42 research outputs found

    : ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์  ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ทœ๋ช… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2023. 8. ๊ฐ•์ฐฌํฌ.Cellular senescence is a complex stress response implicated in aging. Autophagy can suppress senescence but is counterintuitively necessary for full senescence. Although its anti-senescence role is well described, to what extent autophagy contributes to senescence establishment and the underlying mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we show that selective autophagy of multiple regulatory components coordinates the homeostatic state of senescence. We combined a proteomic analysis of autophagy components with protein stability profiling, identifying autophagy substrate proteins involved in several senescence-related processes. Selective autophagy of KEAP1 promoted redox homeostasis during senescence. Furthermore, selective autophagy limited translational machinery components to ameliorate senescence-associated proteotoxic stress. Lastly, selective autophagy of TNIP1 enhanced senescence-associated inflammation. These selective autophagy networks appear to operate in vivo senescence during human osteoarthritis. Our data highlight a caretaker role of autophagy in the stress support network of senescence through regulated protein stability and unravel the intertwined relationship between two important age-related processes.์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์—๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€์˜ ํ•ญ-์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™” ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™” ํ™•๋ฆฝ์— ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์ž๊ฐ€ํฌ์‹์ด ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ฒด ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋™์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. KEAP1์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ™” ํ™˜์› ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ ํƒ์  ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธํ™” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋…์„ฑ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, TNIP1์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์  ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณจ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์˜ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ๋…ธํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์„œํฌํŠธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€์™€ ์„ธํฌ ๋…ธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ์ • ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์–ฝํžŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํž™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 9 RESULTS 23 DISCUSSION 72 REFERENCES 78 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก / ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 89๋ฐ•

    ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์กฐ์ • ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ, ๊ณ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ CuSCN ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ๋ฐ•๋ณ‘์šฐ.Organicโ€“inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered as one of the most promising emerging photovoltaics with outstanding performance. However, the commonly used organic hole transport materials (HTMs) suffer from heat-, light-, and bias-induced degradation along with defect diffusion and hygroscopic properties. To resolve these issues in conventional HTMs, inorganic materials with superior chemical stability, high carrier mobility, and low cost have been developed, demonstrating improved stability under rigorous conditions such as high temperature and long-term illumination. Understanding the properties of alternative inorganic HTMs is of prominent importance to realize more stable and efficient PSCs. The study of the inorganic hole-transport layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is gathering attention because of the drawback of the conventional PSC design, where the organic HTL with salt dopants majorly participates in the degradation mechanisms. On the other hand, inorganic HTL secures better stability, while it offers difficulties in the deposition and interfacial control to realize high performing devices. To prevent the degradation, inorganic-based CuSCN HTL emerged as an alternative, yet the interfacial reactivity is not clearly elucidated. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was demonstrated as an ideal polymeric interlayer which prevents interfacial degradation and improves both photovoltaic performance and stability of CuSCN-based PSC by its cross-linking behavior. Surprisingly, the PDMS polymers are identified to form chemical bonds with perovskite and CuSCN, as shown by Raman spectroscopy. This novel cross-linking interlayer of PDMS enhances the hole-transporting property at the interface and passivates the interfacial defects, realizing the PSC with high power-conversion efficiency over 19%. Furthermore, the utilization of the PDMS interlayer greatly improves the stability of solar cells against both humidity and heat by mitigating the interfacial defects and interdiffusion. The PDMS-interlayered PSCs retained over 90% of the initial efficiencies, both after 1000 h under ambient conditions (unencapsulated) and after 500 h under 85ยฐC/85% relative humidity (encapsulated). Cu2O and CuSCN are co-utilized as efficient and stable hole-transporting layer. Cu2O is known for the material that has the highest hole mobility, but the formation of uniform film remained as main difficulty due to the limited selection of solvent and poor film formation. Therefore, Cu2O-CuSCN nanocomposite excellently fabricated as an idea HTL, exhibiting 19.2% of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sustaining its efficiency for 720 h under extreme condition (85ยฐC/85% of relative humidity, encapsulated). Chemical distribution of nanocomposite HTL was analyzed by secondary-ion spectroscopy (SIMS), elucidating Cu2O is clearly protecting the interface between the perovskite and CuSCN to reduce the interfacial reaction. Also, the excellent hole transporting property of Cu2O improved the charge extraction rate and reduced recombination, which were conducted by photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).์œ ๊ธฐ/๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ (PSC)๋Š” ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ •๊ณต ์ˆ˜์†ก ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ํก์Šต์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—ด, ๊ด‘ ๋ฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ „์••์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ดํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์˜ HTM์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํ™”ํ•™์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์บ๋ฆฌ์–ด ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ ์˜จ ๋ฐ ๋น›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ PSC๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ HTM์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ •๊ณต ์ˆ˜์†ก์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ผ ๋„ํ•‘์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ •๊ณต ์ˆ˜์†ก์ธต์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ PSC์˜ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์งˆ ์ •๊ณต ์ˆ˜์†ก์ธต์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์ œ์–ด์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ํฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ •๊ณต ์ˆ˜์†ก์ธต์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ„ CuSCN HTL์ด ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ฆฌ๋””๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์‹ค๋ก์‚ฐ(PDMS)์€ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ต ๊ฑฐ๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด CuSCN ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ PSC์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ธต ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, PDMS ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ผ๋งŒ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ CuSCN๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PDMS์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€๊ต ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ธต์€ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์ •๊ณต ์ˆ˜์†ก ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์–ด, 19% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, PDMS ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ธต์˜ ์ด์šฉ์€ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํ•จ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Šต๋„ ๋ฐ ์—ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PDMS๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ PSC๋Š” encapsulation์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ 1000 ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  encapsulation์ด ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ 85ยฐC / 85% ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์Šต๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 500 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํšจ์œจ์˜ 90% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Cu2O์™€ CuSCN์€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •๊ณต ์ˆ˜์†ก์ธต์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. Cu2O๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ •๊ณต ์ด๋™๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ์šฉ๋งค์˜ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ œํ•œ ๋ฐ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, Cu2O-CuSCN ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ HTL๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 19.2%์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํšจ์œจ (PCE)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ทนํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด (85โ„ƒ / 85%์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์Šต๋„, encapsulated)์—์„œ 720 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํšจ์œจ์˜ 90% ์ด์ƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด HTM์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” 2์ฐจ ์ด์˜จ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ• (SIMS)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, XRD๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Cu2O๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์™€ CuSCN ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, Cu2O์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ •๊ณต ์ˆ˜์†ก ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ถ”์ถœ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฐœ๊ด‘ (PL) ๋ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ž„ํ”ผ๋˜์Šค ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ• (EIS)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Overview 1 1.1. Introduction to Solar Cells 1 1.2. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite (OHP) Solar Cells 5 1.3. Strategies to Improve the Performance and Stability of OHP Solar Cells 9 1.4. References 15 Chapter 2. Interfacial Modification and Defect Passivation by Crosslinking Interlayer for Efficient and Stable CuSCN-Based Perovskite Solar Cell 19 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Experimental Section 21 2.3. Results and Discussion 23 2.4. Conclusions 45 2.5. References 45 Chapter 3. Cu2O-CuSCN Nanocomposite as a Hole-Transport Material of Perovskite Solar Cells for Enhanced Carrier Transport and Suppressed Surface Degradation 55 3.1. Introduction 55 3.2. Experimental Section 57 3.3. Results and Discussion 59 3.4. Conclusions 76 3.5. References 76 Abstract in Korean 87Maste

    Strategies for Improving Qualification Systems to Realize a Competency-Oriented Society

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ฒฉ ์ œ๋„ ์šด์˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ‹€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ‰์ƒํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ์ ์ž์› ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœํ˜๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.The objective of the study is to propose strategies for improving qualification systems by analyzing current qualifications systems in Korea. This study has come up with a comprehensive plan to improve the current qualifications system. This plan will help the qualifications system to fulfill its role as an interface linking the education and training system to the labor market. The process of the research was as follows: First, demands for change in qualifications to meet rapid socio-economic changes were examined: the study identified three conceptual elements as an aim to manage and operate effectively. Second, analyzed the Basic Law on Qualifications and the management of qualification systems on the basis of the three conceptual elements were analyzed; the study identified improvement directions and tasks of qualification systems. Third, the study proposes a comprehensive national qualification framework as a strategy to improve qualification systems. The study utilized diverse methods including literature reviews, in-depth interviews, meeting with experts, and seminars.์—ฐ๊ตฌ์š”์•ฝ I. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 โ…ก. ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์š”๊ตฌ 7 1. ์ž๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 7 2. ์ž๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์š”๊ตฌ 8 3. ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ด๋… 12 โ…ข. ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 17 1. ์ž๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์„ 17 2. ์ž๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ ๋ถ„์„ 22 3. ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 29 โ…ฃ. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 37 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฒฉ 37 2. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์™ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฒฉ 59 V. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 73 1. ์ž๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์„ 73 2. ์ž๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ ๋ถ„์„ 76 3. ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 82 VI. ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ์ž๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 93 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์—ญํ•  93 2. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ค€๊ฑฐ 97 3. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์˜ˆ์‹œ 101 VII. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  105 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 111 Abstract 119 ๋ถ€ ๋ก [๋ถ€๋ก 1] ํ•œ๊ตญ์ง์—…๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์› ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ž๊ฒฉ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ(1997๋…„โˆผ2002๋…„) 127 [๋ถ€๋ก 2] ์ž๊ฒฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ น ๋ฐ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ข…๋ชฉ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 151 [๋ถ€๋ก 3] ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฒฉ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ถ€๋ถ€์ฒ˜ 15

    The 2002 KRIVET International Conference on VET

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    Keynote Speech 1. Dr. Rupert Maclean (Director, UNESCO-UNEVOC Center) 3 2. Dr. Moo-Ki Bai (President, Ulsan Univ.) 21 Session 1 : Topic Presentations Topic 1. Improving systems to provide VET through one's lifetime Dr. Helmut Putz (President, BIBB) 35 Topic 2. Using ICT in VET Dr. Morgan V. Lewis (Professor, NDCCTE, Ohio Univ.) 49 Topic 3. Assessment and recognition system of learning and training outcomes Mr. Anders Nilsson (Specialist, CEDEFOP) 69 Topic 4. Financing mechanisms for VET Mr. Gregory Wurzburg (Specialist, OECD) 85 Topic 5. Involvement of stakeholders in VET Dr. Shyamal Majumdar (Specialist, CPSC) 139 Session 2 : Country Reports Case 1. Germany Dr. Gisela Dybowski (Director of International Cooperation, BIBB) 153 Case 2. France Dr. Hugues Bertrand (Director, CEREQ) 165 Case 3. Australia Dr. Tom Karmel (Director, NCVER) 185 Case 4. United Kingdom Dr. Brenden Barker (Duty-director, British Council) 223 Case 5. China Dr. Zuguang Yu (Vice-director, CIVTE) 233 Case 6. Japan Dr. Shigemi Yahata (Director of Research Division, JIL) 253 Case 7. Korea 1. VET through one's lifetime: New approaches and implementation - Korean case Dr. Sung-Joon Paik (Fellow, KRIVET) 271 2. Current operational status and future direction of CE in vocational colleges Dr. Sung-Tae Hong (Professor, Yeungjin Junior College) 297 3. A Case Study on the Business Learning System for Bringing Up a Specialist in Korea Dr. Gi-Hun Yang (Hyundai Research Institute) 34

    An Empirical study on the Efficiency of Major Chinese Ports with DEA Method

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    Chinese ports are growing rapidly in the scale of ports and container cargo handling aspect in accordance with fast economic growth. In this study, I focus on evaluating a relative efficiency of 7 Chinese ports which belong to top 20 ports in the world. In order to estimate the economic efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) is utilized as an estimation method. DEA is a liner programming based upon the technique for measuring the relative performance of organizational units where the presence of multiple inputs and outputs makes comparison difficult. DEA provides the user with information about the efficient and inefficient units, as well as the efficiency scores and reference sets for inefficient units. As a result, I can get the several conclusions as follows. First, Hong Kong, Sanghai, Shenzhen is being operated at the optimal scale in 2004. Ningbo, Qingdao, Tianjin reach the technical efficiency in the view of variable returns to scale, even though they are not being operated at the optimal scale. However Busan and Kaoshiung are being operated in the VRS's way when it comes to dealing with containers and what is worse, don't reach the technical efficiency. The level of scale efficiency is the lowest in the concerned port. Second, Sanghai, Shenzhen, Ningbo, Qingdao, Tianjin have input slacks temporarily which lowers scale efficiency while Busan and Kaoshiung have input slacks in the long term. Third, Sanghai, Shenzhen, Ningbo, Qingdao, Tianjin have dynamically experienced fast improvement in technical efficiency and scale efficiency. But Busan and Kaoshiung maintain the stalemate level which doesn't reach the optimal scale in efficiency. In the East Area which has experienced the fastest economic growth in the world, to back up this growth each countries including Korea, China and Japan cannot help facing between-port-competition. In this context, for Busan and Kaoshiung to compete with Chinese Ports, the policy and research should be prepared.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 4 2.1. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ์ œํŠน๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 4 2.2. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 6 2.2.1. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋™๋Ÿ‰ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 6 2.2.2. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง• ๋ฐ ์‹œ์„ค ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 9 ์ œ3์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ๋ถ„์„ 23 3.1. ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  23 3.1.1. ์ง€์ˆ˜์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹ 23 3.1.2. ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์ (๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ) ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹ 24 3.1.3. ๋น„๋ชจ์ˆ˜์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹ 28 3.2. ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์žฅ๋‹จ์  ๋ถ„์„ 29 3.3 ์ถ”์ •๋ชจํ˜•: DEA ์ถ”์ •๋ฐฉ์‹ 32 3.3.1 ํšจ์œจ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ ์ • 32 3.3.2 DEA ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ 33 3.3.3 DEA๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ด๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช… 35 3.3.4 DEA ์ถ”์ •๋ชจํ˜• 43 ์ œ4์žฅ ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ญ๋งŒ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 48 4.1. ํˆฌ์ž…๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋ฌผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 48 4.1.1. ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์„ ์ • 48 4.1.2. DEA ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ •์˜ 49 4.2. ์ถ”์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ 51 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  62 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 64 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 6

    A new tree rearrangement algorithm-for minimizing the multicast tree

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    Effect of Isothiocyanates on the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer cell lines and normal human lymphocytes

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต),2010.2.Maste

    PZT ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šฐ์„ ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ถ„์—ญ๋ฐ˜์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2003.Maste

    Social Capital and Human Resource Development(I)

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ์€ ์ธ์ ์ž์›(๊ฐœ๋ฐœ)์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ, ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ (๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ธก์ • ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ) ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ, ์…‹์งธ, ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„ท์งธ, ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1. Overview This study aims to define the concept of social capital based on the premise that social and human capital, as key component of human resources development, play an important role for sustainable social-economic development. Based on the concept, the study intends to develop tools with which to measure social capital in Korea, and derive policy implications for building and strengthening social capital to foster human resources. The study consists of four main parts: First, it defines the concept of social capital to be used in the paper by examining various definitions of the concept, and describes the type, function of social capital as well as the relations between social capital and development of human resources, followed by suggestion of framework for research analysis. Second, it highlights discussions on social capital measurements and analyzes social capital measurement programs of international organizations and major countries: World Bankโ€™s Social Capital Initiatives, OECDโ€™s social capital project & measurement index, and the recent efforts made by major countries (Great Britain, United States, Australia, Canada) to measure social capital are some of the examples. Third, survey was conducted to find out the level of social capital in Korea followed by analysis of its results, Also, the process of developing tools for measuring social capital along with content and method of the survey are illustrated. Finally, the study provides policy implications for building social capital based on the outcome of the research. The paper is based on analysis of numerous literature and previous studies as well as interviews and survey on social capital and human resource development. 2. Definition of Social Capital The paper defines social capital as "social mechanism of networks, trust, participation, and norms that facilitate cooperation within or among groups". Meanwhile, the concept of human resources is rather broadly defined, encompassing both human and social capitals. This is because these two, as key components of human resources, are mutually reinforcing and both play a significant part not only in economic growth but also in social integration which serves as a basis for sustainable development. Granted, function of social capital is more dependent on circumstances and context compared with that of human capital. 3. Implications of Foreign Countriesโ€™ Social Capital Measurement The implications derived from findings of social capital measurement by international organizations and the governments of major countries are as follows: First, the government has to recognize the merit of social capital and lead the efforts in incorporating it into its policy. To this end, the government first needs to set policy goal for using social capital as a tool for public policy. This calls or concerted efforts between many government bodies including Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry if Gender Equality & Family, Ministry of Unification. The government could also consider conducting systematic research by taking on mid- to long-term project on social capital similar to "Social Capital as a Public Policy Tool", which is Policy Research Initiative carried out in Canada. Second, most major countriesโ€™ governments have cooperated closely with international organizations for conceptualization and measurement of social capital. Although the usefulness of social capitalโ€™s concept as a public policy is being underscored, there is still a long way to go since discussions of the concept and methodology for its measurement are in early stages. International organizations such as World Bank and OECD were the first to take note of the concept and the potential use of social capital, the interest soon echoed by major advanced countries. It is noteworthy that efforts of the government of Great Britain, Australia, Canada to measure social capital started from cooperation with international organizations. Korea will be able to devise more effective strategy to use social capital as its public policy by tapping into these organizationsโ€™ and countriesโ€™knowledge and experiences regarding establishment of the concept of social capital and its measurement. Third, the way measurement tool for social capital is developed and surveys are conducted vary according to international organizations and countries: An instrument to measure social capital exclusively or primarily is developed while a short module of questions that can be added to an existing survey effort are also developed. That being said, the social capital survey is administered as a supplement to General Social Survey or General Household Survey. For example, World Bank encourages development of Integrated Questionnaire that could measure various dimensions of social capital, and that it be included as a supplement to comprehensive household survey (ex. LSMC). Recently, Office for National Statistics (ONS) has developed Harmonized Question Set which is included in General Household Survey. This allows in-depth analysis on each nationโ€™s social capital. Fourth, a closer look at measurement tools of social capital shows how they differ depending on its usage (policy objective) or social characteristics of particular region (state). Since measurement tool is developed with specific region (state) in mind, it cannot be applied uniformly to all other regions (states) and there is also the danger of error in translation. Moreover, different regions (states) have different policy priorities. Therefore, Korea needs to develop measurement tools that fit its particular circumstances rather than adopting existing ones used by international organizations or other countries...์š” ์•ฝ ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 5 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 7 ์ œ2์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ œ1์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 11 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ •์˜ 11 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ 17 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 19 4. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ 24 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 28 1. ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ 28 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 29 3. ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ณด์™„์„ฑ 31 4. ์ธ์ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ 33 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 34 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 34 2. ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  36 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ํ‹€ 38 ์ œ3์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ธก์ • ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ œ1์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ธก์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 41 1. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 41 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‹€ 43 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ธก์ • ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 48 1. ์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰ 48 2. OECD 58 3. ์˜๊ตญ 60 4. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 71 5. ํ˜ธ์ฃผ 80 6. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค 82 7. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  93 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ์‹คํƒœ ์ œ1์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 99 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ •๋ฆฝ 99 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ ์ธก์ • ์ง€ํ‘œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 99 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์„ค๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 103 1. ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ 104 2. ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜ 106 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์‹ ๋ขฐ, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ 117 1. ์‹ ๋ขฐ 118 2. ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ 125 3. ์ฐธ์—ฌํ™œ๋™: ์ง€์—ญ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ฐธ์—ฌ 148 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ์˜์‹(์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฐจ์›) 154 1. ์ง€์—ญ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ์˜์‹ 155 2. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ์˜์‹ 164 ์ œ5์ ˆ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต 177 1. ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šต ์ •๋ณด ์ทจ๋“ 178 2. ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ฐ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ณ„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 178 3. ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจ์ž„ 182 ์ œ6์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ 184 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ธก์ • 185 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜• 193 3. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 195 ์ œ5์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ œ1์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ 209 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 216 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณ„ํš 217 SUMMARY 221 ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ง€ 233 ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ์š”(์˜๊ตญ) 247 ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถ€ํ‘œ 249 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 25

    [ํŠน์ง‘] ์™ธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ค‘์‹œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ด€ํ–‰

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    โ€˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ค‘์‹œ์‚ฌํšŒโ€™์˜๊ตฌํ˜„์ด์ตœ๊ทผ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ํ™”๋‘๋กœ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ€˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒโ€™๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ์ง„์ „, ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธ์ ์ž์›์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์งˆ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์‹œ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ด€ํ–‰์€ ์„ ํƒ์‚ฌํ•ญ(choice)์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์ •๋ช…(imperative)์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ด€ํ–‰์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ตฌ์‹œ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•™๋ ฅ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ํ•™๊ต ์ถœ์‹ ์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ทจ์—…, ๋ฐฐ์น˜์ „ํ™˜, ์Šน์ง„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ด€ํ–‰๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—…๋ฌดํšจ์œจ์˜ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ง์› ์„ ๋ฐœ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ค‘์‹œ์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค
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