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    ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์šฉ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022.2. ์ •๋•๊ท .๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์šฉ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋งํฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์†๋„์˜ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์†๋„์˜ 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”, 10B6Q ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ ์‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต๋ฅ˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋งํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์€ 10B6Q ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐธ๋Ÿฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ 6๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด 10๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ ์‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์˜ต์…‹์„ ์ตœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„ํŠธ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ์ด ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ณ€ ๊ฒŒ์ธ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์‘ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ 10B6Q ์ฝ”๋“œ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์นฉ๋“ค์€ 40 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ณด์™„ํ˜• ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์นฉ ์˜จ ๋ณด๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 10B6Q ์ฝ”๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒŒ์ดํŠธ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” 645๊ฐœ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹จ 0.0009 mm2 ์˜ ๋ฉด์  ๋งŒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 667 MHz ๋™์ž‘ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋‹จ 0.23 mW ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์†Œ๋ชจํ•œ๋‹ค. 10B6Q ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ์—์„œ 8-Gb/s 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ • ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์ฐธ์กฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ ์‘ํ˜• ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋กœ 12-m ์ผ€์ด๋ธ” (22-dB ์ฑ„๋„ ๋กœ์Šค) ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ตœ์†Œ ๋น„ํŠธ ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ 108 ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋น„ํŠธ ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ 105 ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ด ๋งˆ์ง„์ด 0.15 UI x 50 mV ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์นœ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Š” 65.2 mW (PLL ์ œ์™ธ) ์ด๊ณ , ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” 0.37 pJ/b/dB ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์„ค๊ณ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š”, 12-Gb/s 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์ •๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ฑ„๋„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ 125-Mb/s 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์—ญ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ฑ„๋„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋„“์€ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” gmC ์ €๋Œ€์—ญ ํ†ต๊ณผ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์™€ ์—์ฝ” ์ œ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•„์›ƒ๋ฐ”์šด๋“œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ 24 dB ์ด์ƒ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋„“์€ ์„ ํ˜• ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒŒ์ธ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ํ˜• ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง„ํญ์˜ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์˜คํ”„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ์นฉ์€ 40 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ณด์™„ํ˜• ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ๋ฐ 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ 5m ์ฑ„๋„ (์ฑ„๋„ ๋กœ์Šค 15.9 dB) ์—์„œ 1E-12 ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋น„ํŠธ ์—๋Ÿฌ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด 78.4 mW ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ 0.41 pJ/b/dB ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ†ต์‹  ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ 4๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ 2๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ํŽ„์Šค ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€์กฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์•„์ด ๋งˆ์ง„ 0.15 UI ์™€ 0.57 UI ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ง€ํ‘œ 0.5 ์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋™์‹œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์†ก์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์•„์ด ๋งˆ์ง„์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.In this dissertation, design techniques of a highly asymmetric simultaneous bidirectional (SB) transceivers with high-speed PAM-4 and low-speed PAM-2 signals are proposed and demonstrated for the next-generation automotive camera link. In a first prototype design, a PAM-4 transmitter with 10B6Q DC balance code and a PAM-4 adaptive receiver with fixed data and threshold levels (dtLevs) are presented. In PAM-4 transmitter, an area- and power-efficient 10B6Q code for an AC coupled link system that guarantees DC balance and limited run length of six is proposed. Although the input data width of 10 bits is used here, the proposed scheme has an extensibility for the input data width to cover various data types of the camera. On the other hand, in the PAM-4 adaptive receiver, to optimally cancel the sampler offset for a lower BER, instead of adjusting dtLevs, the gain of a programmable gain amplifier is adjusted adaptively under fixed dtLevs. The prototype chips including above proposed 10B6Q code and fixed dtLevs are fabricated in 40-nm CMOS technology and tested in chip-on-board assembly. The 10B6Q code only occupies an active area of 0.0009 mm2 with a synthesized gate count of 645. It also consumes 0.23 mW at the operating clock frequency of 667 MHz. The transmitter with 10B6Q code delivers 8-Gb/s PAM-4 signal to the adaptive receiver using fixed dtLevs through a lossy 12-m cable (22-dB channel loss) with a BER of 1E-8, and the eye margin larger than 0.15 UI x 50 mV is measured for a BER of 1E-5. The proto-type chips consume 65.2 mW (excluding PLL), exhibiting an FoM of 0.37 pJ/b/dB. In a second prototype design advanced from the first prototypes, An asymmetric SB transceivers incorporating a 12-Gb/s PAM-4 forward channel and a 125-Mb/s PAM-2 back channel are presented and demonstrated. The proposed wide linear range (WLR) hybrid combined with a gmC low-pass filter and an echo canceller effectively suppresses the outbound signals by more than 24dB. In addition, linear range enhancer which forms a gain attenuator with WLR hybrid breaks the trade-off between the linearity and the amplitude of the PAM-4 signal. The SB transceiver chips are separately fabricated in 40-nm CMOS technology. Using above design techniques, both PAM-4 and PAM-2 SB transceivers achieve BER less than 1E-12 over a 5-m channel (15.9 dB channel loss), consuming 78.4 mW. The overall transceivers achieve an FoM of 0.41 pJ/b/dB and eye margin (at BER of 1E-12) of 0.15 UI and 0.57 UI for the forward PAM-4 and back PAM-2 signals, respectively, under SB communication. This is the best eye margin compared to the prior art SB transceivers with an FoM less than 0.5.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 MOTIVATION 1 1.2 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION 4 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND ON AUTOMOTIVE CAMERA LINK 6 2.1 OVERVIEW 6 2.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 10 2.2.1 CHANNEL 10 2.2.2 POWER OVER DIFFERENTIAL LINE (PODL) 12 2.2.3 AC COUPLING AND DC BALANCE CODE 15 2.2.4 SIMULTANEOUS BIDIRECTIONAL COMMUNICATION 18 2.2.4.1 HYBRID 18 2.2.4.2 ECHO CANCELLER 20 2.2.5 ADAPTIVE RECEIVE EQUALIZATION 22 CHAPTER 3 AREA AND POWER EFFICIENT 10B6Q ENCODER FOR DC BALANCE 25 3.1 INTRODUCTION 25 3.2 PRIOR WORKS 28 3.3 PROPOSED AREA- AND POWER-EFFICIENT 10B6Q PAM-4 CODER 30 3.4 DESIGN OF THE 10B6Q CODE 33 3.4.1 PAM-4 DC BALANCE 35 3.4.2 PAM-4 TRANSITION DENSITY 35 3.4.3 10B6Q DECODER 37 3.5 IMPLEMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS 40 CHAPTER 4 PAM-4 TRANSMITTER AND ADAPTIVE RECEIVER WITH FIXED DATA AND THRESHOLD LEVELS 45 4.1 INTRODUCTION 45 4.2 PRIOR WORKS 47 4.3 ARCHITECTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION 49 4.2.1 PAM-4 TRANSMITTER 49 4.2.2 PAM-4 ADAPTIVE RECEIVER 52 4.3 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 62 CHAPTER 5 ASYMMETRIC SIMULTANEOUS BIDIRECTIONAL TRANSCEIVERS USING WIDE LINEAR RANGE HYBRID 68 5.1 INTRODUCTION 68 5.2 PRIOR WORKS 70 5.3 WIDE LINEAR RANGE (WLR) HYBRID 75 5.3 IMPLEMENTATION 78 5.3.1 SERIALIZER (SER) DESIGN 78 5.3.2 DESERIALIZER (DES) DESIGN 79 5.4 HALF CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF WLR HYBRID AND LRE 82 5.5 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 88 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 97 BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 ์ดˆ ๋ก 106๋ฐ•

    Game Theoretical Approaches for Wireless Networks

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ๊น€์„ฑ์ฒ .In this dissertation, I introduce three algorithms, which are connectivity reconstruction game (CRG), adaptive sector coloring game (ASCG), and asymmetric transmission game (ATG), by mainly using supermodular game and exact potential game with considerations of various objectives (e.g., energy consumption and interference management) in wireless sensor and cellular networks. My main contributions are threefold: 1) connectivity relaxation (energy saving) in wireless localization2) intercell interference coordination in wireless cellular networks3) interference minimization in wireless ad-hoc relay networks. The corresponding explanations are as follows. 1) In geographically dense and energy limited wireless sensor networks, connectivity based localization with full power transmission can be inefficient in terms of energy consumption. In this work, I propose a distributed power control based connectivity reconstruction game, which takes into considerations of both energy efficiency and the quality of localization. The proposed scheme results in a better performance with an improved 61.9% reduction in energy consumption while maintaining the performance of localization at a level similar to the conventional algorithm with full power transmission. 2) Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) is a promising technique to improve the performance of frequency-domain packet scheduling (FDPS) in downlink LTE/LTEA networks. However, it is difficult to maximize the performance of FDPS using static ICIC schemes because of insufficient consideration of signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) distribution and user fairness. On the other hand, dynamic ICIC schemes based on channel state information (CSI) also have difficulty presented in the excessive signaling overhead and X2 interface latency. In order to overcome these drawbacks, I introduce a new concept of ICIC problem based on geometric network information (GNI) and propose an ASCG as a decentralized solution of the GNI based ICIC problem. Furthermore, I develop an ASCG with a dominant strategy space noted as ASCGD to secure a stable solution through proving the existence of Nash equilibrium (NE). The proposed scheme provides better performance in terms of system throughput gain of up to about 44.1%, and especially of up to about 221% for the worst 10% users than static ICIC schemes. Moreover, the performance of the CSI based ICIC, which require too much computational load and signaling overhead, is only 13.0% and 5.6% higher than that of ASCG-D regarding the total user throughput and the worst 10% user throughput, respectively. The most interesting outcome is that the signaling overhead of ASCG-D is 1/144 of dynamic ICIC schemes one. 3) In this work, I introduce the new concept of temporal diversity utilization based on asymmetric transmission to minimize network interference in wireless ad-hoc networks with a two-hop half-duplex relaying (HDR) protocol. Asymmetric transmission is an interference-aware backoff technique, in which each communication session (source-relay-destination link) adaptively chooses a certain subset of spectrallyorthogonal data streaming which should be delayed by the duration of one time-slot (i.e., half of one subframe). I design the problem in the HDR scenario by applying the concept of asymmetric transmission, and evaluate the game-theoretical algorithm, called ATG, to derive the suboptimal solution. I show that ATG is an exact potential game, and derive its convergence and optimality properties. Furthermore, I develop an approximated version of ATG (termed A-ATG) in order to reduce signaling and computational complexity. Numerical results verify that two algorithms proposed showsignificant synergistic effects when collaborating with the conventional methods in terms of interference coordination. Ultimately, the energy consumption to satisfy the rate requirement is reduced by up to 17:4% compared to the conventional schemes alone.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Application of Supermodular Game for Connectivity Relaxation in Wireless Localization 2 1.2 Application of Exact Potential Game for Effective Inter-Cell Interference Coordination in Wireless Cellular Networks 3 1.3 Application of Exact Potential Game for Interference Minimization in Wireless Ad-hoc Relay Networks 7 1.4 Dissertation Outline 11 2 APPLICATION OF SUPERMODULAR GAME: Distributed Power Control based Connectivity Reconstruction Game inWireless Localization 13 2.1 Brief Introduction 13 2.2 System Model 13 2.3 Proposed Power Control Algorithm 14 2.3.1 Reliability Function 14 2.3.2 Game Formulation 15 2.3.3 Convergence Properties of CRG 17 2.4 Simulation Results 20 3 APPLICATION OF EXACT POTENTIAL GAME: Adaptive Sector Coloring Game for Geometric Network Information based Inter-Cell Interference Coordination in Wireless Cellular Networks 24 3.1 Brief Introduction 24 3.2 Network Model 26 3.2.1 System Preliminaries 26 3.2.2 Determination of Time Policy 27 3.2.3 Two-Stage Framework of RB Allocation 27 3.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION: Geometric Network Information based ICIC 28 3.3.1 Outline 28 3.3.2 What Is the GNI 28 3.3.3 Temporal Perspective: Why GNI 29 3.3.4 Spatial Perspective: How do I Design a Suitable Utility Function 29 3.3.5 GNI based ICIC Problem 33 3.4 ADAPTIVE SECTOR COLORING GAME 33 3.4.1 Design of ASCG 33 3.4.2 ASCG with a Dominant Strategy Space 35 3.4.3 Summary of System Operation 40 3.5 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 41 3.5.1 Simulation Settings and Baselines for Comparison 41 3.5.2 SINR Distribution and Average User Throughput 43 3.5.3 Signaling Overhead for ICIC and FDPS 47 3.5.4 Reduction of Feasible ASCG Strategy Space 49 4 APPLICATION OF EXACT POTENTIAL GAME: Asymmetric Transmission Game for Interference Coordination in Wireless Ad-hoc Relay Networks 51 4.1 Brief Introduction 51 4.2 Problem Formulation 52 4.2.1 System Preliminaries 52 4.2.2 The Concept of Asymmetric Transmission for Interference Coordination: A Simple Example 53 4.2.3 Optimization Problem 54 4.3 Asymmetric Transmission Game 55 4.3.1 Game Formulation 55 4.3.2 Convergence and Optimality Properties of Asymmetric Transmission Game 55 4.3.3 Approximated Version of Asymmetric Transmission Game . . 58 4.4 Simulation Results 61 4.4.1 Parameters Settings 61 4.4.2 Network Interference in One-shot Game 62 4.4.3 Individual Power Consumption in One-shot Game 66 4.4.4 Total Energy Consumption in 1000-shot Games 70 4.4.5 Complexity Analysis for Varying K and M 71 5 CONCLUSION 74 Appendix A Derivation of number of partitions for extracting the dominant feasible strategy set 76 Appendix B Derivation of the cardinal number of the dominant feasible strategy set 78 Appendix C Existence of NE in ASCG-D 79 Appendix D The Required Signaling overhead of ASCG-D 82 Bibliography 83 Abstract (In Korean) 93Docto

    ่‡Ÿๅ™จ็งปๆค์˜ ๅˆ‘ไบ‹ๆณ•็š„ ๅ•้กŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ็ก็ฉถ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธๅคงๅญธๆ ก ๅคงๅญธ้™ข :ๆณ•ๅญธ็ง‘ ๅˆ‘ไบ‹ๆณ•ๅฐˆๆ”ป,1997.Maste

    The Relationship between Pt/PtOx Ratio on Pt Coated Electrode Surface and Chlorine Generation Efficiency after Polarity Reversal

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ์œค์ œ์šฉ.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ DSA ์ „๊ทน ์ด์™ธ์— ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜์‹œ์ผœ ์ € ๋†๋„ ์†Œ๊ธˆ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์—ผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์€ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐํ™” ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „๊ทน ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์ธต์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋™ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ ํ›„ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์— ํ™˜์› ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋  ๋•Œ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋˜์–ด ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ถ„์„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ทน ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋น„์œจ์ด ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ (30 s, 60 s, 90 s, 120 s, 600 s) ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ Pt/PtOX ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 0.1 M NaCl ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ณ„๋กœ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ ํ›„ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ Pt/PtOX ๋น„์œจ์„ XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ Pt/PtOX ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋กœ๊ทธํ•จ์ˆ˜์  ๋น„๋ก€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Pt coated electrode undergoes passivation because of the formation of an oxides film on the electrode surface and loses its initial activity quickly. And calcareous deposits which are formed on the counter electrode cause to reduce a disinfection performance. In order to solve these problems, periodic polarity reversal operation using platinum coated electrode has been introduced as an enhanced electrolytic chorine generation from dilute aqueous solution. However, the reason for enhanced chlorine generation efficiency on Pt coated electrode after polarity reversal is still unknown. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between the ratio of platinum to platinum oxides (Pt/PtOx ratio) on Pt coated electrode surface and chlorine generation efficiency with different polarity reversal periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 600 s). It is observed that Pt coated electrode shows dramatic decrease in chlorine generation efficiency in 0.1 M NaCl solution and chlorine generation efficiency increased with Pt/PtOx ratio after polarity reversal operation. In this regard, we confirmed that the relationship between Pt/PtOx ratio on the electrode surface and chlorine generation efficiency shows logarithmic increase. With this result, we propose that chlorine generation efficiency on Pt coated electrode can be optimized by controlling Pt/PtOx ratio on the electrode surface.๋ชฉ์ฐจ List of Figures VI ์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 2.1. ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 5 2.2. ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ „๊ทน 10 2.2.1. DSA 10 2.2.2. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน 11 2.3. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ 12 2.4. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๋ถ€๋™ํ™” 14 2.5. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ 18 ์ œ 3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 3.1. ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 22 3.1.1. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน 22 3.1.2. ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋†๋„ 23 3.2. ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 23 3.3. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 3.3.1. ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ํšจ์œจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 24 3.3.2. ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 25 3.3.3. ์ „๊ทน ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„ 25 ์ œ 4์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 27 4.1. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 27 4.1.1. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๋ถ€๋™ํ™” ๋ฐ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ 27 4.1.2. ๊ทน ์ „ํ™˜ ํ›„ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ 33 4.2. ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 35 4.3. Pt/PtOX ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํšจ์œจ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 38 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  45 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 46 Abstract 53Maste

    Responsiveness to oral sildenafil citrate and expression of enzymes in human corpus cavernosum.

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ „์—์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด์˜ ์ด์ฐจ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์•ฝ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์ž„์ƒ์  ์ด์šฉ์ด ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์•ฝ์ œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ์นจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ sildenafil citrate์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ sexual stimulation-penogram (SS-penogram)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ 12๋ช…, ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ 12๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฒดํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ์ƒ๊ฒ€์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ฒ€์กฐ์ง์˜ soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)์™€ cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI)์˜ western blot ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ฒด ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ sildenafil citrate์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๊ทœ๋ช…์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1. SS-penogram์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ‰๊ฐ€/ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์›์ธ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ก€์ ์ธ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)์˜ erectile function domain์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SS-penogram์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์„ฑ์  ์ž๊ทน์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ 15์ดˆ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ 30๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ƒํƒœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์‚ฐํ™” ๊ฐ๋งˆ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ํ›„ sildenafil citrate 50 mg์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  40๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ›„์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ณต์šฉ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SS-penogram์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋Šฅ ํ™œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท  55%, ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท  7%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ SS-penogram์€ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์œ ์šฉํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. Sildenafil citrate์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด sGC์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”/ SS-penogram์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ 12๋ช…๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ 12๋ช…์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ sGC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Western blot์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ sGC์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 70 kDa์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์ด 10480.92 3719.82, ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์ด 4826.75 3107.60์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. sGC์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜์˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(p๏ผœ0.0001). 3. Sildenafil citrate์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด cGKI์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”/ SS-penogram์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ 12๋ช…๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ 12๋ช…์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ cGKI์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ Western blot์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ cGKI์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ 76 kDa์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์ด 2665.25 1343.32, ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์ด 2905.42 1019.91๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. cGKI์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ˜์‘๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(p=0.5765). ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ์›์ธ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ก€์ ์ธ ๋‚ด๋ถ„๋น„๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜, IIEF์˜ erectile function domain์—์„œ ์„ ๋ณ„๋œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์ •๋œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ SS-penogram์€ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด sGC์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด์ƒ์ด sildenafil citrate ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] After classification of responsiveness to oral sildenafil citrate objectively by sexual stimulation- penogram (SS-penogram), human cavernosal tissue biopsy was done in male erectile dysfunction patients. The expression of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI) was evaluated by Western blot method quantitatively to investigate the effect on responsiveness to oral sildenafil citrate according to the expression of enzymes in human corpus cavernosum. 1. The objective evaluation of responsiveness to oral sildenafil citrate The patients were evaluated for the responsiveness to 50 mg of oral sildenafil citrate objectively by SS-penogram. The procedure was performed by gamma camera recording the radioactivity of penile blood flow after intravenous 15 mCi 99mTc-RBC injection through with audiovisual sexual stimulation. The result was defined as ''excellent response'' if the radioactivity increased more than 50% from the baseline, ''fair response'' if the radioactivity increased between 10% and 50% from the baseline and ''no response'' if the radioactivity increased less than 10% from the baseline. With this definition of SS-penogram, subjectively diagnosed male erectile dysfunction patients by routine endocrinological study and screening test with International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) could be objectively evaluated and the SS-penogram can be considered to be efficacious. 2. The responsivness to sildenafil citrate and expression of sGC in human cavernosal tissue/ After protein extraction from each cavernosal tissue specimen, according to the quantitative analysis electrophoresis was performed with 50ฮผg of proteins and western blot analysis was done and blot densities at molecular weight of 70 kDa was compared relatively with exclusion of background unit densities. The relative density was 10480.92 3719.82 in responsive group and 4826.75 3107.60 in non-responsive group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p๏ผœ0.0001). 3. The responsivness to sildenafil citrate and expression of cGKI in human cavernosal tissue/ After protein extraction from each cavernosal tissue specimen, according to the quantitative analysis electrophoresis was performed with 50ฮผg of proteins and western blot analysis was done and blot densities at molecular weight of 76 kDa was compared relatively with exclusion of background unit densities. The relative density was 2665.25 1343.32 in responsive group and 2905.42 1019.91 in non-responsive group. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (p=0.5765). In conclusion, subjectively diagnosed male erectile dysfunction patients by routine endocrinological study and screening test with IIEF could be objectively evaluated by the SS-penogram efficaciously. Between responsive and nonresponsive groups to oral sildenafil citrate, quantitative analysis of sGC and cGKI in human cavernosal tissue reveals that abnormal expression of sGC is the principal factor in the responsiveness to sildenafil citrate and the expression of cGKI was various so that etiological relationship could not be determined. Further studies with cavernosal tissue of different etiology would be expected to investigate the important mechanisms in human penile erectile pathophysiology.ope

    (The) relationship between findings of duplex ultrasonography and erectile dysfunction in patients with penile curvature

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์ดฌ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์Œ๊ฒฝํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์—ญํ•™ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์ดฌ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์  ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž 104๋ช…์˜ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์ดฌ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ค‘์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ€. ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆ 104๋ช… ์ค‘์—์„œ ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ณ‘์ด 62๋ก€, ์†์ƒ ํ›„ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆ์ด 27๋ก€, ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆ์ด 15๋ก€๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋‹ˆ ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ€. 62๋ก€์˜ ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 47๋ก€์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฐ˜(fibrous plaque)์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 22๋ก€์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ, 25๋ก€์—์„œ ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜. ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ณ‘ 62๋ช… ์ค‘ 18๋ช…(29.0%)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋งฅํ์‡„๋ถ€์ „์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์ด 1671(88.9%)๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ  277(11.1%)์—์„œ ๋™๋งฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(p>0.05). ๊ณ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฐ˜์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ 22๋ก€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์–‘์ธก ๋ฐฑ๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ธก ๋ฐฑ๋ง‰์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด ๊ฒฉ๋ง‰์— ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ (p0.05). 3. ์†์ƒ ํ›„ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆ ๊ฐ€. ์†์ƒ๊ธฐ์ „์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ 13๋ก€, ์ž์œ„ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ 6๋ก€, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ฑ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ž๊ฐ€์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ›„ 5๋ก€, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋‘”์ƒ๊ด€๋ จ 3๋ก€์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ 15๋ก€(55.6%)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜. ์†์ƒ ํ›„ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆํ™˜์ž 27๋ช… ์ค‘์—์„œ 22๋ก€๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ณ‘๋ณ€์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  8๋ก€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ฑ ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋ณ‘๋ณ€์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ฑ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€ 5๋ก€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด ๊ฒฉ๋ง‰ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์œจ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(p>0.05). 4. ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ค‘ (Congenital penile curvature) ๊ฐ€. ๋„ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์—ญํ•™์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚˜. ๋งŒ๊ณก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€ ์ขŒ๋ณต์ธก๋งŒ๊ณก(left ventral curvature)์ด 9๋ก€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณต์ธก๋งŒ๊ณก(ventral curvature)์ด 5๋ก€, ์šฐ๋ณต์ธก๋งŒ๊ณก(right ventral curvature)์ด 1๋ก€์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์˜์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์š”๋„ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ถ€์ „์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ด์ค‘์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์ดฌ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋‚ด ๋ณ‘๋ณ€๊ณผ ์Œ๊ฒฝํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์—ญํ•™์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŽ˜์ด๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฐ˜์ด ์–‘์ธก ๋ฐฑ๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ •๋งฅํ์‡„๋ถ€์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์†์ƒ ํ›„ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์ด ํ•ด๋ฉด์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ „ ๋™๋ฐ˜์œจ์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์ฆํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ๊ฒฝํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์—ญํ•™์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋ฐœ๊ธฐ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์Œ๊ฒฝ๋งŒ๊ณก์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ๊ต์ •์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] For the investigation of penile lesions and penile hemodynamic studies, duplex ultrasonography was performed in 104 patients with penile curvature. The object of this study is the comparison between clinical characteristics and information of duplex ultrasonography on parameters of erectile function, in order to establish the relationship of findings of duplex ultrasonography and erectile dysfunction in the patients with penile curvature. 1. Classification of penile curvature (1) Among 104 cases of penile curvature 62 Peyronie's disease, 27 posttraumatic Penile curvature and 15 congenital penile curvature were diagnosed. 2. Peyronie's disease (1) In 47 cases out of 62 Peyronie's disease cases were confirmed to have fibrous plaques, which were echogenic in 22 and isoechoic in 25. (2) 18 cases(29.0%) of Peyronie's disease were associated with erectile dysfunction(ED), which were mostly veno-occlusive dysfunction in 88.9% and mixed vasculogenic causes were 11.1%. (3) The frequency of association with ED according to the fibrous plaque and echogenicity did not show significant difference(p>0.05). In 22 cases of echogenic fibrous plaque, there was definitely higher frequency of association with ED in cases of fibrous plaque involving bilateral tunica albuginea and corpus cavernosum than unilateral tunical or septal involvement(p0.05). 3. Posttraumatic penile curvature (1) The mechanisms of injury were 13 coital injuries, 6 masturbatory injuries, 5 postinjection injury and 3 other Injuries associated with blunt trauma. 15 from 27(55.6%) patients were associated with abnormal results of penile hemodynamic study. (2) Among the 27 posttraumatic penile curvature patients, 22 patients had hyperechoic intracavernosal lesions and 8 of them were diffuse type. All of 5 isoechoic lesions were found in the septum of corpus cavernosa and there were no significant difference of frequency of association with ED according to the characteristics of the intracavernosal lesions(p>0.05). 4. Congenital penile curvature (1) There were no abnormalities of hemodynamic parameters or abnormal intracavernosal lesions in cases of congenital penile curvature. (2) The deviation of penile curvature to left ventral direction was 9 cases, ventral direction 5 and right ventral direction 1, respectively. (3) We could not distinguish the defective corpus spongiosal develofmental abnormalities from asymmetric corpus cavernosa by ultrasonographic imaging. In conclusion, investigation of penile lesions and hemodynamic studies were performed by duplex ultrasonography in patients with penile curvature reveals as follows: In Peyronie's disease, there was definitely higher frequency of association with ED in the case of echogenic fibrous plaque involving bilateral tunica albuginea and corpus cavernosum, and the cause of ED was mostly reno-occlusive dysfunction. In posttraumatic penile curvature, most of the lesions were intracavernosal hyperechoic ones, and there were no significant difference of frequency of association with ED according to the characteristics of the intracavernosal lesions. There were no abnormalities of hemodynamic parameters or abnormal intracavernosal lesions in cases of congenital penile curvature, however important preoperative informations could be obtained for the correction of deviation.restrictio

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    Medicolegal study on human biological material as property

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