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    ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ ์ค‘์ฆ ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์•„์˜ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ ๋‚ด ๋ณดํˆด๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ๋…์†Œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๋ฅ˜์ฃผ์„.Introduction: Hip adductor spasticity is a contributing factor to hip dislocation in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). We hypothesized that botulinum toxin injected into the hip adductor muscles would reduce spasticity and help prevent hip dislocation. Methods: Twenty patients with bilateral spastic CP aged 2 to 10 years with gross motor function classification system level IV or V were included. Botulinum toxin was injected into the hip adductor muscles at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. Muscle activity was measured with an eight-channel surface electromyography (EMG) recorder. A hip X-ray was performed, and Reimerโ€™s hip migration index (MI) was measured. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the surface EMG values of the hip muscles at baseline and follow-up. Results: The mean root mean square surface EMG value of the hip adductor muscles was significantly reduced at 1, 2, 3, and 7 months after the first injection, up to approximately 53% of the baseline. The 1-year progression of the hip MI was -0.04%. Conclusion: Repeated sessions of botulinum toxin injections at the hip adductor muscles significantly reduced muscle activity and hip displacement. A botulinum toxin injection may be used as an adjunctive treatment in the prevention of hip dislocation.๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ ๊ฒฝ์ง์€ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์•„์—์„œ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ์— ๋ณดํˆด๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ๋…์†Œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ์ง์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋งŒ 2์„ธ์—์„œ 10์„ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ๋Œ€์šด๋™ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ (GMFCS) IV ๋˜๋Š” V์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ธก์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์„ฑ๋งˆ๋น„ ํ™˜์•„ 20๋ช…์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ์— ๋ณดํ†ก์Šค ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ์‹œ ๋ฐ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์œก ๊ธด์žฅ๋„๋Š” 8 ์ฑ„๋„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ „๋„(Surface EMG)๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ์—‘์Šค๋ ˆ์ด๋ฅผ ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผ์ด๋จธ์˜ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ด๋™ ์ง€์ˆ˜ (Reimerโ€™s MI)๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œŒ์ฝ•์Šจ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์‹œ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณดํ†ก์Šค ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ์ œ๊ณฑ ํ‰๊ท  ์ œ๊ณฑ๊ทผ (Root mean square, RMS) ๊ฐ’์ด ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ์‹œ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ 1, 2, 3, 7 ๊ฐœ์›” ๋•Œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ฒซ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ์‹œ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์•ฝ 53% ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ด๋™ ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” -0.04%์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ๋‚ด์ „๊ทผ์— ์ฒซ ๋ณดํ†ก์Šค ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์‹œ์ ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทผ๊ธด์žฅ๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณดํˆด๋ฆฌ๋ˆ” ๋…์†Œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ด€์ ˆ ํƒˆ๊ตฌ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ๋ณด์กฐ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 3 Chapter 3. Results 10 Chapter 4. Discussion 12 Chapter 5. Conclusions 19 References 20 Tables 28 Figures 34 Abstract in Korean 38์„

    ์—ฐํ•˜์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์•„์—์„œ ์‚ผํ‚ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ์‹ ํ˜•์ต.๋‡Œ์„ฑ ๋งˆ๋น„, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ทผ์œก ์งˆํ™˜, ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์žฅ์•  ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์˜์กด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ์˜์œ ์•„์˜ ์‚ผํ‚ด ์žฅ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์˜์•„์—์„œ ์‹์ด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ผํ‚ด ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜์•„์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์•„์˜ ์‹์ด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ํ˜•์‹์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ์ถœ์ƒ ํ›„ 48 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์›”๊ฒฝ ํ›„ ์—ฐ๋ น (postmenstrual age) ์—์„œ ์˜์•„์˜ ๋นจ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œก์•ˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์ค‘ ๋น„์กฐ์ง (disorganization) ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ 2๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™ํ•œ (arrhythmical) ๋นจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฐ์ง‘ 3 ๋Š” ๋นจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  (unable to sustain) ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฐ์ง‘ 4๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฐํ™”๋œ (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฃนํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ์  ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์€ ์•„์ง ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ญ์ทจ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์„ญ์ทจ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ์—ฐํ•˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ญ์ทจ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์•„๋Š” ์›” ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ญ์ทจ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„ ์ค‘ ๋น„์กฐ์ง (disorganization) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ํŠน์ • ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์™„์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์œ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„ ์ค‘ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™”๋œ (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ™์•„์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์„ญ์ทจ ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ž ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์›”๊ฒฝ ํ›„ ์—ฐ๋ น (postmenstrual age) 50 ์ฃผ ์ด์ „์— ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„์—์„œ ๋น„์กฐ์ง (disorganization) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์กฐ์ง (disorganization) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด (n = 109)์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„๋Š” 3 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ (๊ตฐ์ง‘ 2-4)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ์–‘์„ฑ (๊ตฐ์ง‘ 4) ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฃน (๊ตฐ์ง‘ 2 ๋ฐ 3)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์™„์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์œ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 8-12 ๊ฐœ์›”, 18-24 ๊ฐœ์›” ๋ น์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 71 ๋ช…์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„์˜ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Bayley-III์ธ์ง€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋…๋ฆฝ t- ๊ฒ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ญ์ทจ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์—ฐํ•˜ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์—ฐํ•˜ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์˜์–‘ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์˜์•„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ 5 ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ญ์ทจ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์—ฐํ•˜ ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‚ผํ‚ด ์žฅ์•  ์ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํก์ธ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„๋Š” ์™„์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์œ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’ 22 ์ผ (๋ฒ”์œ„: 4-121 ์ผ)๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฃน (์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’ 6์ผ, ๋ฒ”์œ„: 1โ€“25 ์ผ)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ, ์ „์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๋น„๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์•ก ์ง€์†๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์žฌํƒœ๋ น์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž‘์€ ํƒœ์•„ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ์กด์žฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ 67 ๋ช…์˜ ๋น„์กฐ์ง (disorganization) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„๋Š” ์ค‘์—์„œ, ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ์–‘์„ฑ๊ตฐ์€ 18-24๊ฐœ์›” Bayley-III์ธ์ง€ ์ ์ˆ˜ ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’ 90.0 ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” ๋นจ๊ธฐ ์Œ์„ฑ๊ตฐ (์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’ 100.7์ ) ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (๋…๋ฆฝ t-๊ฒ€์ •, p = 0.005). ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ ํ˜• ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด ์–‘์„ฑ, ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ 3 ๋˜๋Š” 4 ์˜ ๋‡Œ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ถœํ˜ˆ ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„/์ค‘์ฆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ง€ํ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ์ฆ์ด 18-24 ๊ฐœ์›” ๋ น์— ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์˜์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ญ์ทจ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” 201 ๋ช…์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์˜์•„๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ 95.5 % ์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋™์˜๋กœ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์—ฐํ•˜์กฐ์˜๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ํก์ธ ์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์‹์ด ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๋˜ 33 ๋ช…์˜ ์˜์•„๋“ค์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ›„ 1 ๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์™„์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 26 ๋ช…์˜ ์˜์•„๊ฐ€ 1 ๋…„ ํ›„ ์™„์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์‹์ด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1๋…„ ํ›„ ์™„์ „ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ์‹์ด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์˜์–‘์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฐ์•„๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„์—์„œ ๋ถ€์กฐํ™” (incoordination) ๋นจ๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋” ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์•„์˜ 5 ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ญ์ทจ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์šด๋™ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฒ™๋„์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ญ์ทจ์ฒ™๋„๋ฅผ ์˜์•„์˜ ์‚ผํ‚ด ์žฅ์•  ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Interventions for dysphagia have been applied to infants and children with various conditions, such as cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disorders, and a wide range of other conditions, such as developmental disorders and tube-feeding dependency. There is a need for a tool that can aid clinicians in describing feeding status and measuring outcomes of the management of infants with dysphagia. Various evaluation tools have been developed for infants with feeding problem. However, most of these assessment tools are in the form of checklists and are often not validated or subjective. The Neonatal Oral-Motor Assessment Scale (NOMAS) is a method of visual observation that is used to assess non-nutritive and nutritive sucking in an infant from birth to 48 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA). The observational items compatible with disorganization in the original NOMAS were divided into three groups according to the presence of arrhythmical, unable to sustain, and the incoordination items; cluster 2 (arrhythmical), 3 (unable to sustain), and 4 (incoordination). Although this cluster system grouped various NOMAS findings into categories, the clinical usefulness of each item has yet to be demonstrated. The Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) was initially developed for the clinical documentation of changes in the functional oral intakes by stroke patients. Despite the wide use of the FOIS to evaluate dysphagia in adults, it has not been validated for use in infants. The direct application of the FOIS to infants is challenging, as they are developing rapidly and will experience an expansion of the oral diet with age. In this thesis, three individual studies were performed. First, we investigated whether specific items within the disorganized sucking patterns described by the NOMAS could estimate the time to full oral feeding (FOF) in preterm infants with feeding difficulty. Second, we investigated whether stress signals in NOMAS during bottle feeding in premature infants are a relevant factor for developmental outcomes at 10 months of age (corrected for prematurity). Finally, the reliability and validity of the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) for infants was analyzed. In the first study, preterm infants diagnosed with a disorganized sucking pattern in the NOMAS evaluation before 50 weeks of postmenstrual age were included. Premature infants who exhibited disorganized sucking patterns (n = 109) were divided into three clusters (clusters 2โ€“4) and further divided into incoordination-positive (cluster 4) and incoordination-negative groups (clusters 2 and 3). In the study evaluating the association of stress signals with developmental outcomes at 8-12 and 18-24 months of age, NOMAS of 71 premature infants was obtained. The Bayley-III cognition composite scores for the incoordination-positive group and the incoordination-negative group were compared by independent t-test. In the study assessing the reliability and validity of the FOIS for infants, infants who underwent a video๏ฌ‚uoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) were included in the analysis. Their nutrition records at the time of the VFSS were separately evaluated by two raters using the ๏ฌve-point FOIS for infants. Categorical swallowing and aspiration impairment scale data were also obtained from the VFSS. In the first study, premature infants in the incoordination-positive group (cluster 4, which means stress signals) showed a median transition time of 22 days (range: 4โ€“121 days) which was longer than that in the incoordination-negative group (median 6 days; range: 1โ€“25 days). In a multivariate linear regression analysis, the variables revealed to be associated with the transition time were TPN duration, SGA, and the presence of stress signals (incoordination-positive group) among disorganized sucking patterns. In the second study, seventy premature infants exhibited a disorganized sucking pattern according to the NOMAS. The average Bayley-III cognition composite scores at 18-24 months were higher in incoordination-negative group (n=46, 100.7ยฑ11.5) than incoordination-positive (n=21, 90.0ยฑ17.9) group (p=0.005). A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the presence of uncoordinated sucking pattern, grade 3 or 4 germinal matrix hemorrhageโ€“intraventricular hemorrhage, and moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia were independently associated with cognitive development at 18-24 months of age. In the third study, the inter-rater reliability of the FOIS for infants was high (95.5% absolute agreement) among the 201 evaluated infants, and this scale was correlated with aspiration severity in the VFSS. This analysis included 33 infants who were receiving both oral and tube feeding (i.e., POF). We also investigated whether infants with partial oral feeding (POF) at the FOIS evaluation had achieved full oral feeding within 1 year of the evaluation and used this information to estimate whether the caloric contribution, as well as consistency of oral feeding, affected the feeding outcomes. Among them, 26 infants achieved FOF without tube feeding after 1 year. Their initial contribution from oral feeding was higher than that in infants who still maintained POF after 1 year (28.46 ยฑ 22.79 vs. 6.00 ยฑ 5.45%, p < 0.001). In summary, when selecting premature infants to be treated with swallowing therapy, it is reasonable to pay more attention to the incoordination-positive group described in the NOMAS to shorten the time to attain FOF and monitor the developmental milestones. Also, the ๏ฌve-point FOIS for infants, which re๏ฌ‚ected the expansion of their oral diet with growth, had adequate reliability and validity. These results suggest that both NOMAS and infantile FOIS can be used complementarily to assess swallowing function in infants.Background 1 Objectives 9 Materials and methods 12 Results 26 Discussion 50 Conclusion 68 References 69 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 77 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 81Docto

    ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ฃผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต: '๋กœ์ปฌ'์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋น„๊ต๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2015. 2. ๋ฐ•์„ฑ์ฐฝ.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ(John Millington Synge)๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋กœ์ปฌ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฑ์˜ ใ€Ž์Šฌํ”ˆ ๋ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋ผใ€(Deirdre of the Sorrows)์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธํ…์ŠคํŠธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”ใ€Žํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ํƒ‘ใ€(็ถ ใฎๅก”)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์‹ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ก ๊ณผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋กœ์ปฌ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ปฌ์ด๋ž€ ๋Œ€ํƒ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ์ปฌ๋ฆฌํ†จ๋กœ์ง€์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋กœ์ปฌ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”์ฆˆ๋ชจํด๋ฆฌํ„ด์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์—์„œ ์ฝ”์ฆˆ๋ชจํด๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์ธ ๋กœ์ปฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์–ดํ•™ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ด๋ณด๋กœ, ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์—†์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์ ‘ํ•ด์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ž์„œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ์„ ์ ‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค๋กœ์„œ, ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์—์„œ ๋กœ์ปฌ/๋ฏผ์กฑ/์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ธธํ•ญ ์†์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ ์ฝ”์ฆˆ๋ชจํด๋ฆฌํ„ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” 2์žฅ์—์„œ, ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์ด ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์  ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ/๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์•ต๊ธ€๋กœ ์•„์ด๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋กœ์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์ธ์ž„์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ดํšจ์„์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์ธ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์— ์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์™€ ์‹œ์  ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๊ฒ€์—ด์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ/๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—„๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๋งํ•ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜, ์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ์— ์ฒœ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ดํšจ์„์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋กœ์ปฌ๊ณผ ๋กœ์ปฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ด๋ณด๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฌธํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ž…๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์†์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋กœ์ปฌ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ-์‹œ๊ณจ-๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ฒ™์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ •๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„๋ž€ - ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์„œ์ชฝ ์‹œ๊ณจ - ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฒ™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํšจ์„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ์ง€ - ์‹œ๊ณจ - ๋„์‹œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ๊ตญ, ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ์ด์ž ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒ™์ ์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ, ์•„๋ž€์— ์ฒœ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌด์‹ ๋ก ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋˜ ์‹ฌ์  ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ž€์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‘œ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋กœ์ปฌ๊ณผ ๋กœ์ปฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋กœ์ปฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋กœ์ปฌ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ดํšจ์„์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์ž ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—๋Š” ์ฒ™๋ฐ•ํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์Šคํƒค์ง€์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ž€๊ณผ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ์„ ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ฑ์€ ์•„๋ž€ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ์ดํšจ์„์€ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ , ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. 4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ด€๊ณผ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ ํ›„, ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒœ์ฐฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ๋กœ์ปฌ/๊ตญ๊ฐ€/์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘์–ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์ธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์˜์–ด์™€ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์—์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•„๋ž€์˜ ์†Œ์ž‘๋†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ข…์ ์ธ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์˜์–ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ข…์–ด(heteroglossia)๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์˜์–ด์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋…์ž์™€ ์กฐ์šฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ค. ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ง„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ํ–ฅํ† ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์œ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ…Œ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘=์ž์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ, ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ž‘=์„ธ๊ณ„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ ์‹ฑ์˜ ใ€Ž์Šฌํ”ˆ ๋ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋ผใ€(Deirdre of the Sorrows)๋Š” ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด ์†Œ์„ค, ใ€Žํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ํƒ‘ใ€(็ถ ใฎๅก”)๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธํ…์ŠคํŠธ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์Šฌํ”ˆ ๋ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋ผใ€์—์„œ ์‹ฑ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋ผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋†๋ฏผ๊ทน๊ณผ ์˜์›…์ „์„ค์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Žํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ํƒ‘ใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์˜๋ฏผ์ด ๋ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์—ฌ์ธ ์š”์ฝ”์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์‹œ์— ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ด๋“ฑ๊ฐ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ์€ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฝ”์ฆˆ๋ชจํด๋ฆฌํ„ด์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํšจ์„์€ ์ฝ”์ฆˆ๋ชจํด๋ฆฌํ„ด์ด ๋˜๊ธธ ๊ฐˆ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์—๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ž€๊ณผ ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ์€ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ๋…ธ์Šคํƒค์ง€์–ด์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ํ—ค๋งค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ž‘์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ 3์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋กœ์ปฌ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€, ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธธํ•ญ ์†์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ. ์„œ๋ก  : 1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ : 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ : 12 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ. ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก  : 22 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ. ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก  : 22 1. ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ์ขŒํ‘œ : 22 2. ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๊ตํ–ฅ๊ณก : ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ(reality)์™€ ํ™˜ํฌ(joy)์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ : 34 3. ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ : 50 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก  : 58 1. ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ์ขŒํ‘œ : 58 2. ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜ : ๋‚ญ๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ์‚ฌ์ด : 63 3. ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ฌธํ•™๋ก ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ : 69 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ. ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋กœ์ปฌ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ : 88 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ. ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋กœ์ปฌ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ : 88 1. ์‹ฑ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ์˜ˆ์ฐฌ๊ณผ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์—ฌํ–‰ : 88 2. ๋†๋ฏผ๊ทน์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์•„๋ž€(Aran)์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํƒˆ์ฃผ : 122 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋กœ์ปฌ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ : 163 1. ์‚ฐ๋ฌธ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์  ํƒˆ์ฃผ : 163 2. ํ•˜์–ผ๋นˆ ์—ฌํ–‰๊ณผ ์‹ค์žฌ์™€์˜ ์กฐ์šฐ : 203 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ. ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ : 231 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ. ์กด ๋ฐ€๋งํ„ด ์‹ฑ์˜ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ : 231 1. ์ด์ข…์–ด(heteroglossia)์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜์–ด : 231 2. ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ใ€Ž์Šฌํ”ˆ ๋ฐ์–ด๋“œ๋ผใ€ (Deirdre of the Sorrows)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™” : 255 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ. ์ดํšจ์„์˜ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ œ : 286 1. ์ด์ค‘์–ด ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด : 286 2. ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ใ€Žํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ํƒ‘ใ€(็ถ ใฎๅก”)์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™” : 307 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  : 349 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ : 354 Abstract : 372Maste

    Expression of glutamine metabolism-related proteins in thyroid cancer

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    PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the expression of glutamine metabolism-related protein in tumor and stromal compartments among the histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer. RESULTS: GLS1 and GDH expression in tumor and stromal compartments were the highest in AC than in other subtypes. Tumoral ASCT2 expression was higher in MC but lower in FC (p < 0.001). In PTC, tumoral GLS1 and tumoral GDH expression was higher in the conventional type than in the follicular variant (p = 0.043 and 0.001, respectively), and in PTC with BRAF V600E mutation than in PTC without BRAF V600E mutation (p<0.001). Stromal GDH positivity was the independent factor associated with short overall survival (hazard ratio: 21.48, 95% confidence interval: 2.178-211.8, p = 0.009). METHODS: We performed tissue microarrays with 557 thyroid cancer cases (papillary thyroid carcinoma [PTC]: 344, follicular carcinoma [FC]: 112, medullary carcinoma [MC]: 70, poorly differentiated carcinoma [PDC]: 23, and anaplastic carcinoma [AC]: 8) and 152 follicular adenoma (FA) cases. We performed immunohistochemical staining of glutaminolysis-related proteins (glutaminase 1 [GLS1], glutamate dehydrogenase [GDH], and amino acid transporter-2 [ASCT-2]). CONCLUSION: Glutamine metabolism-related protein expression differed among the histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer.ope

    Expression of DNA methylation-related proteins in breast phyllodes tumor

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    The purpose of this study is to research the expression of DNA methylation-related proteins in phyllodes tumors of the breast and to study the implication on patient outcomes. We generated tissue microarrays (TMAs) of 196 phyllodes tumors (PT) and performed immunohistochemical staining for 5-meC and the DNA methylationrelated proteins DNMT1 and ISL-1. The staining results were analyzed and compared with clinicopathologic parameters. A total of 196 cases were included in this study, of which 153 were benign, 27 were borderline, and 16 were malignant. The levels of DNMT1, 5 meC, and ISL-1 in the stromal component of tumors increased with increasing grade (P<0.001). Especially, high stromal positivity of DNMT1 and ISL-1 were associated with increased distant metastasis (P=0.001, and P=0.013, respectively). Univariate analysis for factors associated with decreased disease free survival and overall survival identified DNMT1 high positivity (P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively) and stromal ISL-1 high positivity (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). Among borderline phyllodes tumors, stromal DNMT1 high positivity was associated with decreased OS (P=0.015). In conclusion, DNA methylation and expression of methylation-related proteins in the stromal component increased with increasing histologic grade in phyllodes tumors. In addition, overexpression stromal expression of DNMT1 and ISL-1 was associated with poor prognosis.ope

    Differential expression of lipid metabolism-related proteins in different breast cancer subtypes

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    PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the expression and clinical significance of proteins that are involved in lipid metabolism in human breast tumors. METHODS: Tumors from 476 breast cancer patients were used to construct tissue microarrays. Then, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), Perilipin 1 (PLIN1), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA (CPT-1A), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX-1), and fatty acid synthase (FASN) was performed on these microarrays. RESULTS: Breast tumors were classified into 4 subtypes: luminal A (n = 242; 50.8%), luminal B (n = 134; 28.2%), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (n = 50; 10.5%), and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (n = 50; 10.5%). The expression of PLIN1 (p < 0.001), FABP4 (p = 0.029), CPT-1A (p = 0.001), ACOX-1 (p < 0.001), and FASN (p < 0.001) differed significantly among these tumor subtypes. Notably, PLIN1, CPT-1A, and FASN expression was highest in HER2 tumors and lowest in TNBC tumors. Similarly, the expression of FABP4 and ACOX-1 was highest in HER2 tumors and lowest in luminal A tumors. In addition, ACOX-1 positivity was associated with significantly shorter overall survival (p = 0.018). When tumor subtype was considered, FABP4 positivity was associated with significantly shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.005) and overall survival (p = 0.041) in TNBC. CONCLUSION: Lipid metabolism-related proteins are differentially expressed in different IHC subtypes of breast cancer and some are associated with decreased survival rates.ope

    Differential expression of the epigenetic methylation-related protein DNMT1 by breast cancer molecular subtype and stromal histology

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    BACKGROUND: We assessed the expression of methylation-related proteins 5-meC, DNMT1, and ISL-1 in breast cancer and evaluated their relationship to clinicopathological factors. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining for ER, PR, HER-2, Ki-67, 5-meC, DNMT1, and ISL-1 were performed on 348 breast cancer samples in tissue microarray. Samples were subgrouped into luminal A, luminal B, HER-2, or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) according to immunohistochemical staining for ER, PR, HER-2, and Ki-67. The tumor stroma was histologically subtyped into desmoplastic, sclerotic, normal-like, or inflammatory type. RESULTS: Tumor expression of DNMT1 differed by molecular subtype: it was higher in TNBC and lower in luminal A (p < 0.001) samples. DNMT1 expression was also related to higher histologic grade, ER negativity, PR negativity, and higher Ki-67 LI (p < 0.001). In western blot, protein expressions of DNMT1 and ISL-1 were higher in TNBC and relatively lower in the remaining subtypes. High tumor expression of DNMT1 was associated with shorter OS in univariate analysis (p = 0.041). DNMT1 and 5-meC were differentially expressed by stromal phenotype: 5-meC was higher in normal-like type and lower in sclerotic type (p = 0.049); DNMT1 was higher in inflammatory and lower in sclerotic type (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Tumor expression of DNMT1 in breast cancer differed by molecular subtype and stromal histological type. DNMT1 was highly expressed in TNBC and in breast cancer with inflammatory stromal type.ope

    Expression of CAF-Related Proteins Is Associated with Histologic Grade of Breast Phyllodes Tumor

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    Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of cancer-associated fibroblast- (CAF-) related proteins and the implications in breast phyllodes tumor (PT). Methods. Tissue microarrays of 194 PT cases (151 benign PT, 27 borderline PT, and 16 malignant PT) were constructed. We performed immunohistochemical staining for CAF-related proteins (podoplanin, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, FAPฮฑ, S100A4, PDGFR ฮฑ/ฮฒ, and NG2) and analyzed the results according to clinicopathologic parameters. Results. Expression of PDGFRฮฑ and PDGFRฮฒ in the stromal component increased with increasing histologic grade of PT (p = 0.003 and p = 0.034, resp.). Among clinicopathologic parameters, only expression of FAPฮฑ in stroma was associated with distant metastasis (p = 0.002). In univariate analysis, stromal expression of PDGFRฮฑ was associated with shorter overall survival (p = 0.002). In Cox multivariate analysis, stromal overgrowth and PDGFRฮฑ stromal positivity were associated with shorter overall survival (p = 0.006 and p = 0.050, resp.). Furthermore, expression of PDGFRฮฒ in stroma was associated with shorter overall survival in patients with malignant PT (p = 0.041). Conclusion. Stromal expression of PDGFRฮฑ and PDGFRฮฒ increased with increasing histologic grade of PT. In addition, PDGFR stromal positivity was associated with shorter overall survival. These results suggest that CAFs are associated with breast PT progression.ope

    Expression of sarcosine-metabolizing enzymes in thyroid cancer

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    The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of sarcosine metabolism-related proteins according to thyroid cancer subtypes and the implications of these findings. We performed tissue microarrays of 557 thyroid cancer cases (papillary thyroid carcinoma [PTC]: 344, follicular carcinoma [FC]: 112, medullary carcinoma [MC]: 70, poorly differentiated carcinoma [PDC]: 23, and anaplastic carcinoma [AC]: 8) and 152 follicular adenoma cases. Immunohistochemical staining for sarcosine metabolism-related molecules [glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH), and l-pipecolic acid oxidase (PIPOX)] was conducted, and the results were analyzed based on clinicopathologic parameters. Results: The expression of SARDH and PIPOX was different depending on thyroid cancer subtypes. PTC showed higher expression than other subtypes (P<0.001). Among PTC, follicular variant (FV) showed lower expression than conventional type (P = 0.010 and P<0.001) and PTC with BRAF V600E mutation showed higher expression than PTC without BRAF V600E mutation (P<0.001). In univariate analysis, PIPOX positivity was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) in PTC (P = 0.024). In conclusion, the expression of sarcosine metabolism-related proteins varied according to thyroid cancer subtypes. SARDH and PIPOX showed higher expression in PTC; among PTC, FVPTC showed lower expression and PTC with BRAF V600E mutation showed higher expression

    Expression of PD-L1 in triple-negative breast cancer based on different immunohistochemical antibodies.

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    BACKGROUND: To date, there are no effective therapeutic targeting agents for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and PD-L1 has presented potential as an effective marker of immunotherapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of PD-L1 by three different immunohistochemical antibodies in TNBC. METHODS: Interpretation of all three PD-L1 antibodies showed good concordance among three readers (kappa value >0.610) in both cancer cells and immune cells. Using a tissue microarray (TMA) constructed from 218 cases of TNBC, we performed immunohistochemical staining using three of the most popular commercially used PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (clones 28-8, E1L3N and SP142) in cancer cells and immune cells. RESULTS: Using various cut-off values of previous studies (1, 5, 10 and 50 %), the expression rates in cancer cells were: PD-L1 (E1L3N) (14.7, 14.7, 11.0, 2.3 %), PD-L1 (28-8) (13.3, 12.4, 10.1, 1.8 %), and PD-L1 (SP142) (11.5, 11.0, 6.9, 0.5 %), respectively. At the 5 % cut-off value, the discordance rate among the three antibodies was 6.0-10.6 % and was highest between PD-L1 (SP142) and the other two antibodies. The expression rates in immune cells were PD-L1 (E1L3N) (37.6 %), PD-L1 (28-8) (36.7 %), and PD-L1 (SP142) (19.3 %), and the discordance rate among the three antibodies ranged from 13.8 to 24.8 % and was also highest between PD-L1 (SP142) and the other two antibodies. Among stromal histologic types, higher PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and immune cells was measured in inflammatory-type (p < 0.05). The absence of PD-L1 (28-8) staining in immune cells was associated with shorter disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.043, and p = 0.021) in univariate analyses, and with shorter OS in multivariate Cox analysis (hazard ratio: 5.429, 95 % CI 1.214-24.28, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: PD-L1 detection in cancer cells and immune cells varied by antibody clone. The greatest amount of staining occurred with PD-L1 (E1L3N), followed by PD-L1 (28-8) and PD-L1 (SP142). The concordance rate among monoclonal PD-L1 antibodies was higher between PD-L1 (28-8) and PD-L1 (E1L3N). To determine the gold standard antibody and the most appropriate cut-off value, further study of the clinical trial group treated with PD-L1 inhibitor is necessary.ope
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