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    ๆ˜Ž ๅ˜‰้– ์ค‘ใ†ํ›„๊ธฐ ๅŒ—้‚Š ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ฒด์ œ ไน้‚Š์˜ ์™„์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™์–‘์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์ง„.Completion process of The nine fronts(ไน้‚Š) as a Ming(ๆ˜Ž)s northern defensive system in the mid and late Jiajing(ๅ˜‰้–) era Lee Okin Department of Asian History The Graduate School Seoul National University The nine fronts was a word that people in the late Ming era called their northern frontier confronting against Mongol. Ming installed several military fortresses in its northern frontier areas and assigned each military fortress defensive duty for a definite area. The Nine Fronts was a generic name of these defensive areas, and central fortress of each defensive area was called Nine front fortresses(ไน้‚Š้Žญ). Listing from east, Nine front fortresses included Liaodong(้ผๆฑ), Jiezhou(่–Šๅทž), Xianfu(ๅฎฃๅบœ), Datong(ๅคงๅŒ), Shansi(ๅฑฑ่ฅฟ), Yansui(ๅปถ็ถ), Ningxia(ๅฏงๅค), Guyuan(ๅ›บๅŽŸ), Gansu(็”˜่‚…). These northern fortresses did not exist from the start of Ming era, but were gradually installed during confrontation against Mongol. The word The nine fronts first appeared in a record of Ming Shizong shilu(ๆ˜Žไธ–ๅฎ—ๅฏฆ้Œ„) in 1521, and widely spread after Xu Lun(่จฑ่ซ–)s Bian lun jiu pian(้‚Š่ซ–ไน็ฏ‡) and Wei Huan(้ญ็…ฅ)s Huang ming jiu bian gao(็š‡ๆ˜Žไน้‚Š่€ƒ) were published. The writers of these books were military experts in the Ministry of War(ๅ…ต้ƒจ), who were in charge with maps, military policies and defensive installations, ets. They raised the discussion of reinforcing northern frontier using the concept The nine fronts which was bounded front fortresses in Mings northern frontier as one category. However, in this mid Jiajing era, The nine fronts wasnt entirely completed yet. On the contrary, The nine fronts as Mings integrated northern defensive system was completed after the problems were solved which the theorists discussed reinforcing northern front raised in their treatises. This article stated that installations of Xianfu and Datong fortresses were strengthened as a suggestion by the discussion of reinforcing northern frontier, which was one of the main parameters on the choice of Altan Khans routes in the Gengxu incursion incident(ๅบšๆˆŒไน‹่ฎŠ). And this article stated that The nine fronts was completed by strengthening Jiezhou fortress after the Gengxu incursion incident, which was a result that the discussion of reinforcing northern frontier emerging from the mid Jiajing era was carried out in Mings northern frontier. In the early Jiajing era, when Altan Khan of eastern Mongol was leading the whole Mongolian groups, the most important fortresses of Mings northern frontier were Jiezhou, Xianfu and Datong which enclosed the capital zone from the north. Jiezhou was relatively located in the southern area and relied on Three Uliangha Guards(ๅ…€่‰ฏๅ“ˆ ไธ‰่ก›). On the contrary, Xianfu and Datong protected the capital zone and the Imperial mausoleums of Ming(ๆ˜Ž็š‡้™ต), and played the northern entrance of the capital zone together. Differently from Xianfu which was known as easy defense because of rugged landform, Datong frequently suffered from Mongolians raid due to its flat landform so that there was no any bastion(ๅŸŽๅ ก) in front of Datong fort(ๅคงๅŒ้ŽญๅŸŽ) at the time of Jiajing Emperors enthronement. In addition, twice of mutinies broke out due to slack military discipline. The reinforcement for these important but exhausted fortresses was started by the suggestions of Xu Lun and Han Bang Qi(้Ÿ“้‚ฆๅฅ‡) in 1537, newly constructing Leesintun Bao(ๆŽไฟกๅฑฏๅ ก) on the western Xianfu. In front of Datong fort almost ruined, 28 bastions were constructed or reconstructed and the demarcation wall(้‚Šๅขป) was entirely rebuilt until 1548. In Xianfu, the demarcation wall was rebuilt on the west, middle and nourth of it, but on the eastern zone 6 bastions were constructed. This reinforcement of Xianfu and Datong became one of the main parameters on a choice of Altan Khans routes in the Gengxu incursion incident(1550). Historical resources about the Gengxu incursion incident including shilu(ๅฏฆ้Œ„) recorded only the bribe of Qiu Luan(ไป‡้ธž) caused that Altan khan selected Gubeikou(ๅคๅŒ—ๅฃ) in Jiezhou fortress as his incursions entrance. However, reading the regulated force strength in Huang ming jiu bian gao and a report for the Emperor from Weng Man Da(็ฟ่ฌ้”) in Ming Shizong shilu, Jiezhou was most negligent in the northern defensive posture before the Gengxu incursion incident. Besides, Ming Court(ๆ˜Žๆœ) did not slapdash defense against Altan Khans raid like reinforcing Xianfu and Datong. Altan Khans strategy to directly attack the Imperial Palace of Ming(ๆ˜Ž็š‡ๅŸŽ) was merely different from his previous plunder campaigns. Altan Khan chose a sudden attack that he passed right through the weakest part of his enemy with relatively much smaller force, going the long and hard route around, instead of the short and easy route that he couldve advance breaking newly constructed bastions and the demarcation wall of Xianfu and Datong with much greater force. Finally, Altan Khans choice hit the mark so that he could attack the Imperial Palace of Ming. In the process of strengthening installations and organizations of JIezhou after the Gengxu incursion incident, there was a transformation on the distribution of official duties of the Regional Commander(็ธฝๅ…ตๅฎ˜) and the Grand Coordinator(ๅทกๆ’ซ) at Jiezhou fortress. The Regional Commander of Jiezhou received an authority to control the Vice Regional Commander and other commanders. The Grand Coordinator of JIezhou also became in charge of the frontiers supplies and remuneration. In 1562, when the grand coordinaor of Jiezhou took full authority and responsibility regarding military affairs in his jurisdiction for the first time, The nine fronts just agreed with the name. In this way, The nine fronts, a Mings defensive system against Mongol, was completed, starting construction with appointment of the Regional Commander at Gansu fortress in 1394, after about 170 years of suffering many trials and errors. Key words: Ming, The nine fronts, The nine fortresses, Xu Lun, Wei Huan, Jiezhou, Xianfu, Datong, the Gengxu incursion incident, Altan Khan๊ตฌ๋ณ€์€ ๋ช… ๋ง ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ถ๋ณ€์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช…์กฐ๋Š” ๋ถ๋ณ€์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ้‡้Žญ์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ง„์— ์ผ์ • ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋งก๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ด๋ž€ ์ด๋“ค ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์นญ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ตฐ์ง„์„ ไน้‚Š้Žญ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ง„์„ ๋™์ชฝ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ้ผๆฑใƒป่–ŠๅทžใƒปๅฎฃๅบœใƒปๅคงๅŒใƒปๅฑฑ่ฅฟใƒปๅปถ็ถใƒปๅฏงๅคใƒปๅ›บๅŽŸใƒป็”˜่‚… ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ณ€์ง„๋“ค์€ ๋ช… ์ดˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์— ์ ์ฐจ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ช… ๋Œ€ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์— ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…์„ธ์ข…์‹ค๋ก ์ •๋• 16๋…„(1521), ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐ€์ •์ œ ์ฆ‰์œ„๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์ž๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์ • 13๋…„(1534)์— ํ—ˆ๋ก ์˜ ๏ฝข๋ณ€๋ก ๊ตฌํŽธ๏ฝฃ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ • 21๋…„(1542)์— ์œ„ํ™˜์˜ ํ™ฉ๋ช…๊ตฌ๋ณ€๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋˜๋ฉด์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณ‘๋ถ€์—์„œ ่ผฟๅœ–ใƒป่ปๅˆถใƒปๅŸŽ้šใƒป้Žญๆˆใƒป็ฐก็ทด์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฒญ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ถ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ณ€์ง„๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ • ์ค‘๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ด ๋‹ค ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ฒด์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์€ ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ • ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ ๋ถ€์ง„๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋™์ง„์˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ์ ์ด ๅบšๆˆŒ์˜ ่ฎŠ ๋•Œ ์•Œํƒ„ ์นธ์˜ ์นจ์ž…๋กœ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜€์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ง„์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ฐ€์ • ์—ฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€๋‘ํ•œ ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์ด ๋ถ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์‹ค์ฒœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ผ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ธ ์•Œํƒ„ ์นธ์ด ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ€์ • ์ดˆ์— ๋ช… ๋ถ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ง„์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ชฝ์—์„œ ์—์›Œ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ง„ใƒป์„ ๋ถ€์ง„ใƒป๋Œ€๋™์ง„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ง„์€ ์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜ ์‚ผ์œ„๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์„ ๋ถ€์ง„๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋™์ง„์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ™ฉ๋ฆ‰์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ๋ฌธ ์—ญํ• ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ํ—˜์ค€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์„ ๋ถ€์ง„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋™์ง„์€ ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ํ‰ํƒ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ์˜ ์นจ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฆ์•„์„œ. ๊ฐ€์ •์ œ ์ฆ‰์œ„ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๋™์ง„์„ฑ ์•ž์— ๋ณ€์žฅ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์„ฑ๋ณด์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ด์ดํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๅ…ต่ฎŠ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ๋น„์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ”ผํํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์„ ๋ถ€์ง„๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋™์ง„์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ก ๊ณผ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ • 16๋…„(1537) ์„ ๋ถ€์ง„ ่ฅฟ่ทฏ์— ์ด์‹ ๋‘”๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆํ† ํ™”๋˜๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋™์ง„์„ฑ ์•ž์— ๊ฐ€์ • 27๋…„(1548)๊นŒ์ง€ 28๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณ€์žฅ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ๋ถ€์ง„์—๋Š” ่ฅฟ่ทฏใƒปไธญ่ทฏใƒป๏ฅฃ๏คท์— ๋ณ€์žฅ์„ ์Œ“๊ณ  ๆฑ่ทฏ์— ์„ฑ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๋™์ง„๊ณผ ์„ ๋ถ€์ง„์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋Š”, ๊ฐ€์ • 29๋…„(1550) ๊ฒฝ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์•Œํƒ„ ์นธ์˜ ์นจ์ž…๋กœ ์„ ํƒ์— ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค๋ก์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์•Œํƒ„ ์นธ์ด ์นจ์ž…๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ง„ ๊ณ ๋ถ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์›์ธ์„ ๋‹จ์ง€ ไป‡้ธž์˜ ่ณ„่ณ‚์—๋งŒ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™ฉ๋ช…๊ตฌ๋ณ€๊ณ ์˜ ๋ณ‘์•ก ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ช…์„ธ์ข…์‹ค๋ก์— ๊ธฐ๋ก๋œ ์˜น๋งŒ๋‹ฌ์˜ ๅฅ็–๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€ ์ด์ „ ๋ถ๋ณ€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ํƒœ์„ธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ง„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ—ˆ์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ๋ถ€์ง„๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋™์ง„์„ ๋ณด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ช…์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์•Œํƒ„ ์นธ์˜ ์นจ์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋น„๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™€ํžˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ช… ํ™ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ธฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Œํƒ„ ์นธ์˜ ์ „๋žต์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์•ฝํƒˆ์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•Œํƒ„ ์นธ์€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์กฐ์—์„œ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ ์„ ๋ถ€ใƒป๋Œ€๋™์ง„์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณด์™€ ๋ณ€์žฅ์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฉฐ ์ง„๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ  ํ‰ํƒ„ํ•œ ๊ธธ๋ณด๋‹ค, ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ธธ์„ ๋Œ์•„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋šซ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์Šต๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์ ์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ€๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ณ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ง„์˜ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ง„์ˆ˜์ด๋ณ‘๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ง„์ˆœ๋ฌด๋„์–ด์‚ฌ์˜ ่ทๆŽŒ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ด๋ณ‘๊ด€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ด๋ณ‘ ์ดํ•˜ ๋ฌด์žฅ์„ ์ ˆ์ œํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ˆœ๋ฌด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ • 41๋…„(1562) ๊ณ„์ฃผ์ˆœ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๊ตฐ์ • ์ „๋‹ด ์ˆœ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ช…์‹ค์ƒ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ไน้‚Š์ด ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€ ๋ชฝ๊ณจ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ฒด์ œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ€์€, ํ™๋ฌด 25๋…„(1394)์— ๊ฐ์ˆ™์ง„์ด๋ณ‘๊ด€์„ ์ž„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ 170๋…„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹œํ–‰์ฐฉ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ํ›„์—์•ผ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 โ… . ํ™๋ฌด ์—ฐ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์ • ์ดˆ๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ช… ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ 11 โ…ก. ๊ฐ€์ • ์ค‘๊ธฐ ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ๆ่ตท์™€ ๊ทธ ์‹ค์ฒœ 23 1. ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ๊ณผ ไน้‚Š 23 2. ๋ถ๋ณ€ ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ก ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ: ๅฎฃๅบœ้ŽญใƒปๅคงๅŒ้Žญ์˜ ๅŸŽๅ ก์™€ ้‚Šๅขป ๊ฑด์„ค 32 โ…ข. ๊ฐ€์ • ํ›„๊ธฐ ๅบšๆˆŒ์˜ ่ฎŠ๊ณผ ไน้‚Š์˜ ์™„์„ฑ 55 ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 72 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 81Maste

    A literature review on experimental studies on self-determination of students with disabilities

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