42 research outputs found
: ์ธํฌ ๋ ธํ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ์ ํ์ ์คํ ํ์ง์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๊ท๋ช ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์์ฐ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ถ, 2023. 8. ๊ฐ์ฐฌํฌ.Cellular senescence is a complex stress response implicated in aging. Autophagy can suppress senescence but is counterintuitively necessary for full senescence. Although its anti-senescence role is well described, to what extent autophagy contributes to senescence establishment and the underlying mechanisms is poorly understood. Here, we show that selective autophagy of multiple regulatory components coordinates the homeostatic state of senescence. We combined a proteomic analysis of autophagy components with protein stability profiling, identifying autophagy substrate proteins involved in several senescence-related processes. Selective autophagy of KEAP1 promoted redox homeostasis during senescence. Furthermore, selective autophagy limited translational machinery components to ameliorate senescence-associated proteotoxic stress. Lastly, selective autophagy of TNIP1 enhanced senescence-associated inflammation. These selective autophagy networks appear to operate in vivo senescence during human osteoarthritis. Our data highlight a caretaker role of autophagy in the stress support network of senescence through regulated protein stability and unravel the intertwined relationship between two important age-related processes.์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ๋ ๊ฐ์ฒด ๋
ธํ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ณต์กํ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ๋ฐ์์
๋๋ค. ์คํ ํ์ง๊ฐ ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง๋ง, ์ญ์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ์ ์์ ํ ํ๋ฆฝ์๋ ํ์์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์คํ ํ์ง์ ํญ-์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ ์ญํ ์ ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง๋ง, ์คํ ํ์ง๊ฐ ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ ํ๋ฆฝ์ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ค ๊ธฐ์์ ํตํด ์์ฉํ๋์ง๋ ์ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋, ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์กฐ์ ์๋ค์ ์ ํ์ ์๊ฐํฌ์์ด ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ์ ํญ์์ฑ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋๋ค. ์คํ ํ์ง ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ค์ ๋ํ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ฒด ๋ถ์๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์์ ์ฑ ํ๋กํ์ผ๋ง์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ ๊ด๋ จ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ์คํ ํ์ง ๊ธฐ์ง ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๋์ ํ์์ต๋๋ค. KEAP1์ ์ ํ์ ์คํ ํ์ง๋ ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฐํ ํ์ ํญ์์ฑ์ ์ด์งํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ ํ์ ์คํ ํ์ง๋ ์ธํฌ ๋ด ๋ฒ์ญ ๊ธฐ๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ํํ์ฌ ๋
ธํ ์ธํฌ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋
์ฑ ์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ์ํํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, TNIP1์ ์ ํ์ ์คํ ํ์ง๋ ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ ๊ด๋ จ ์ผ์ฆ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํต๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ํ์ ์คํ ํ์ง ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ ๊ณจ๊ด์ ์ผ์ ์์ฒด ๋ด ๋
ธํ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ค์ ๋ก ์๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์
๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์์ ์ฑ ์กฐ์ ์ ํตํด ์คํ ํ์ง๊ฐ ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ์ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ์ํฌํธ ๋คํธ์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ์คํ ํ์ง์ ์ธํฌ ๋
ธํ๋ผ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ค์ํ ๋
ธํ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ณผ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฝํ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋๋ค.INTRODUCTION 1
MATERIALS AND METHODS 9
RESULTS 23
DISCUSSION 72
REFERENCES 78
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก / ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 89๋ฐ
๊ณ๋ฉด ์กฐ์ ๋ฐ ์๋ก์ด ๋๋ ธ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ๋์์ธ์ ํตํ ๊ณ ํจ์จ, ๊ณ ์์ ์ฑ์ CuSCN ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ํ๋ก๋ธ์ค์นด์ดํธ ํ์์ ์ง
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2020. 8. ๋ฐ๋ณ์ฐ.Organicโinorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered as one of the most promising emerging photovoltaics with outstanding performance. However, the commonly used organic hole transport materials (HTMs) suffer from heat-, light-, and bias-induced degradation along with defect diffusion and hygroscopic properties. To resolve these issues in conventional HTMs, inorganic materials with superior chemical stability, high carrier mobility, and low cost have been developed, demonstrating improved stability under rigorous conditions such as high temperature and long-term illumination. Understanding the properties of alternative inorganic HTMs is of prominent importance to realize more stable and efficient PSCs. The study of the inorganic hole-transport layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is gathering attention because of the drawback of the conventional PSC design, where the organic HTL with salt dopants majorly participates in the degradation mechanisms. On the other hand, inorganic HTL secures better stability, while it offers difficulties in the deposition and interfacial control to realize high performing devices. To prevent the degradation, inorganic-based CuSCN HTL emerged as an alternative, yet the interfacial reactivity is not clearly elucidated.
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was demonstrated as an ideal polymeric interlayer which prevents interfacial degradation and improves both photovoltaic performance and stability of CuSCN-based PSC by its cross-linking behavior. Surprisingly, the PDMS polymers are identified to form chemical bonds with perovskite and CuSCN, as shown by Raman spectroscopy. This novel cross-linking interlayer of PDMS enhances the hole-transporting property at the interface and passivates the interfacial defects, realizing the PSC with high power-conversion efficiency over 19%. Furthermore, the utilization of the PDMS interlayer greatly improves the stability of solar cells against both humidity and heat by mitigating the interfacial defects and interdiffusion. The PDMS-interlayered PSCs retained over 90% of the initial efficiencies, both after 1000 h under ambient conditions (unencapsulated) and after 500 h under 85ยฐC/85% relative humidity (encapsulated).
Cu2O and CuSCN are co-utilized as efficient and stable hole-transporting layer. Cu2O is known for the material that has the highest hole mobility, but the formation of uniform film remained as main difficulty due to the limited selection of solvent and poor film formation. Therefore, Cu2O-CuSCN nanocomposite excellently fabricated as an idea HTL, exhibiting 19.2% of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sustaining its efficiency for 720 h under extreme condition (85ยฐC/85% of relative humidity, encapsulated). Chemical distribution of nanocomposite HTL was analyzed by secondary-ion spectroscopy (SIMS), elucidating Cu2O is clearly protecting the interface between the perovskite and CuSCN to reduce the interfacial reaction. Also, the excellent hole transporting property of Cu2O improved the charge extraction rate and reduced recombination, which were conducted by photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).์ ๊ธฐ/๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๋ก๋ธ์ค์นด์ดํธ ํ์์ ์ง (PSC)๋ ํ์ํ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ๋งํ ํ์์ ์ง ์ค ํ๋์
๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ณต ์์ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ ๊ฒฐํจ ํ์ฐ ๋ฐ ํก์ต์ฑ ํน์ฑ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด, ๊ด ๋ฐ ์ธ๋ถ ์ ์์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์ํฉ์์์ ์ดํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ต๋๋ค. ์ด์ ์ HTM์์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ํํ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ด ์ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์บ๋ฆฌ์ด ์ด๋์ฑ์ด ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น์ฉ์ด ์ ๋ ดํ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ด ๊ณ ์จ ๋ฐ ๋น๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ์์ ์์ ์ฑ์ด ํฅ์๋์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ณด๋ค ์์ ์ ์ด๊ณ ํจ์จ์ ์ธ PSC๋ฅผ ์คํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋์ฒด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ HTM์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ดํดํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํฉ๋๋ค. ํ๋ก๋ธ์ค์นด์ดํธ ํ์์ ์ง์์ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ์ ๊ณต ์์ก์ธต์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ผ ๋ํ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ณต ์์ก์ธต์ด ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ถํด ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ์ฌ PSC์ ํจ์จ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฑ์ ์ ํ์ํจ๋ค๋ ๋จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์ง ์ ๊ณต ์์ก์ธต์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ฐ์ํ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ฅํ๋ ํํธ, ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณ๋ฉด ์ ์ด์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ณ ์ฑ๋ฅ ํ์์ ์ง ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ํฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ด ์กด์ฌํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ ๊ธฐ ์ ๊ณต ์์ก์ธต์ ๋ถํด์ ์ํ ํจ์จ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ณ CuSCN HTL์ด ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ์ง๋ง ๊ณ๋ฉด ๋ฐ์์ฑ์ ๋ช
ํํ๊ฒ ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์์์ต๋๋ค.
ํด๋ฆฌ๋๋ฉํธ์ค๋ก์ฐ(PDMS)์ ๊ณ๋ฉด ๋ถํด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์งํ๊ณ ๊ทธ์ ๊ฐ๊ต ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ํด CuSCN ๊ธฐ๋ฐ PSC์ ํจ์จ ๋ฐ ์์ ์ฑ ๋ชจ๋๋ฅผ ํฅ์์ํค๋ ์ด์์ ์ธ ์คํฉ์ฒด ์ค๊ฐ์ธต ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ด ์
์ฆ๋์์ต๋๋ค. ๋๋๊ฒ๋, PDMS ์คํฉ์ฒด๋ ๋ผ๋ง ๋ถ๊ด๋ฒ์ ์ํด ๋ํ๋ธ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ด ํ๋ก๋ธ์ค์นด์ดํธ ๋ฐ CuSCN๊ณผ ํํ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์ธ๋์์ต๋๋ค. PDMS์ ํ์ฉํ ์๋ก์ด ๊ฐ๊ต ์ค๊ฐ์ธต์ ๊ณ๋ฉด์์์ ์ ๊ณต ์์ก ํน์ฑ์ ํฅ์์ํค๊ณ ๊ณ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํจ์ ๋ฎ์ถ์ด, 19% ์ด์์ ๋์ ์ ๋ ฅ ๋ณํ ํจ์จ์ ๋ณด์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ํ, PDMS ์ค๊ฐ์ธต์ ์ด์ฉ์ ๊ณ๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํจ ๋ฐ ์ํธ ํ์ฐ์ ์ํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ต๋ ๋ฐ ์ด ์ํฉ์ ๋ํ ํ์์ ์ง์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์์ผฐ์ต๋๋ค. PDMS๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ PSC๋ encapsulation์ด ๋์ง ์์ ์ํ์์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋
ธ์ถ ์ํฉ์์ 1000 ์๊ฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ encapsulation์ด ๋ ์ํ์์ 85ยฐC / 85% ์๋ ์ต๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ 500 ์๊ฐ ํ์๋ ์ด๊ธฐ ํจ์จ์ 90% ์ด์์ ์ ์งํ์ต๋๋ค.
Cu2O์ CuSCN์ ํจ์จ์ ์ด๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ณต ์์ก์ธต์ผ๋ก ํจ๊ป ํ์ฉ๋์์ต๋๋ค. Cu2O๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์ ๊ณต ์ด๋๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ท ์ผํ ํ๋ฆ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ฉ๋งค์ ์ ํ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐ ํ๋ฆ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ถ๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ํฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, Cu2O-CuSCN ๋๋
ธ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด๋ ์ฐ์ํ HTL๋ก ์ ์กฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 19.2%์ ์ ๋ ฅ ๋ณํ ํจ์จ (PCE)์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ณ ๊ทนํ ์กฐ๊ฑด (85โ / 85%์ ์๋ ์ต๋, encapsulated)์์ 720 ์๊ฐ ๋์ ์ด๊ธฐ ํจ์จ์ 90% ์ด์์ ์ ์งํ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋๋
ธ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด HTM์ ๋ถํฌ๋ 2์ฐจ ์ด์จ ๋ถ๊ด๋ฒ (SIMS)์ ์ํด ๋ถ์๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, XRD๋ฅผ ํตํด Cu2O๊ฐ ํ๋ก๋ธ์ค์นด์ดํธ์ CuSCN ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ณ๋ฉด์ ๋ช
ํํ๊ฒ ๋ณดํธํ๊ณ ์์์ ํ์ธํ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ํ, Cu2O์ ์ฐ์ํ ์ ๊ณต ์์ก ํน์ฑ์ ์ ํ ์ถ์ถ ์๋๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ์กฐํฉ์ ๊ฐ์์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ด๋ฐ๊ด (PL) ๋ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ ํํ ์ํผ๋์ค ๋ถ๊ด๋ฒ (EIS)์ ์ํด ์ํ๋์์ต๋๋ค.Chapter 1. Overview 1
1.1. Introduction to Solar Cells 1
1.2. Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite (OHP) Solar Cells 5
1.3. Strategies to Improve the Performance and Stability of OHP Solar Cells 9
1.4. References 15
Chapter 2. Interfacial Modification and Defect Passivation by Crosslinking Interlayer for Efficient and Stable CuSCN-Based Perovskite Solar Cell 19
2.1. Introduction 19
2.2. Experimental Section 21
2.3. Results and Discussion 23
2.4. Conclusions 45
2.5. References 45
Chapter 3. Cu2O-CuSCN Nanocomposite as a Hole-Transport Material of Perovskite Solar Cells for Enhanced Carrier Transport and Suppressed Surface Degradation 55
3.1. Introduction 55
3.2. Experimental Section 57
3.3. Results and Discussion 59
3.4. Conclusions 76
3.5. References 76
Abstract in Korean 87Maste
Strategies for Improving Qualification Systems to Realize a Competency-Oriented Society
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ฑฐ์์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์์์ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋งํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๋์ ๋จํธ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์๋์๋ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฌ๊ฒํ ํ์ฌ ์๊ฒฉ ์ ๋ ์ด์์ ์์ด์ ๋ํ๋๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ธต ๋ถ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ํ์ํ์ต๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ฃผ๋ํ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ๊ตฌ์ถ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฐํ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ง๋ จํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.The objective of the study is to propose strategies for improving qualification systems by analyzing current qualifications systems in Korea.
This study has come up with a comprehensive plan to improve the current qualifications system. This plan will help the qualifications system to fulfill its role as an interface linking the education and training system to the labor market. The process of the research was as follows: First, demands for change in qualifications to meet rapid socio-economic changes were examined: the study identified three conceptual elements as an aim to manage and operate effectively. Second, analyzed the Basic Law on Qualifications and the management of qualification systems on the basis of the three conceptual elements were analyzed; the study identified improvement directions and tasks of qualification systems. Third, the study proposes a comprehensive national qualification framework as a strategy to improve qualification systems.
The study utilized diverse methods including literature reviews, in-depth interviews, meeting with experts, and seminars.์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ฝ
I. ์ ๋ก 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 3
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์ 4
โ
ก. ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ๋ณํ ์๊ตฌ 7
1. ์๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ 7
2. ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋ณํ ์๊ตฌ 8
3. ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ์ด๋
12
โ
ข. ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ 17
1. ์๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ ๋ถ์ 17
2. ์๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ถ์ 22
3. ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ 29
โ
ฃ. ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ 37
1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์๊ฒฉ 37
2. ๊ธฐ์ ๋ถ์ผ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๊ฒฉ 59
V. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์๊ฒฉ์ ๋์ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ 73
1. ์๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ ๋ถ์ 73
2. ์๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ถ์ 76
3. ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ 82
VI. ํตํฉ์ ์๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ณ ๊ตฌ์ถ ๋ฐฉํฅ 93
1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ ์ญํ 93
2. ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ์ค๊ฑฐ 97
3. ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๊ฒฉ์ฒด๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐ ์์ 101
VII. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 105
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 111
Abstract 119
๋ถ ๋ก
[๋ถ๋ก 1] ํ๊ตญ์ง์
๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ํ ์๊ฒฉ๊ด๋ จ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํํฉ(1997๋
โผ2002๋
) 127
[๋ถ๋ก 2] ์๊ฒฉ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฒ๋ น ๋ฐ ์๊ฒฉ์ข
๋ชฉ ํํฉ 151
[๋ถ๋ก 3] ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๊ฒฉ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ฒ 15
The 2002 KRIVET International Conference on VET
Keynote Speech
1. Dr. Rupert Maclean (Director, UNESCO-UNEVOC Center) 3
2. Dr. Moo-Ki Bai (President, Ulsan Univ.) 21
Session 1 : Topic Presentations
Topic 1. Improving systems to provide VET through one's lifetime
Dr. Helmut Putz (President, BIBB) 35
Topic 2. Using ICT in VET
Dr. Morgan V. Lewis (Professor, NDCCTE, Ohio Univ.) 49
Topic 3. Assessment and recognition system of learning and training outcomes
Mr. Anders Nilsson (Specialist, CEDEFOP) 69
Topic 4. Financing mechanisms for VET
Mr. Gregory Wurzburg (Specialist, OECD) 85
Topic 5. Involvement of stakeholders in VET
Dr. Shyamal Majumdar (Specialist, CPSC) 139
Session 2 : Country Reports
Case 1. Germany
Dr. Gisela Dybowski (Director of International Cooperation, BIBB) 153
Case 2. France
Dr. Hugues Bertrand (Director, CEREQ) 165
Case 3. Australia
Dr. Tom Karmel (Director, NCVER) 185
Case 4. United Kingdom
Dr. Brenden Barker (Duty-director, British Council) 223
Case 5. China
Dr. Zuguang Yu (Vice-director, CIVTE) 233
Case 6. Japan
Dr. Shigemi Yahata (Director of Research Division, JIL) 253
Case 7. Korea
1. VET through one's lifetime: New approaches and implementation - Korean case
Dr. Sung-Joon Paik (Fellow, KRIVET) 271
2. Current operational status and future direction of CE in vocational colleges
Dr. Sung-Tae Hong (Professor, Yeungjin Junior College) 297
3. A Case Study on the Business Learning System for Bringing Up a Specialist in Korea
Dr. Gi-Hun Yang (Hyundai Research Institute) 34
An Empirical study on the Efficiency of Major Chinese Ports with DEA Method
Chinese ports are growing rapidly in the scale of ports and container cargo handling aspect in accordance with fast economic growth.
In this study, I focus on evaluating a relative efficiency of 7 Chinese ports which belong to top 20 ports in the world. In order to estimate the economic efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) is utilized as an estimation method. DEA is a liner programming based upon the technique for measuring the relative performance of organizational units where the presence of multiple inputs and outputs makes comparison difficult. DEA provides the user with information about the efficient and inefficient units, as well as the efficiency scores and reference sets for inefficient units.
As a result, I can get the several conclusions as follows.
First, Hong Kong, Sanghai, Shenzhen is being operated at the optimal scale in 2004. Ningbo, Qingdao, Tianjin reach the technical efficiency in the view of variable returns to scale, even though they are not being operated at the optimal scale. However Busan and Kaoshiung are being operated in the VRS's way when it comes to dealing with containers and what is worse, don't reach the technical efficiency. The level of scale efficiency is the lowest in the concerned port.
Second, Sanghai, Shenzhen, Ningbo, Qingdao, Tianjin have input slacks temporarily which lowers scale efficiency while Busan and Kaoshiung have input slacks in the long term.
Third, Sanghai, Shenzhen, Ningbo, Qingdao, Tianjin have dynamically experienced fast improvement in technical efficiency and scale efficiency. But Busan and Kaoshiung maintain the stalemate level which doesn't reach the optimal scale in efficiency.
In the East Area which has experienced the fastest economic growth in the world, to back up this growth each countries including Korea, China and Japan cannot help facing between-port-competition. In this context, for Busan and Kaoshiung to compete with Chinese Ports, the policy and research should be prepared.์ 1์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
1.1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ 1
1.2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 2
1.3 ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 3
์ 2์ฅ ์ค๊ตญ ํญ๋ง์ ํํฉ ๋ฐ ํน์ง 4
2.1. ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํน๊ตฌ ํํฉ 4
2.2. ์ค๊ตญ ํญ๋ง์ ํํฉ 6
2.2.1. ์ค๊ตญ ํญ๋ง์ ๋ฌผ๋๋ ํํฉ 6
2.2.2. ์ค๊ตญ์ ์ฃผ์ ํญ๋ง์ ํน์ง ๋ฐ ์์ค ํํฉ 9
์ 3์ฅ ํจ์จ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ๋ถ์ 23
3.1. ํจ์จ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก 23
3.1.1. ์ง์์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์ 23
3.1.2. ๋ชจ์์ (๊ณ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ) ์ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์ 24
3.1.3. ๋น๋ชจ์์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์ 28
3.2. ํ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฅ๋จ์ ๋ถ์ 29
3.3 ์ถ์ ๋ชจํ: DEA ์ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์ 32
3.3.1 ํจ์จ์ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ 32
3.3.2 DEA ๋ชจํ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ธฐ์กด์ฐ๊ตฌ 33
3.3.3 DEA๋ชจํ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ค๋ช
35
3.3.4 DEA ์ถ์ ๋ชจํ 43
์ 4์ฅ ์ค๊ตญํญ๋ง์ ํจ์จ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ 48
4.1. ํฌ์
๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ถ๋ฌผ ๋ณ์ ์ ์ 48
4.1.1. ์ฌ์ ๋ณ์์ ์ 48
4.1.2. DEA ๋ถ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ๋ณ์ ์ ์ 49
4.2. ์ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ํด์ 51
์ 5์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 62
๋ถ ๋ก 64
์ฐธ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ ํ 6
Effect of Isothiocyanates on the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer cell lines and normal human lymphocytes
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ํ์ :๋ณด๊ฑดํ๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ์ ๊ณต),2010.2.Maste
PZT ๋ฐ๋ง์ ์กฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐฐํฅ์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์ฑ๋ณํ์ ๋ถ์ญ๋ฐ์ ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณตํ๋ถ,2003.Maste
Social Capital and Human Resource Development(I)
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ธ์ ์์(๊ฐ๋ฐ)์ ์ค์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ก์ ๋ค ํจ๊ป ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌํ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ๋ก ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ,
๋์งธ, ์์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ธฐ์ดํ์ฌ (๊ตญ๋ดยท์ธ์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ ์ธก์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒํ ํ์ฌ) ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ธก์ ํ ์ ์๋ ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์ฌ,
์
์งธ, ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ณ ,
๋ท์งธ, ์ธ์ ์์๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์กฐ์ฑํ๊ณ ๊ฐํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.1. Overview
This study aims to define the concept of social capital based on the premise that social and human capital, as key component of human resources development, play an important role for sustainable social-economic development. Based on the concept, the study intends to develop tools with which to measure social capital in Korea, and derive policy implications for building and strengthening social capital to foster human resources. The study consists of four main parts:
First, it defines the concept of social capital to be used in the paper by examining various definitions of the concept, and describes the type, function of social capital as well as the relations between social capital and development of human resources, followed by suggestion of framework for research analysis.
Second, it highlights discussions on social capital measurements and analyzes social capital measurement programs of international organizations and major countries: World Bankโs Social Capital Initiatives, OECDโs social capital project & measurement index, and the recent efforts made by major countries (Great Britain, United States, Australia, Canada) to measure social capital are some of the examples.
Third, survey was conducted to find out the level of social capital in Korea followed by analysis of its results, Also, the process of developing tools for measuring social capital along with content and method of the survey are illustrated.
Finally, the study provides policy implications for building social capital based on the outcome of the research.
The paper is based on analysis of numerous literature and previous studies as well as interviews and survey on social capital and human resource development.
2. Definition of Social Capital
The paper defines social capital as "social mechanism of networks, trust, participation, and norms that facilitate cooperation within or among groups". Meanwhile, the concept of human resources is rather broadly defined, encompassing both human and social capitals. This is because these two, as key components of human resources, are mutually reinforcing and both play a significant part not only in economic growth but also in social integration which serves as a basis for sustainable development. Granted, function of social capital is more dependent on circumstances and context compared with that of human capital.
3. Implications of Foreign Countriesโ Social Capital Measurement
The implications derived from findings of social capital measurement by international organizations and the governments of major countries are as follows:
First, the government has to recognize the merit of social capital and lead the efforts in incorporating it into its policy. To this end, the government first needs to set policy goal for using social capital as a tool for public policy. This calls or concerted efforts between many government bodies including Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry if Gender Equality & Family, Ministry of Unification. The government could also consider conducting systematic research by taking on mid- to long-term project on social capital similar to "Social Capital as a Public Policy Tool", which is Policy Research Initiative carried out in Canada.
Second, most major countriesโ governments have cooperated closely with international organizations for conceptualization and measurement of social capital. Although the usefulness of social capitalโs concept as a public policy is being underscored, there is still a long way to go since discussions of the concept and methodology for its measurement are in early stages. International organizations such as World Bank and OECD were the first to take note of the concept and the potential use of social capital, the interest soon echoed by major advanced countries. It is noteworthy that efforts of the government of Great Britain, Australia, Canada to measure social capital started from cooperation with international organizations. Korea will be able to devise more effective strategy to use social capital as its public policy by tapping into these organizationsโ and countriesโknowledge and experiences regarding establishment of the concept of social capital and its measurement.
Third, the way measurement tool for social capital is developed and surveys are conducted vary according to international organizations and countries: An instrument to measure social capital exclusively or primarily is developed while a short module of questions that can be added to an existing survey effort are also developed. That being said, the social capital survey is administered as a supplement to General Social Survey or General Household Survey. For example, World Bank encourages development of Integrated Questionnaire that could measure various dimensions of social capital, and that it be included as a supplement to comprehensive household survey (ex. LSMC). Recently, Office for National Statistics (ONS) has developed Harmonized Question Set which is included in General Household Survey. This allows in-depth analysis on each nationโs social capital.
Fourth, a closer look at measurement tools of social capital shows how they differ depending on its usage (policy objective) or social characteristics of particular region (state). Since measurement tool is developed with specific region (state) in mind, it cannot be applied uniformly to all other regions (states) and there is also the danger of error in translation. Moreover, different regions (states) have different policy priorities. Therefore, Korea needs to develop measurement tools that fit its particular circumstances rather than adopting existing ones used by international organizations or other countries...์ ์ฝ
์ 1์ฅ ์๋ก
์ 1์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ 1
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 4
์ 2์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ด์ฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 5
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ด์ฉ 5
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 5
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ ํ๊ณ 7
์ 2์ฅ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ๋ํ ๋
ผ์
์ 1์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ๊ฐ๋
11
1. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ ์ 11
2. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ ๋ขฐ 17
3. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ ํ 19
4. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ์ฌํ 24
์ 2์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์์๊ฐ๋ฐ 28
1. ์ธ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ 28
2. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์๋ณธ์ ๊ด๊ณ 29
3. ์ธ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ํธ๋ณด์์ฑ 31
4. ์ธ์ ์์์ผ๋ก์์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์๋ณธ 33
์ 3์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ์ 34
1. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ํจ๊ณผ 34
2. ์ ์ฑ
์ ์์ฌ์ 36
์ 4์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ถ์ ํ 38
์ 3์ฅ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ธก์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ
์ 1์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ ์ธก์ ์ ๋ํ ๋
ผ์ 41
1. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๋
ผ์ 41
2. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ ์ธก์ ์ ์ํ ํ 43
์ 2์ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์๊ตญ์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ ์ธก์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ 48
1. ์ธ๊ณ์ํ 48
2. OECD 58
3. ์๊ตญ 60
4. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 71
5. ํธ์ฃผ 80
6. ์บ๋๋ค 82
7. ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ์์ฌ์ 93
์ 4์ฅ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ ์์ค ๋ฐ ์คํ
์ 1์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ 99
1. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฆฝ 99
2. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ ์ธก์ ์งํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ 99
์ 2์ ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ค๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์ฑ 103
1. ์ค๋ฌธ์ง ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ ํญ๋ชฉ 104
2. ํ๋ณธ ์ค๊ณ์ ๊ฐ์ค์น 106
์ 3์ ์ ๋ขฐ, ๋คํธ์ํฌ, ์ฐธ์ฌ 117
1. ์ ๋ขฐ 118
2. ๋คํธ์ํฌ 125
3. ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋: ์ง์ญ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์๋ฏผ์ฐธ์ฌ 148
์ 4์ ์ํ์์ค ๋ฐ ์์(์ง์ญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ฐจ์) 154
1. ์ง์ญ์ฐจ์์ ์ํ์์ค ๋ฐ ์์ 155
2. ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ฐจ์์ ์ํ์์ค ๋ฐ ์์ 164
์ 5์ ๊ต์กํ๋ จ๊ณผ ํ์ต 177
1. ๊ต์กํ๋ จ ๋ฐ ํ์ต ์ ๋ณด ์ทจ๋ 178
2. ๊ต์กํ๋ จ ๋ฐ ํ์ต์ ์ข
๋ฅ๋ณ ์ฐธ์ฌ 178
3. ํ์ต ๋ชจ์ 182
์ 6์ ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ธก์ ๊ณผ ํจ๊ณผ 184
1. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ์ธก์ 185
2. ์ฌํ์ ์๋ณธ์ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ถ์๋ชจํ 193
3. ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 195
์ 5์ฅ ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก
์ 1์ ์์ฝ 209
์ 2์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ํจ์ 216
์ 3์ ํฅํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณํ 217
SUMMARY 221
์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ์ง 233
์กฐ์ฌ ๊ฐ์(์๊ตญ) 247
์ง์ญ๊ณผ ์๋ฏผ์ฌํ ๋ถํ 249
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 25
[ํน์ง] ์ธ๊ตญ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ค์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๊ดํ
โ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ค์์ฌํโ์๊ตฌํ์ด์ต๊ทผ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฌํ์ํ๋๋ก๋ ์ค๋ฅด๊ณ ์๋ค.โ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ ์ค์ ์ฌํโ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์กฐ๋๋ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณํ์ ์ง์ , ๋์งธ, ์ธ์ ์์์ ์๊ณผ ์ง์ด ๊ธฐ์
๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฒฝ์๋ ฅ์ ์ข์ฐํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค๋ ์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ค์ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ ์ค์์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๊ดํ์ ์ ํ์ฌํญ(choice)์ด ์๋๋ผ ์๋์ ์ ๋ช
(imperative)์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋๋ผ ๊ธฐ์
๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต ์กฐ์ง์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๊ดํ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ๊ตฌ์๋์ ์ธ ํํ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ฒ์ด๋์ง ๋ชปํ ์ํ์ด๋ค. ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋ค๋ ํ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์์ ํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ด๋ ํ๊ต ์ถ์ ์ธ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๋๊ตฌ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ทจ์
, ๋ฐฐ์น์ ํ, ์น์ง ๋ฑ์ ์ข์ฐํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ง ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณ ์ฉ๊ดํ๋ค์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฌํ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋
ธ๋์์ฐ์ฑ๊ณผ ์
๋ฌดํจ์จ์ ์ฆ์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ก๋ง๋ ์ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์ํฉ์์ ์ง์ ์ ๋ฐ์์๋ถํฐ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฑ์์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ค์์ ๊ณ ์ฉ๊ดํ์ ์ค์ฒํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ง๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฌ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ข์ ์์ฌ์ ์ ์ ๊ณตํด ์ค ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค