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    ์ค‘๊ฐ„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„ ์žฌํ•˜์—์„œ์˜ ํšก๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์•”์„์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฑฐ๋™

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022.2. ์ „์„์›.Rocks involved with mechanized excavation via moving rock cutting tools are known to be under the influence of intermediate strain rate loading. In the mechanical excavation of rock, the cutting efficiency is affected by discontinuities, while the density of discontinuities and the direction of excavation against discontinuities greatly affect the efficiency of cutting. However, the deformation and fracture behavior of rocks vary depending on the changes in loading rate. It is known that under higher loading rates, rocks show relatively higher strength and low anisotropic behaviors. In this research, strength properties under static and intermediate strain rate loadings were studied using transversely isotropic rocks and artificially made rock-like specimens of similar characteristics. Since the uniaxial compressive strength of transversely isotropic rocks is known to show โ€˜Uโ€™ form when tested by its angles formed by loading direction and isotropic axis through theoretical and experimental research, this study was to examine the changes of its form under different loading or strain rate loadings. The specimens of the study were schist from Boryeong area of Korea, cement mortar, and 3D printed materials in form of transversely isotropic behaviors. The cement mortar specimen had been cored from an artificial block which cement mortar had been alternatively layered by two different mixing ratios; 100:0 and 70:30 of commercial cement mix:sand from Jumunjin area of Korea. Each layer was to be of 10 mm in thickness. Objet30Pro of Stratasys was used for 3D printing, while PMMA material was used for the specimen. Grid modeled plane formed of 1mm thickness and height located every 1 mm was removed from the cylinder to express weak layers every 10 mm. Artificial specimens consisting of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 degrees of transversely isotropic angles were manufactured. Three loading conditions were used for the test, which were 0.0067 mm/s and 10 mm/s of displacement-controlled loading rate for pressure machine and dynamic condition of free fall for drop weight test machine. Through the uniaxial compression test, the maximum strength was measured with specimens with degree of anisotropy near 0 and 90 degrees when the minimum strength was measured near 45 and 60 degrees. All tests had shown the โ€˜Uโ€™ form and its anisotropic behavior could be found to take less effect as the loading rate increased. An increase of strength proportion to its loading rate, or strain rate, could only be related to the test results from the same testing method. By the use of Particle Flow Code 3D (PFC3D) by Itasca, a program to perform discrete element method (DEM) analysis, test results were to be reproduced via numerical simulation. Weak planes were expressed using smooth-joint contacts, weakening the bond among particles. The loading rates in the range of quasi-static and intermediate strain rate was used during the simulation. However, change of loading rate under same micro parameters did not show proper simulation results, requiring further studies. As tests proceeded, the result showed the form of โ€˜Uโ€™, where the maximum strength was measured near models with degree of anisotropy near 0 and 90 degrees while the minimum strength was measured near 45 and 60 degrees.์•”์„์€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ทจ์„ฑ ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์•”์„์˜ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐœํŒŒ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•”์„์€ ๋†’์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์•”์„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์•”์„์˜ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์—์„œ ์•”์„์ด ์ ˆ์‚ญ๊ณต๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋™ ํ˜น์€ ํšŒ์ „์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตด์ฐฉ๋  ์‹œ ์•”์„์€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์žฌํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•”๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ตด์ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ ˆ์‚ญํšจ์œจ์€ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†๋ฉด์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ตด์ฐฉ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†๋ฉด์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์žฌํ•˜์†๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•”์„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด ๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋†’์€ ์žฌํ•˜์†๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ด๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšก๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์•”์„๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ •ํ•˜์ค‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„์˜ ์••์ถ•ํ•˜์ค‘ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšก๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์•”์„์˜ ์••์ถ•๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ํ•˜์ค‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์ถ•์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฐ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ Uํ˜•์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์ด ์ด๋ก ์ , ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ํ•˜์ค‘ ์†๋„, ์ฆ‰ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ นํŽธ์•”, ํšก๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ๋ฐ 3Dํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ์€ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์™€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ง„ํ‘œ์ค€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋Ÿ‰๋น„ 100:0, 70:30๋กœ 2์ข…์„ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ 10 mm ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๊ตํ˜ธ์ธต์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋„๋ก ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์‹œํ˜ํŽธ์˜ ์ถ•๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์ถ•์ด 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90๋„์˜ ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3Dํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ฌผ์€ Stratasys์‚ฌ Objet 30 Pro ํ”„๋ฆฐํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ๋ช… PMMA์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ธ Veroclear๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1 mm ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์•ฝ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ 10 mm ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•œ ํšก๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ชจ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅด ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ค‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งŒ๋Šฅ์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ MTSํ•˜์ค‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ •ํ•˜์ค‘๊ณผ ๋™ํ•˜์ค‘(์žฌํ•˜์†๋„ 0.0067 mm/s, 10 mm/s)์˜ ๋‹จ์ถ•์••์ถ•์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ์ž์œ ๋‚™ํ•˜์‹œํ—˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋™ํ•˜์ค‘ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ค‘๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 0ยฐ, 90ยฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 45ยฐ, 60ยฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ’์ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๋Œ€, ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ •ํ•˜์ค‘(0.0067 mm/s์žฌํ•˜)์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋™ํ•˜์ค‘(10 mm/s ์žฌํ•˜)์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 15%, ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์•ฝ 3% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ์žฌํ•˜์†๋„์—์„œ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ•๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PFC3D(Particle Flow Code 3D)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ชจ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์‹œํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์žฌํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„์€ ์œ ์••์‹ ๊ฐ€์••์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” Quasi-static์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์†๋„์ธ 0.15 mm/s ์™€ 0.0015 mm/s์˜ ์žฌํ•˜์†๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์••ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋‚ด์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ 45ยฐ, 60ยฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ’์ด ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 0ยฐ, 90ยฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 11 2.1 Static and Dynamic Rock Test 11 2.2 Discrete Element Method 13 3. Test Setup 14 3.1 Types of Specimen 14 3.1.1 Cement Mortar Specimen 16 3.1.2 3D Printed Specimen 18 3.1.3 Rock Specimen 24 3.2 Types of Test 26 3.2.1 Uniaxial Compression 26 3.2.2 Drop Weight 33 4. Test Results and Discussion 35 4.1 Cement Mortar Specimen 35 4.1.1 Static Loading Test 35 4.1.2 Dynamic Loading Test 36 4.1.3 Drop Weight Test 38 4.2 3D Printed Specimen 40 4.2.1 Static Loading Test 40 4.2.2 Dynamic Loading Test 42 4.2.3 Drop Weight Test 43 4.3 Rock Specimen 46 4.3.1 Static Loading Test 46 4.3.2 Dynamic Loading Test 47 4.3.3 Drop Weight Test 49 5. Discrete Element Method 51 5.1 Commercial Program and Smooth-Joint Model Application 51 5.2 Modeling and Micro-Parameter Setting 51 5.3 Results 52 6. Conclusions 56 Reference 59 Abstract (Korean) 63์„

    Results from Korean Community Health Survey 2020

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์กฐ์„ฑ์ผ.Introduction: The unprecedented public health crisis, COVID-19(Coronavirus disease 2019) was accompanied by social, economic repercussions and was demanding change of the existing Korean medical system. In the process of responding to COVID-19, Korea made a meaningful achievement called โ€˜K quarantineโ€™, in which all efforts were prioritized to prevent infection. In the process, the public health system and local health system were partially suspended or reduced. Also, as the face-to-face interaction was restricted due to concerns about infection, the healthcare utilization rate also decreased significantly. There was no research on whether this decrease in medical use can be interpreted as an increase of unmet healthcare needs (UHNs). It was important to identify the associated factors of UHNs during the COVID-19 pandemic since UHNs can deteriorate the health problem of those who give up healthcare. Additionally, it could increase health inequity if UHNs were concentrated on the low-income population. The aims of this study were to check prevalence of UHNs and identify factors associated with UHNs during the pandemic of COVID-19 in Korea. Methods: Data from the 2020 Community Health Survey was examined. Dependent variable was whether a respondent had experienced UHNs and independent variables were sociodemographic factors, health-related factors, and COVID-19 related factors. Multiple survey logistic regression analyses were performed after adjusting for all factors to identify factors associated with UHNs. Results: UHNs decreased from 2019 to 2020 and 5.4% of South Koreans experienced UHNs in 2020. The most frequent reason of UHNs was โ€œAvailabilityโ€ (48.1%), followed by โ€œAcceptabilityโ€ (23.3%), โ€œCOVID-19 related- reasonsโ€ (16.1%), Affordabilityโ€ (8.7%) and โ€œAccessibilityโ€ (3.9%) in 2020. Female, younger age, low education level, low-income level, living alone, living in rural and blue-collar workers and other job group who were unemployed including students, housewives, military army were more likely to experience UHNs. And poor rated health, no chronic disease, and depressive symptom (PHQ-9 with score of 10 and above) were associated factors for increased UHNs. Among COVID-19 related factors, individuals without fear of death, individuals with fear of infection of family, individuals who evaluated neighbors and co-workersโ€™ performance in dealing with COVID-19 as โ€œbadโ€ and who had no social supports from others during quarantine more likely to experience UHNs. All sociodemographic and health-related factors that influenced UHNs due to non-COVID-19 related reasons were same as overall UHNs. Fear of death, fear of infection of family and social support are statistically significant factors to UHNs due to non-COVID-19 related reasons. Fear of infection is statistically significant factor to UHNs due to COVID-19. Fear of death and social support are not statistically significant. Conclusions: Although South Korea has witnessed a steady decrease in UHNs, UHNs due to COVID-19 related reason occurred in 2020. This study identifies that the effects of fear of death and fear of infection on UHNs are different. Low socio-economic groups had higher frequency for โ€œaffordabilityโ€, โ€œaccessibilityโ€ for UHNs and it should be noted that the low socio-economic group was more vulnerable to the pandemic, leading to increased health inequity. This study suggests that a different approach and customized policy are required depending on type of fear and socioeconomic status.์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ๋ก€์—†๋Š” ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ์œ„๊ธฐ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํŒŒ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์—๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ๋Œ€์‘์€ ICT๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ, ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ถ”์ , ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑ๋œโ€˜K ๋ฐฉ์—ญโ€™ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ์—ผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์ž์› ์ง‘์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„์„ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‘๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ฉด ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์ง€ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์ด์ „์˜ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน์ด ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” 2020๋…„ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ „๊ตญ ์„ฑ์ธ ์•ฝ 23๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2020๋…„ 8์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ „๊ตญ ์‹œ๊ตฐ ๊ตฌ ๋‹จ์œ„ 255๊ฐœ ๋ณด๊ฑด์†Œ์˜ ๊ด€ํ•  ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ฃผํƒ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ณตํ•ฉํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ 19์„ธ์ด์ƒ ์„ฑ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์›์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์‘๋‹ต์ž 229,269๋ช… ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ 18,237๋ช…์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 211,032๋ช…(์—ฌ์ž 116,994๋ช… 55.4%)์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰ํƒœ, ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ 5.4%๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋Š” 2019๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ด๋‚˜, ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ (Availability, 48.1%), ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ(Acceptability, 23.3%), ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (COVID-19 related, 16.1%), ์ง€๋ถˆ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(Affordability, 8.7%), ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ (Accessibility, 3.9%)์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ จ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ์ Š์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€, 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ, ์‹œ๊ณจ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ, ์œก์ฒด๋…ธ๋™์ž(Blue collar) ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€(ํ•™์ƒ, ์ฃผ๋ถ€, ๊ตฐ์ธ ๋“ฑ)์—์„œ, ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜๊ณ , ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(PHQ-9 10์ ์ด์ƒ)์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ด ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ€์กฑ(๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ทจ์•ฝ์ž)์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ ์ง์žฅ๋™๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์‘๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ ๊ตฐ, ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ๋™์•ˆ ๋„์›€์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ด์œ ์™€ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œ ์˜์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€, ๊ฐ€์กฑ(๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ทจ์•ฝ์ž)์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€, ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ ์ง์žฅ๋™๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์‘๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ ๋„์›€์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œ ์˜์ฐจ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ ๋„์›€์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œ ์˜์ฐจ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ด์œ ์™€ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์€ ์ƒ์ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ์ด์œ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ตญ๋ฏผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋”์šฑ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2020๋…„๋„์— ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘ ์œ„๊ธฐ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ ํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜ ํŒฌ๋ฐ๋ฏน ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐฉ์—ญ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“  ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€ ์‹ค์ œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ถฉ์กฑ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.Chapter1. Introduction 1.1 COVID-19 and decrease of healthcare utilization 1.2 Unmet healthcare needs (UHNs) 1.3 Objective of this study Chapter2. Study method 2.1 Data source 2.2 Study design 1) Study population 2) Dependent variables 3) Independent variables (1) Sociodemographic variables (2) Health related variables (3) COVID-19 related variables 2.3 Statistical analysis Chapter3. Study Result 3.1 Baseline characteristics by UHNs 3.2 Factors associated with UHNs 3.3 Socio-demographic & health-related factors by UHN reasons 3.4 Factors associated with UHNs due to COVID-19 related reasons, non-COVID-19 related reasons Chapter4. Discussion 4.1 Discussion 4.2 Limitations 4.3 Conclusions Bibliography Abstract in Korean์„

    ์ง€์‹ค์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์‹ ์ข…ํ—Œ.Abstract Isolation and Structure Determination of Bioactive Constituents from Poncirus trifoliata Raf. Won-Hee Lee Natural Products Science Major College of Pharmacy Master Course in the Graduate School Seoul National University Sortase A (SrtA), a gram-positive transpeptidase, is an important target in reducing bacterial infection. The extract from the fruits of trifoliate orange, Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque, showed significant Srt A inhibition. Poncirus trifoliata Raf. is a member of the family Rutaceae and it has been widely used in Korean traditional medicine for the treatment of diverse pathogenic symptoms. Bioactivity-guided chromatographic separation afforded the isolation of in total twelve compounds, eight coumarins and four flavanone glycosides. The structures of four novel coumarins were determined by a combination of spectroscopic analyses such as NMR and LC-MS. The absolute configurations of the new coumarins and known coumarins, previously unassigned, were determined by an application of the 2-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid (MTPA) method. Key words: herbal medicine, Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque, coumarins, flavanone glycosides, sortase A inhibition Student number: 2016-29626Introduction . 1 Experimental Section 3 1. General Experimental Procedures 3 2. Plant Material . 3 3. Extraction and Isolation 4 4. Preparation of the (S)- and (R)-ฮฑ-Methoxy-ฮฑtrifluoromethylphenylacetic chloride (MTPA-Cl) Esterification of Compound 1-6 6 Results . 12 1. Compound 1 . 12 2. Compound 2 . 12 3. Compound 3 . 13 4. Compound 4 . 13 5. Compound 5 . 14 6. Compound 6 . 14 7. Compound 7 . 15 8. Compound 8 . 15 9. Compound 9 . 16 10. Compound 10 . 16 11. Compound 11 16 12. Compound 12 . 17 Discussion 40 References . 41 Abstract in Korean . 75Maste

    A study on รlvaro Siza's strategy of realizing architectural space inducing spatial experiences - focusing on the public buildings since 1985

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ์ตœ๋‘๋‚จ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ, ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜, ์‹œ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๊ฐํฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ• ๋“ฑ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์ธ ์–ดํœ˜๋“ค๋กœ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๋””์ž์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๋ฏธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”, ํŠน์ • ํ‘œํ˜„ ์š”์†Œ์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฒดํ—˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋จผ์ € ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์—์„œ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ์–ธ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•œ, ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜, ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ด์„, ์…‹์งธ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ์†์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์„ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์Šค์˜ ๋ถ„์ ˆ, ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ž…๊ตฌ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธต์œ„์˜ ๋ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊น€์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜๋„์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„์›Œ์ง„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น›์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์—ฐ์†์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์กฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ „, ์ฐฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์œ ์ž…, ๋„์‹œ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ „์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ์„œ๋งŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์ด ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œํ€€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‘ ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์ธ ์‹œํ€€์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฒดํ—˜์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒดํ—˜์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณตํ†ต์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋น›๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์™€์˜ ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์—ด๋ ค์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ˜„์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ฒดํ—˜ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ํ•ด์„์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์ธ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์‹œ์ž์™€ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์–ธ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์€ ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋…์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‹€์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์ด ์„ค์ •๋˜๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์ž ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ฃผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฒดํ—˜๋˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค.The purpose of study on รlvaro Siza is to analyze his architecture that is not only designed with regional culture and tradition embraced, but also universal Modernism combined with both, from the perspective of peoples spatial experiences. Unlikely the above, most of the previous studies on the architectural design method that Siza uses are analyzed, signified or formalized using the abstract and conceptual words which bring the idea of tradition and culture embraced, reflection of life, poetic forms and inspiring architecture. This studytherefore, focuses on analyzing his architecture from an experiential aspect and reveal his architectural strategy for realizing spatial experiences. It is, first, necessary to organize what the concept of spatial experiences is in Sizas architecture for he does not clearly define what his language of architecture is. Drawn a conclusion from critics and Siza himself, the concept of spatial experiences in his architecture is 1, spatial experiences through circulating 2, interpretation on space by the users and 3, spatial experiences of continuous relationship. Through this conclusion, his architecture is redefined as architecture which induces spatial experiences, and three strategies for realizing such experiences are arranged. First, the methods which induce spatial experiences through circulating are segmentation of masses, vague entrance and various layered walls making spatial depth. Second, leaving choices for the users to interpret, it is purposely designed to be unfinished and changing spatially by empty space and light. Third, adjusting a relationship between spaces, it induces spatial experiences in sequence that makes a reversal of form and internal spaces, penetration of nature through the windows, harmonious or reversal relationship with urban fabrics. These strategies of inducing spatial experiences do not imply only one meaning but interrelate with other strategies, so people can experience space complexly. He also uses various methods in one project that is related for him to seek the different ways to solve problems according to the condition and situation of site. As mentioned, Sizas articulation of spaces does not clearly define spatial characteristics but leaves chances for the users to experience and articulate spaces by themselves. First, designing various spatial sequences, the users can choose to circulate from one space to another and it may differ due to different users circulating spaces in a different sequential order. Second, it reconstructs memories through repetitive spatial experiences. Each person can experience same space and have different memory through using the transformation of common elements and experiencing repetitively as different views. Third, space is defined as to be a social place by communicating with city through light, windows, and continual relation with nature through intercourse of space. Sizas architecture, likewise, means more than phenomenal and sensible spaces to feel and experience. Not only has it encouraged communication between city and nature, but also leaved chances for the users to interpret space as a social place. It may be the limit of this study that the framework for analysis may not be objective. Thats because there are only theoretical and conceptual approach on spatial experiences in previous studies not on the substantive frameworks. In this aspect, it can be expected for the next study on the framework for analyzing the spatial experiences. And it may have a meaning if a relation between culture, tradition and experience, which is mentioned frequently as a character of Sizas but this study does not contain, is analyzed using actual ways.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ 1.2.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1.2.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ: ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ 2.1. ๊ฑด์ถ•์  ์ž…์žฅ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2.2. ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž ๊ฑด์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2.2.1. ๋น„ํŒ์  ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜(Critical Regionalism) 2.2.2. ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•(Transformation) 2.2.3. ์ •์‹ ์  ํ™œ๋™((Mental Activity) 2.2.4. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ• 2.2.5. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜ 2.3. ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ•„์š” 2.3.1. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ณด์™„ 2.3.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚œ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ์‹œ ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์–ธ์–ด 3.1. ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ์–ธ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋น„ํ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ ์„ค์ • 3.1.1. ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž ๊ฑด์ถ•์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„ํ‰ 3.1.2. ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–ธ์ˆ  3.1.3. ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ ์„ค์ • 3.2. ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 3.2.1. ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜ 3.2.2. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ•ด์„ 3.2.3. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ์†์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ฒดํ—˜ 3.3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ : ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹ 4.1. ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ฒดํ—˜ ์œ ๋ฐœ 4.1.1. ๋งค์Šค์˜ ๋ถ„์ ˆ 4.1.2. ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ž…๊ตฌ 4.1.3. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธต์œ„์˜ ๋ฒฝ 4.2. ์˜๋„์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ฒดํ—˜ ์œ ๋ฐœ 4.2.1. ๋น„์›Œ์ง„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 4.2.2. ๋น›์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 4.3. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ฒดํ—˜ ์œ ๋ฐœ 4.3.1. ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์ „ 4.3.2. ์ฐฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์œ ์ž… 4.3.3. ๋„์‹œ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ „ 4.4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ• ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹œ์ž์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํŠน์ง• 5.1. ์‹œํ€€์Šค์˜ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒดํ—˜ ์œ ๋ฐœ 5.1.1. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œํ€€์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ 5.1.2. ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‹œํ€€์Šค 5.2. ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ 5.2.1. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ์ฒดํ—˜ 5.2.2. ๊ณตํ†ต์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ์ธ์‹ 5.3. ์—ฐ์†์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์กฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ 5.3.1. ๋น›๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ์†์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ 5.3.2. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ 5.4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ: ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€ ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก Maste

    Coastal path planning algorithm using quadtree and visibility graph

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กฐ์„ ํ•ด์–‘๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ๊น€ํƒœ์™„.With the introduction of e-Navigation technology by the International Maritime Organization, it has been recommended for ships to exchange data with maritime centers. For this purpose, the necessary information for ships is electronically exchanged for information exchange, and this information includes route information. Therefore, the vessel must make a voyage plan and transmit it to the maritime center. Maritime center must check that there is no problem in the voyage plan and send the voyage plan to the vessel. Since weather routing system is established for ships sailing the ocean, it is easy to exchange route data between ships and maritime center. However, it is difficult to exchange route data for coastal ships because the navigator decide the route manually using their professional knowledge. In order to compensate the manual route planning along with the digitalization of the route, the demand for an automatic route system in the coast has increased. Coastal ships include passenger ships, fishing boats, and yachts for various purposes. Vessels must calculate the route to their destination to achieve their objectives. The purpose of this study is to compute a safe and efficient route within a coast with a complex environment. It is necessary to secure the safety of the vessel by providing a route plan in consideration of the changing marine environment to the vessel in operation before departure or in real time. In order to determine a route, information such as shoreline, water depth, weather, and tide is required. Based on this information, many studies on route planning of ships sailing the ocean have been developed, but most of them are focused on reducing fuel consumption and sailing time in open sea. Because the coastline is complex and there are many obstacles in the coast, it is difficult to apply the existing research in coastal environment. In addition, since there are many areas with a large tide difference in Korea, the environment changes frequently during navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the route within a short time to consider frequent environment change. In this paper, we propose a novel route planning algorithm for complex offshore environments by integrating the advantages of quadtree and visibility graph. A quadtree is used to improve the inefficient environment representation method such as the uniform grid. The graph is constructed using quadtree and the shortest path is computed on the quadtree based graph. Using the waypoints of the previously computed route, a visibility graph is generated to calculate the optimal route. To find the optimal path, Dijkstra algorithm is used at this time. The proposed algorithm can perform route planning from any angle and establishes a safe route plan by maintaining a certain distance from the coastline. In addition, the fuel consumption is computed in consideration of the weather information according to the departure time of the vessel, and the route with the minimum fuel consumption is planned. To calculate the fuel consumption, the braking power must be computed. The braking power can be calculated from the effective power, which is composed of the ship's resistance and speed. The resistance of the vessel is composed of resistance in still water, additional wind resistance, and additional wave resistance, and the net speed of the vessel. At this time, the additional resistance and the speed of the ship are computed based on ISO 15016. For validation of proposed algorithm, the minimum fuel consumption route and the shortest distance route were compared and evaluated. For performance evaluation, the algorithm proposed in this study was applied to the west and south sea of Korea. It was confirmed that the topology of the minimum fuel consumption route was different from the shortest route due to the influence of the weather information. Overall, it was confirmed that the proposed algorithm can generate the optimal route in complex environment with a short time.๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ(International Maritime Organization)๊ฐ€ e-Navigation ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ํ•ด์ƒ ์„ผํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ‘œ์ค€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ๋ฐ•์ด ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ณด ๊ตํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์žํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์—๋Š” ํ•ญ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ํ•ญํ•ด ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šด ๋’ค ํ•ด์ƒ ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ์ „์†กํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์ƒ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ•ญํ•ด ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ ๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์–‘์„ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ญ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตํ™˜์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์„ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ์„ ์žฅ ๋ฐ ํ•ญํ•ด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌธ์  ์ง€์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ญ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตํ™˜์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๋กœ์˜ ์ „์žํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๋‚ด ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ์„ , ์–ด์„ , ์š”ํŠธ ๋“ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ๋ฐ•์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์ „ ํ˜น์€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ•ญ ์ค‘์ธ ์„ ๋ฐ•์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ , ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ, ๊ธฐ์ƒ, ์กฐ์œ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์–‘์„ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ํ•ญ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ•ญํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์กฐ์œ„ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ญํ•ด ์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฟผ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์•ˆ ๋‚ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ•ด์–‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ท ์ผ ๊ฒฉ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฟผ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฟผ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฟผ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ํ•ญ๋กœ์˜ ์›จ์ดํฌ์ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋•Œ Dijkstra ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ ํ•ญ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์•ˆ์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ์ • ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ•ญ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ถœํ•ญ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๋™ ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ๋™ ๋™๋ ฅ์€ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์†๋„์˜ ๊ณฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์œ ํšจ ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์€ ์ •์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ ์ €ํ•ญ, ๋ฐ”๋žŒ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ €ํ•ญ, ํŒŒ๋ž‘ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ €ํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์†๋ ฅ์€ ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์ €ํ•ญ๊ณผ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์†๋ ฅ์€ ISO 15016์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ญ๋กœ์™€ ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋‚จํ•ด์•ˆ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ญ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•ญ๋กœ์™€ ํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ์ตœ์  ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective and method 3 1.3 Contributions of this paper 8 1.4 Outline 9 2 Theoretical background 10 2.1 Environment modelling 14 2.1.1 Regular grids 14 2.1.2 Irregular grids 16 2.1.3 Navigation mesh 17 2.1.4 Voronoi diagram 19 2.1.5 Visibility graph 20 2.1.6 Comparison of environment modeling 21 2.2 Path planning methods 24 2.2.1 Graph based methods 24 2.2.2 Sampling based methods 26 2.2.3 Evolutionary methods 29 2.2.4 Comparison of path planning methods 32 3 Related work 33 3.1 Genetic algorithm with navigation mesh 33 3.2 Dijkstra algorithm with Voronoi diagram 34 3.3 A* algorithm with quadtree 35 3.4 Comparison of related works with this thesis 38 4 Data acquisition and preprocess 43 4.1 Topography data 43 4.1.1 Topography and depth 43 4.1.2 Coastline expansion algorithm 46 4.2 Weather data 51 4.2.1 Wave data (KMA) 52 4.2.2 Wind data (KMA) 54 4.2.3 Current data (KMA) 56 4.2.4 Tide data (KHOA) 58 5 Quadtree based graph 60 5.1 Quadtrees 60 5.2 PMR quadtree insertion and split algorithm 67 5.3 Graph construction using PMR quadtree 76 5.4 The shortest path on quadtree based graph 85 6 Visibility graph construction with quadtree 87 6.1 Visibility graph 87 6.2 Visibility graph with quadtree 90 6.3 Improved line of sight algorithm 91 7 Fuel oil consumption estimation 94 7.1 Ship resistance 94 7.2 Ship speed 100 7.3 Fuel oil consumption 101 7.4 Example of fuel oil consumption computation 103 8 Coastal path planning algorithm 107 8.1 Problem definition 107 8.2 Assumptions for route optimization 109 8.3 Procedure of coastal path planning algorithm 109 9 Experimental results 113 9.1 Simulation results in quadtree generation 113 9.2 Simulation results with different draft 115 9.3 Simulation results in south sea of Korea 119 9.4 Simulation results in west sea of Korea 134 9.5 Fuel oil consumption minimization path results 148 9.5.1 First case in west sea of Korea 148 9.5.2 Second case in west sea of Korea 156 9.5.3 Third case in south sea of Korea 161 9.5.4 Second case in south sea of Korea 169 9.6 Long voyage path results 174 10 Conclusion and future works 179 References 181๋ฐ•

    The Experiences of Young Adult with Hypertension

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    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of young adults with hypertension, using phenomenology in order to describe the essence of such experiences and to understand them from the patients' point of view. Methods: Participants in this study were 4 hypertension patients with ages ranging from 20 to 35 years old, living in Seoul city. Data were collected from in-depth interviews done from October to November in 2005. Colazzi method(1978) was used to analyze the data. Results: The 12 themes were extracted in this study ; โ€˜Discovery by accidentโ€™, โ€˜Denial of the diagnosisโ€™, โ€˜A disease unworthy of the young menโ€™, โ€˜Guilty feeling toward their parentsโ€™, โ€˜Fear of deathโ€™, โ€˜Unconvinced reasonโ€™, โ€˜Worry about the futureโ€™, โ€˜Attribute all symptoms to the diseaseโ€™, โ€˜Will of not life-long medicationโ€™, โ€˜Concern for fertility problemโ€™, โ€˜Not convinced with current treatment methodโ€™, โ€˜Becoming unimportantโ€™. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the young adult with hypertension will be in a high risk group of non compliance, so helpful program for them should be developed and the nurses need to pay more attention to the psychosocial aspect of nursing.ope

    The Relationships among Trait Anger, Anger Expression, Jab Satisfaction, Job Commitment, and Organizational Performance in Clinical Nurses

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    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among trait anger, anger expression, job satisfaction, job commitment, and organizational performance, and especially to verify the effect of anger experience on organizational performance. Method: A descriptive study was conducted using a convenient sample. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire from 671 clinical nurses in three university hospitals and analyzed by using SPSS 14.0 Win program with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Result: Organizational performance was significantly correlated with trait anger, anger expression-in, anger expression-out, anger control, job satisfaction, and job commitment. Multiple regression analysis showed that organizational performance was significantly predicted by job commitment, job satisfaction, educational level (university graduation), anger control, and working place (operative room), and 34.7% was explained by these variables. Conclusions: Out of anger expression, anger control significantly affected on organizational performance together with job commitment and job satisfaction. From this result, it could be concluded that nursing intervention for anger control have a positive effect on improving organizational performance. Further studies are needed to develop and test the effect of nursing intervention programs for anger control.ope

    Development of a clinical protocol for home hospice care for Koreans

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    As the Korean government's recognition of the importance of hospice service grows, the government has initiated a variety of hospice services in Korea. Each hospice organization has shown a significant difference in its health care delivery methods, constitution and care content. Developing a clinical protocol is essential for establishing standardized hospice services. A preliminary protocol was drawn up by examining the records of terminal patients (n=541) in a home hospice organization while elucidating the health problems as well as classifying them through the Home Health Care Classification (HHCC), and by reviewing the relevant nursing interventions and medical treatments in the literature concerning the clinical protocols. Korea's leading hospice specialty groups participated in four rounds of content validity verification processes in order to establish a protocol. A guideline was developed through a team approach, integrating the opinions of doctors, nurses, ministers, volunteers, patients' families, nutritionists and pharmacists. Eighteen health problems and a total of 223 interventions (173 major treatments and nursing interventions, and 50 optional interventions) were included in the final clinical protocol. This study is expected to contribute to the overall qualitative improvement of home hospice care and the subsequent shortening of documentation time. Evaluation tools and a regulatory feedback system need to be developed in order to maintain consistent evaluation procedures based on the continuous promotion and use of the protocol.ope

    The Experiences of Prayer in Christian Patients with Breast Cancer

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    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of prayer in Christian patients with breast cancer. Methods: Data collection and analysis were conducted by the Colaizzi analysis of phenomenological method. Data were collected by in-depth interviewing the participants and by further follow-up observations. Sixteen patients participated in this study. Results: The significant statements (188), formulated meanings (42), themes (38), clusters of theme (10), and categories (5) were emerged. The 5 categories were as follows: communication with God, healing and peace, spiritual growth, distrust in prayer, and method of prayer. Conclusion: Further studies need to consider the period of faith, comparison between christian and other religions, and length of diagnosis. A better understanding of the meaning of prayer will lead to a more comprehensive view of the spiritual care for patients with breast cancer, and can lead to guidelines for assessment and intervention to reduce suffering from cancer.ope
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