6 research outputs found
Kistribution of serotonergic neurons in the midbrain of human fetus
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The present study was carried out to investigate the distribution of the serotonergic neurons in the midbrain of the human fetus and to ascertain the differentiational pattern of each cell group according to fetal age. The fetal midbrains were obtained from eight human fetuses ranging in age from 18 to 25 weeks of gestation. Ten-micrometer thick coronal sections were made and stained by immunohistochemical method employing the biotin-streptavidin system.
A large number of serotonergic neurons were distributed mainly in the mesencephalic raphe nuclei i.e., caudal linear nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus and median raphe nucleus. In addition, many serotonergic neurons were also found in the mesencephalic reticular formation including the supralemniscal portion. According to the increase in fetal age, the serotonergic neurons of the caudal linear nucleus appeared more rostrally to the area between the two red nuclei. The fetal serotonergic neurons of the caudal linear nucleus were organized more loosely and distributed more widely than those of adults, and the dendrites did not show any specific dorsoventral orientation as reported in adults.
The serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus could be classified into five subgroups, and their distributional patterns were similar in all the eight fetuses investigated. Already by 18 weeks of gestation, the distributional patterns of the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus were nearly the same as those of adults.
In the median raphe nucleus, the serotonergic neurons could be classified into three subgroups. Compared to those of adults, the paramedian subgroup was composed of fewer serotonergic neurons, and the midline subgroup was organized more loosely and more widely, although the cells did come closer to the midline as fetal age increased. In the midline subgroup, specific dendritic dorsoventral orientation was observed from 22 weeks of gestation.
The serotonergic neurons of the mesencephalic reticular formation and the supralemniscal portion appeared from the caudal part of the midbrain and continued to the pons. The distribution of the serotonergic neurons was similar to that of adults.
The shape of the serotonergic neurons showed different characteristics according to their position, and the cell size increased gradually according to the increase in fetal age.
From the above results, it was confirmed that the distributional patterns of the serotonergic neurons in the human fetal midbrain were nearly the same as those in adults by 18 weeks of gestation, but that the cell size increased with fetal age and the cellular orientations in the fetal serotonergic neurons of the caudal linear nucleus and the median raphe nucleus were different from those in adults.restrictio
Studies of Clinical Diagnosis and Evaluation of ability in mentally handicapped children
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Studies of clinical diagnosis and evaluation of ability in mentally handicapped
children
Young Hyuk Lee
Department of Medical Science The Graduate School Yonsei University
(Directed by Professor Chang Jun Coe, M.D.)
There ale many diffefent opinions on the definition of mental retardation, but it
is generally accepted that mental retardation is the condition of subnormal general
intellectual abilities or deficits in learning and adaptation in his or her
society.
The prevalence rate is known to be different acoording to race, culture,
environmental status as well as the cultural parameter of measuring the
intelligence. There have been no reports on the incidence and epidemiology of
mental retardation in Korea, but people presumed that the incidence is probably
same as that of other country. According to the report in United States, the
incidence of mentally handicapped children in preschool age is 0.5%, while in
school age the incidence is reported about 1%, some authors insisted that the
incidence of all population is about 3%. Mentally handicapped children provoke not
only the educational, social and economical problems but causes medical and
psychological problems. As mental function is closely rolated with central nervous
system, it often raises neurological problems such as seizure, motor dysfunction or
special sensory organ dysfunction.
The purpose of the medical intervention in assessment are to define the causes of
mental handicap or medical diagnosis and their conditions, to design the
prevention, and helping them by giving medical treatment or assistance such as
hearting aid, brace or medication if required. Secondly all other assessment should
be based on the clinical diagnosis for better evaluation and further training or
educations.
To define the clinical diagnosis and causes of mentally handicapped children in
Korea, 1100 cases of children with mental dysfunction have been medically assessed
at Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine from January,
1981 through December, 1985.
And we obtained following results;
1. 69.6% out of 1100 children are possible to make a clinical diagnosis as
follow; cerebral palsy(22.5%), microcephaly(14.6%), seizure relating
conditions(12.4%), chromosomal anomalies, metabolic and endocrine disorders,
postcentral nervous system infection, central nervous system anomalies as well as
muscular disorders. Besides, multiple congenital anomialies with unusual looking
face syndrome were detected, postbrain hypoxic damaged children, post-Reye syndrome
and various developmental disorders including childhood autism were detected, The
rest 30.4% of children, the clinical diagnosis or the cause was not clear. They
might be mentally handicapped children undetermined causes or as they were so Young
that the diagnosis or causes are not able determined and requires follow up study
for the diagnosis in certain portion of these children.
2. In 341 cases of 1100 children, their problems might be preventable if they
were properly investigated or received good medical cares by complete antenatal and
perinatal care, by screening test for hypothyroidism, PKU or other metabolic
disorders, or by amniocentesis before the birth.
3. Their abilities were asseased by Griffiths mental developmental scale, Korean
WISC test, visual perception test, visual acuity test and audiogram. 96.5% of them
requires specific and nonspecific medical cares or treatments as well as special
education. The most of children especially requires speech therapy, occupational
therapy and they are socially deprivated.
4. For the exact assessment and evaluation for mentally handicapped children,
well qualified specialists from various fields should make a team to organize an
assessment unit for effective assessment and mutual understanding, exchanging the
concepts. Based on the assessment of various fields the proper education, training,
and medical treatment are able to plan for those handicapped children.
Periodic reassessment is also required for re-evalua-talon of previous assessment
and plan. In case that the education is thought to be ineffective, new educational
or therapeutic plans must be redesigned according to the individual handicapped
child.restrictio