillance and censorship of their own daily life as they try to make the most inner part of their privacy into contents of their vlogs. Their insistence on amateurism is based on their idealized view of pureness of the vlog content. With the amateurism, they deny professionalism of vloggerโ€”making vlog for their living. This viewpoint, however, makes vloggers underestimate their labor value and feel a debt to viewers who give them positive response and social recognition. The image of daily life on YouTube, therefore, is a tactically made commodity that replaces the ordinariness of everyday reality. This fundamental irony that underlies the process of producing and consuming vlog maintains the dynamism of vloggers and viewers, and perpetuates the ecosystem of vlog. Especially, when the COVID-19 Pandemic has threatened the real life and interrupted โ€œrealโ€ social interactions, vlog became a channel through which suppressed human imagination can be expressed. Furthermore, non-face-to-face relationship breaks away from its volatility and finds a new possibility of social intimacy. The social intimacy, which rendered almost impossible in the โ€œrealโ€ social space, became unexpectedly possible in offline space. This is why I argue that, even after the cease of the Pandemic, non-face-to-face social spaces generated by various SNS would persist as people incessantly attempt to satisfy their social imagination that is unable to realize in the โ€œrealโ€ social world.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„์™€ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ํ–‰์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ œ์ธ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ฒจ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ ์  ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, SNS๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ์ด๋™์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋’€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผ์‹œ์˜น๊ณผ ๋ณด์ด์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋กœ ๋งบ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋จผ์ € ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ๋„ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์†์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ณต์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์œ ํŠœ๋ฒ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์ด์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ์˜์ƒ ์ถ”์ฒœ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋Š” ์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ธกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ž‘์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค€ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋Š” ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์—๊ฒŒ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋นˆํ‹ˆ์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ง„์ž…์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ง„์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ž๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์— ํ”ผ๋กœ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ํœด์‹์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์  ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๋Š” ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ƒ ๋น„๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณด์ด์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ผ์ƒ์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์€ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์  ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์€๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๋ณด์ด์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์  ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์‹œ ๋ฐ ํŒ๋งคํ•  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ผ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์ผ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜๋„์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋น„์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์† ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ์•”๋ฌต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ, ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ง„์งœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋‚ด ์‹ค์žฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜„์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์ง„์งœ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•˜์ดํผ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ดํผ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ž๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ทจํ–ฅ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋ฏธํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ์ž‘๋™์€, ๊ฐ€์งœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ์ผ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผ์‹œ์˜น์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผ์‹œ์˜น์€ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผ์‹œ์˜น์€ ๋น„์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํฌํ™” ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆํญ๋˜์–ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์˜ค์…˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค์žฌ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณต์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์›๋ณธ ์—†์ด, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ์‡„๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผ์‹œ์˜น์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ์—ฌ๊ณผ ์—†์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž‘์œ„์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ ์˜์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์‹ฌ๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์‹ฌ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•œ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋” ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์ƒํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊บผ์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜น์‹œ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผ์‹œ์˜น์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ด ์ฆํญํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•ด์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋ ค ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋…ธ๋™์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์„ž์ธ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์—ญ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ œ์ž‘์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€์ ˆํ•˜๋˜๊ณ , ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ์˜์‹์„ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผ์‹œ์˜น์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ด ์ ๋‚˜๋ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ์˜ ์œ ํ–‰์€ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์™€ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19์˜ ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ํ•˜์ดํผ๋ฆฌ์–ผํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ์–ต๋ˆŒ๋ฆฐ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋ก€์—†๋Š” ์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ฝ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํœ˜๋ฐœ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ค ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19์˜ ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์ด ์ข…์‹๋œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„, ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์€ ๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 7 1. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  7 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ 19 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 22 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์ง• 29 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ต๋ช…์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ 29 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๊ตฌ์กฐ 32 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ 35 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ํ™˜๋ฅ˜ 42 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ์ • 42 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ 51 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ ์ฐธ๊ณ  60 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ผ์ƒ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์œ ํ–‰์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ 67 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  67 1. ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง„์ž…์žฅ๋ฒฝ 68 2. ํœด์‹๊ณผ ์ผ์ƒ ์—ฟ๋ณด๊ธฐ์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ 74 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ์˜ 'ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋น„์ผ์ƒ' ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ 84 1. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ ์† ์ผ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 85 2. ์ง„์งœ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ๊ทœ์น™ 91 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™ํ™” 104 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ผ์‹œ์˜น์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ ์ฆํญ๊ณผ ๊ทน๋ณต์˜ ์‹œ๋„ 110 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ ˆ๋“œ์˜ค์…˜ํ™” 111 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€(ไปฃๅƒน) 119 1. ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ 120 2. ์‰ผ ์—†๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™ 125 3. ์ผ์ƒํ™”๋œ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ๊ฒ€์—ด 128 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต 130 1. ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „์—…ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ 130 2. ์‹œ์ฒญ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ธŒ์ด๋กœ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ์˜์‹ 135 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  141 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 147 Abstract 153์„

    Direct Interaction Between Akt1 and Gcn5 and its Plausible Function on Hox Gene Expression in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells

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    Hox genes encode transcription factors important for anteriorโ€posterior body patterning at early stages of embryonic development. However, the precise mechanisms by which signal pathways are stimulated to regulate Hox gene expression are not clear. In the previous study, protein kinase B alpha (Akt1) has been identified as a putative upstream regulator of Hox genes, and Akt1 has shown to regulate Gcn5, a prototypical histone acetyltransferase (HAT), in a negative way in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Since the activity of HAT such as the CBP/p300, and PCAF (a Gcn5 homolog), was downโ€regulated by Akt through a phosphorylation at the Akt consensus substrate motif (RXRXXS/T), the amino acid sequence of Gcn5 protein was analyzed. Mouse Gcn5 contains an Akt consensus substrate motif as RQRSQS sequence while human Gcn5 does not have it. In order to see whether Akt1 directly binds to Gcn5, immunoprecipitation with antiโ€Akt1 antibody was carried out in wildโ€type (WT) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells, and then western blot analysis was performed with antiโ€Akt1 and antiโ€Gcn5 antibodies. Gcn5 protein was detected in the Akt1 immunoprecipitated samples of MEFs. This result demonstrates that Akt1 directly binds to Gcn5, which might have contributed the down regulation of the 5โ€™ Hoxc gene expressions in wild type MEF cells.ope

    Post-transcriptional Regulation of Gcn5, a Putative Regulator of Hox in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells

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    Hox proteins containing DNA-binding homedomain act as transcription factors important for anteroposterior body patterning during vertebrate embryogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms by which signal pathways are transduced to regulate the Hox gene expression are not clear. In the course of an attempt to isolate an upstream regulatory factor(s) controlling Hox genes, protein kinase B alpha (Akt1) has been identified as a putative regulator of Hox genes through in silico analysis (GEO profile). In the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset GDS1784 at the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) site, Hox genes were differentially expressed depending on the presence or absence of Akt1. Since it was not well known how Akt1 regulates the specific Hox genes, whose transcription was reported to be regulated by epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation, methylation etc., the expression of Gcn5, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT), was analyzed in wild type (WT) as well as in Akt1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the amount of Gcn5 mRNA was similar in both WT and Akt1-/- MEFs. However, the protein level of Gcn5 was significantly increased in Akt1-/- MEF cells. The half life of Gcn5 was 1 hour in wild type whereas 8 hours in Akt1-/- MEF. These data all together, indicate that Gcn5 is post-transcriptionally down-regulated and the protein stability is negatively regulated by Akt1 in MEF cells.ope

    Changes of alcohol behavior in an isolated mountainous region : 6 years follow up study : 6๋…„ ์ถ”์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1998๋…„๊ณผ 2004๋…„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ผ ์‚ฐ์ดŒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ 6๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1์ฐจ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ 480๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋น„ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์Œ์ฃผ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•œ 116๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์Œ์ฃผ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•œ 116๋ช…์„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ, ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ‘œ(AEQ), ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์˜์กด ์‹ฌ๊ฐ๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(SADQ), ์Œ์ฃผ ์ ˆ์ œ ์ฒ™๋„(DRS)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ์Œ์ฃผ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์Œ์ฃผ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  60~70๋Œ€์— ์ˆ ์„ ๋Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์Œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ(์ดํ•˜ ์ง€์† ๋ฌธ์ œ ์Œ์ฃผ ๊ตฐ)์€ 6๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์Œ์ฃผ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์Œ์ฃผ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์Œ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตฐ(์ดํ•˜ ๋น„ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์Œ์ฃผํ™” ๊ตฐ)๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ 6๋…„ ์ „ ์Œ์ฃผ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Œ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ์ ์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์žฅ์ˆ  ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์Œ์ฃผํ–‰ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€์†์—๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰ ์Œ์ฃผ, ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ ์‚ฐ์ดŒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์ด 60์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์–ด์„œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]We studied the changes of alcohol use behavior and attributing factors through two interviews conducted between a 6 years span at 1998 and 2004. We selected 116 problem drinkers and 116 non-problem drinkers among previously studied 480 men. We used basic epidemiologic informations, alcohol behavior questionnaire, AEQ(Alcohol Effects Questionnaire), SADQ(Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire), DRS(Drinking Restraint Scale) and so on. Results of alcohol behavior changes was mostly a decline of alcohol consumption and frequency by age, but continuously problem drinkers is exhibited no change in their alcohol related problems. We guessed that these observations resulted from their addictive pattern and decreased awareness of alcohol''s negative consequences. However this study had some limitations ; Our sample only consisted of the male gender, and their average age was greater than the general population. Further study is required.ope

    ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋™๋„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€ํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.8. ์œ ์กฐ์•ˆ.Maste

    Comprehension Analysis on the Discourse Marker Function of English -ly Type Epistemic Stance Adverbials

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    English -ly adverbials (LY) with epistemic modality are frequently used as discourse markers (DM) in spoken language. In this paper, LY DM is defined as an epistemic stance marker. The experiment for this study aims to analyze Korean EFL learners' comprehension of LY used as a DM on the basis of the hypothesis that they would perceive LY differently from how English native speakers perceive them. In order to conduct the experiment, previous studies on DMs were thoroughly examined to establish the theoretical framework. Based on the framework, the Discourse Marker Interpretation Test (DMIT) was designed. The research data collected through the test were analyzed using quantitative methods. Additionally, interviews were conducted to supplement the interpretation of the research results. The experiment mainly determined that, unlike English native speakers, who properly interpreted LY with their DM function, Korean EFL learners are inclined to interpret LY used as DMs simply with their lexical meanings (the dictionary definition). Results suggest that there is a high possibility for Korean EFL learners to commit more errors when encountering LY DMs

    PI3K/Akt pathway regulates retinoic acid-induced Hox gene expression in F9 cells

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    Retinoic acid (RA), the most potent natural form of vitamin A, is a key morphogen in vertebrate development and a potent regulator of both adult and embryonic cell differentiation. Specifically, RA regulates clustered Hox gene expression during embryogenesis and is required to establish the anteroposterior body plan. The PI3K/Akt pathway was also reported to play an essential role in the process of RA-induced cell differentiation. Therefore, we tested whether the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in RA-induced Hox gene expression in a F9 murine embryonic teratocarcinoma cells. To examine the effect of PI3K/Akt signaling on RA-induced initiation of collinear expression of Hox genes, F9 cells were treated with RA in the presence or absence of PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and time-course gene expression profiles for all 39 Hox genes located in four different clustersโ€”Hoxa, Hoxb, Hoxc, and Hoxdโ€”were analyzed. Collinear expression of Hoxa and -b cluster genes was initiated earlier than that of the -c and -d clusters upon RA treatment. When LY294002 was applied along with RA, collinear expression induced by RA was delayed, suggesting that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway somehow regulates RA-induced collinear expression of Hox genes in F9 cells. The initiation of Hox collinear expression by RA and the delayed expression following LY294002 in F9 cells would provide a good model system to decipher the yet to be answered de novo collinear expression of Hox genes during gastrulation, which make the gastrulating cells to remember their positional address along the AP body axis in the developing embryo.ope

    Akt1 mediates the posterior Hoxc gene expression through epigenetic modifications in mouse embryonic fibroblasts

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    The evolutionarily conserved Hox genes are organized in clusters and expressed colinearly to specify body patterning during embryonic development. Previously, Akt1 has been identified as a putative Hox gene regulator through in silico analysis. Substantial upregulation of consecutive 5โ€ฒ Hoxc genes has been observed when Akt1 is absent in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. In this study, we provide evidence that Akt1 regulates the 5โ€ฒ Hoxc gene expression by epigenetic modifications. Enrichment of histone H3K9 acetylation and a low level of the H3K27me3 mark were detected at the posterior 5โ€ฒ Hoxc loci when Akt1 is absent. A histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor de-repressed 5โ€ฒ Hoxc gene expression when Akt1 is present, and a DNA demethylating reagent synergistically upregulated HDAC-induced 5โ€ฒ Hoxc gene expression. A knockdown study revealed that Hdac6 is mediated in the Hoxc12 repression through direct binding to the transcription start site (TSS) in the presence of Akt1. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that endogenous Akt1 directly interacted with Hdac6. Furthermore, exogenous Akt1 was enriched at the promoter region of the posterior Hoxc genes such as Hoxc11 and Hoxc12, not the Akt1-independent Hoxc5 and Hoxd10 loci. The regulation of the H3K27me3 mark by Ezh2 and Kdm6b at the 5โ€ฒ Hoxc gene promoter turned out to be Akt1 dependent. Taken together, these results suggest that Akt1 mediates the posterior 5โ€ฒ Hoxc gene expression through epigenetic modification such as histone methylation and acetylation, and partly through a direct binding to the promoter region of the 5โ€ฒ Hoxc genes and/or Hdac6 in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells.ope
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