6 research outputs found

    Kistribution of serotonergic neurons in the midbrain of human fetus

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/박사[ν•œκΈ€] μ‚¬λžŒ νƒœμ•„ λ‡Œμ€„κΈ°μ— λΆ„ν¬ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ 신경세포에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 그닀지 λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 이루어지지 μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©°, κ·Έ 뢄포와 μ„Έν¬ν˜•νƒœν•™μ  μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 성인에 λΉ„ν•΄ μ–΄λŠμ •λ„μ˜ 뢄화양상을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ”μ§€ 아직 λͺ…ν™•νžˆ λ°ν˜€μ Έ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒ νƒœμ•„ μ€‘λ‡Œμ˜ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ˜ 뢄포λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  νƒœλ Ήμ— 따라 각 세포ꡰ이 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 뢄화양상을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜κ³ μž νƒœλ Ή 18∼25주의 μ‚¬λžŒ νƒœμ•„ 8μ˜ˆμ—μ„œ μ μΆœν•œ μ€‘λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ‹€ν—˜μž¬λ£Œλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ 10γŽ› λ‘κ»˜μ˜ κ΄€μƒμ ˆνŽΈμ„ μ œμž‘ν•œ ν›„, biotin-streptavidin을 μ΄μš©ν•œ 면역쑰직 ν™”ν•™λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ 신경세포λ₯Ό μ—Όμƒ‰ν•˜κ³  κ·Έ 뢄포 및 μ„Έν¬ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λŠ” 꼬리μͺ½μ„ μƒν•΅, λ“±μͺ½μ†”κΈ°ν•΅ 및 정쀑솔가핡에 주둜 λΆ„ν¬ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 이외에도 λ‚΄μΈ‘μ„Έλ‘œλ‹€λ°œμ˜ μ£Όλ³€λΆ€, λ‚΄μΈ‘μ„¬μœ λ μ˜ λ“±μͺ½ λΆ€λΆ„(B9κ΅°) 및 μ€‘λ‡Œ 그물ꡬ성체 λ‚΄μ—μ„œλ„ λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ 신경세포가 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 꼬리μͺ½μ„ μƒν•΅μ˜ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λŠ” νƒœλ Ήμ΄ 증가함에 따라 보닀 뢀리μͺ½μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μΆœν˜„ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯을 λ³΄μ˜€κ³ , 성인에 λΉ„ν•΄ 훨씬 λ„“κ³  λŠμŠ¨ν•˜κ²Œ λΆ„ν¬ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ„±μΈμ—μ„œ 보고된 바와 같은 κ°€μ§€λŒκΈ°μ˜ λ“±λ°°μͺ½ λ°©ν–₯성도 κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ“±μͺ½μ†”κΈ°ν•΅μ˜ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λŠ” λ‹€μ„―κ°œμ˜ μ•„κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° νƒœλ Ήμ— 관계없이 거의 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λΆ„ν¬ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , νƒœλ Ή 18주에 이미 μ„±μΈμ—μ„œμ™€ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 뢄포양상을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€. μ •μ€‘μ†”κΈ°ν•΅μ˜ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λŠ” μ„Έκ°œμ˜ μ•„κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° 곁정쀑아ꡰ은 성인에 λΉ„ν•΄ λ―Έμ•½ν•˜κ²Œ λ°œλ‹¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ , 정쀑선아ꡰ은 νƒœλ Ήμ΄ 증가함에 따라 정쀑선 κ°€κΉŒμ΄λ‘œ λ°€μ§‘λ˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜ 성인에 λΉ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 비ꡐ적 λŠμŠ¨ν•œ 배열양상을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 정쀑선아ꡰ을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œλŠ” νƒœλ Ή 22μ£ΌλΆ€ν„° κ°€μ§€λŒκΈ°κ°€ λ“±λ°°μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μ—΄λ˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€. λ‚΄μΈ‘μ„¬μœ λ μ˜ λ“±μͺ½ λΆ€λΆ„(B9κ΅°)κ³Ό μ€‘λ‡Œ κ·Έλ¬Όκ΅¬μ„±μ²΄λ‚΄μ˜ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λŠ” 주둜 μ€‘λ‡Œμ˜ 꼬리μͺ½ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅λ‡Œλ‘œ κ³„μ†λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° μ„±μΈμ—μ„œμ™€ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 뢄포양상을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. μ„Έλ‘œν† λ„Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλŠ” λΆ€μœ„μ— 따라 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ νŠΉμ§•μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆκ³  νƒœλ Ήμ΄ 증가함에 따라 점차 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 크기가 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄μƒμ˜ 결과둜 보아 μ‚¬λžŒ νƒœμ•„ μ€‘λ‡Œμ˜ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λŠ” νƒœλ Ή 18μ£Όμ—μ„œ μ „λ°˜μ μœΌλ‘œ 이미 성인과 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 뢄포양상을 λ³΄μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜ νƒœλ Ήμ΄ 진행됨에 따라 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 크기가 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° 꼬리μͺ½μ„ μƒν•΅κ³Ό μ •μ€‘μ†”κΈ°ν•΅μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” 세포배열에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ 성인과 차이가 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. [영문] The present study was carried out to investigate the distribution of the serotonergic neurons in the midbrain of the human fetus and to ascertain the differentiational pattern of each cell group according to fetal age. The fetal midbrains were obtained from eight human fetuses ranging in age from 18 to 25 weeks of gestation. Ten-micrometer thick coronal sections were made and stained by immunohistochemical method employing the biotin-streptavidin system. A large number of serotonergic neurons were distributed mainly in the mesencephalic raphe nuclei i.e., caudal linear nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus and median raphe nucleus. In addition, many serotonergic neurons were also found in the mesencephalic reticular formation including the supralemniscal portion. According to the increase in fetal age, the serotonergic neurons of the caudal linear nucleus appeared more rostrally to the area between the two red nuclei. The fetal serotonergic neurons of the caudal linear nucleus were organized more loosely and distributed more widely than those of adults, and the dendrites did not show any specific dorsoventral orientation as reported in adults. The serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus could be classified into five subgroups, and their distributional patterns were similar in all the eight fetuses investigated. Already by 18 weeks of gestation, the distributional patterns of the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus were nearly the same as those of adults. In the median raphe nucleus, the serotonergic neurons could be classified into three subgroups. Compared to those of adults, the paramedian subgroup was composed of fewer serotonergic neurons, and the midline subgroup was organized more loosely and more widely, although the cells did come closer to the midline as fetal age increased. In the midline subgroup, specific dendritic dorsoventral orientation was observed from 22 weeks of gestation. The serotonergic neurons of the mesencephalic reticular formation and the supralemniscal portion appeared from the caudal part of the midbrain and continued to the pons. The distribution of the serotonergic neurons was similar to that of adults. The shape of the serotonergic neurons showed different characteristics according to their position, and the cell size increased gradually according to the increase in fetal age. From the above results, it was confirmed that the distributional patterns of the serotonergic neurons in the human fetal midbrain were nearly the same as those in adults by 18 weeks of gestation, but that the cell size increased with fetal age and the cellular orientations in the fetal serotonergic neurons of the caudal linear nucleus and the median raphe nucleus were different from those in adults.restrictio

    Studies of Clinical Diagnosis and Evaluation of ability in mentally handicapped children

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/석사[영문] [ν•œκΈ€] μ–΄λŠμ‹œλŒ€, μ–΄λŠμ§€μ—­, μ–΄λŠμ’…μ‘±μ„ λ§‰λ‘ ν•˜κ³  지λŠ₯μž₯μ• μ•„κ°€ μ—†λŠ” κ²½μš°λŠ” μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ©° κ·Έ λΉˆλ„λ„ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒ, 쒅즉 λ˜λŠ” ν™˜κ²½μ— 따라 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜μ—¬ 미ꡭ의 경우 학동기전 μ•„λ™μ˜ 0.5 %, ν•™ 동기 μ•„λ™μ˜ 1%, μ „μΈκ΅¬μ—μ„œ 3%에 λ‹¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλŠ” 아직도 지λŠ₯μž₯μ• μ•„ 의 λΉˆλ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ •ν•™ν•œ 보고가 μ—†μœΌλ©° 단지 μ™Έκ΅­μ˜ 보고와 μœ μ‚¬ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 지λŠ₯μž₯μ• μ•„μ˜ μ •μ˜λŠ” ν•™μžλ§ˆλ‹€ λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ 일반적으둜 지λŠ₯의 λ°œλ‹¬μ΄ μ €μ‘°ν•˜μ—¬ ν•™μŠ΅ 및 κ΄€ 슡 μŠ΅λ“λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ—†κ±°λ‚˜ μ €ν•˜λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 아동을 λ§ν•˜λ©° 이듀은 본인은 λ¬Όλ‘  κ°€μ •κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒμ— 정신적, ꡐ윑적, 경제적 λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ μ•ΌκΈ°μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€. 지λŠ₯의 λ°œλ‹¬μ€ μ€‘μΆ”μ‹ κ²½κ³„μ˜ λ°œλ‹¬κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ 이 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ 이듀 μž₯μ• μ•„λŠ” 신체적 μž₯애와 신경학적 μž₯μ• λ₯Ό ν”νžˆ λ™λ°˜ν•˜λ©° μž₯기적인 특수 ꡐ윑, ν›ˆλ ¨ 및 μ˜ν•™μ μΈ 치료λ₯Ό μš”ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 지λŠ₯μž₯μ• μ˜ 원인을 규λͺ…ν•˜μ—¬ μž„μƒ 적 진단을 ν•˜κ³ , κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 원인 제거 및 μ˜ˆλ°©μ±…μ„ κ°•κ΅¬ν•˜λ©°, 남은 λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ •ν™•νžˆ ν‰κ°€ν•œ ν›„ κ·Έ λŠ₯λ ₯을 효율적인 ꡐ윑과 ν›ˆλ ¨μ„ 톡해 κ°œλ°œν•˜μ—¬ 독립적인 개체둜 μ„±μž₯ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜ λŠ” 것이 κ°€μ •κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒμ— λΌμΉ˜λŠ” 제반 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 방법이 될수 μžˆλ‹€ ν•˜κ² λ‹€. μ €μžλŠ” 1981λ…„ 1μ›”λΆ€ν„° 1985λ…„ 12μ›”κΉŒμ§€ 5λ…„κ°„ μ—°μ„ΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™λΆ€μ† μ„ΈλΈŒλž€μŠ€λ³‘λ­” μ†Œ 아과에 지λŠ₯μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μ£Όμ†Œλ‘œ λ‚΄μ›ν•œ 아동 쀑 GQκ°€ 83μ΄ν•˜μΈ 1100λͺ…을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ›μΈκ·œλͺ…, μž„μƒμ§„λ‹¨ 및 λŠ₯λ ₯평가λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 1. 총 1100λͺ…쀑 334λͺ…(30.4%)μ—μ„œ μž„μƒμ  진단과 μ›μΈκ·œλͺ…이 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μž„μƒμ§„λ‹¨μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜μ˜€λ˜ 69.6%λŠ” λ‡Œμ„±λ§ˆλΉ„κ°€ 22.5%둜 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜μœΌλ©° μ†Œλ‘μ¦(14.6%), κ²½λ ¨μ„± μ§ˆν™˜(12. 4%), 염색체 이상증(4.4%)의 순으둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 2. 예방이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ§ˆν™˜μ— ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” 341λ‘€λŠ” λ‡Œμ„±λ§ˆλΉ„, 염색체이상증, λŒ€μ‚¬μ„±μ§ˆν™˜, λ‚΄λΆ„ λΉ„μ§ˆν™˜ λ“±μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ˜ˆλ°©μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 산전관리, μ‚°ν›„ 신생아 문제점의 λ°œμƒλ°©μ§€, 갑상선기 λŠ₯μ €ν•˜μ¦μ΄λ‚˜ νŽ˜λ‹μΌ€ν†€λ‡¨μ¦μ— λŒ€ν•œ screening test, 염색체 μ΄μƒμ¦μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ΄ 높은 κ΅°μ—μ„œ μž„μ‹ μ€‘ 염색체 검사등이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 3. Griffiths mental developmental scale에 μ˜ν•΄ λŠ₯λ ₯평가λ₯Ό μ‹œν–‰ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό 96.5%μ—μ„œ 치료, ꡐ윑 및 ν›ˆλ ¨μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° μ•½λ¬ΌμΉ˜λ£Œ 428λ‘€(38.9%), 물리치료501λ‘€(45.5%), μ–Έμ–΄ 치료 647λ‘€(58.8%), μž‘μ—…μΉ˜λ£Œ 670λ‘€(60.9%), 특수ꡐ윑 726λ‘€(66.0%)μ—μ„œ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 4. 지λŠ₯μž₯μ• μ•„μ˜ 쒅합평가λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ κ°λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μ „λ¬Έμš”μ›λ“€μ˜ 곡동참여가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ©° 전문지 식을 집약할 수 μžˆλŠ” 기ꡬ의 μ„€μΉ˜μš΄μ˜μ΄ μ ˆμ‹€νžˆ μš”κ΅¬λœλ‹€. Studies of clinical diagnosis and evaluation of ability in mentally handicapped children Young Hyuk Lee Department of Medical Science The Graduate School Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Chang Jun Coe, M.D.) There ale many diffefent opinions on the definition of mental retardation, but it is generally accepted that mental retardation is the condition of subnormal general intellectual abilities or deficits in learning and adaptation in his or her society. The prevalence rate is known to be different acoording to race, culture, environmental status as well as the cultural parameter of measuring the intelligence. There have been no reports on the incidence and epidemiology of mental retardation in Korea, but people presumed that the incidence is probably same as that of other country. According to the report in United States, the incidence of mentally handicapped children in preschool age is 0.5%, while in school age the incidence is reported about 1%, some authors insisted that the incidence of all population is about 3%. Mentally handicapped children provoke not only the educational, social and economical problems but causes medical and psychological problems. As mental function is closely rolated with central nervous system, it often raises neurological problems such as seizure, motor dysfunction or special sensory organ dysfunction. The purpose of the medical intervention in assessment are to define the causes of mental handicap or medical diagnosis and their conditions, to design the prevention, and helping them by giving medical treatment or assistance such as hearting aid, brace or medication if required. Secondly all other assessment should be based on the clinical diagnosis for better evaluation and further training or educations. To define the clinical diagnosis and causes of mentally handicapped children in Korea, 1100 cases of children with mental dysfunction have been medically assessed at Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine from January, 1981 through December, 1985. And we obtained following results; 1. 69.6% out of 1100 children are possible to make a clinical diagnosis as follow; cerebral palsy(22.5%), microcephaly(14.6%), seizure relating conditions(12.4%), chromosomal anomalies, metabolic and endocrine disorders, postcentral nervous system infection, central nervous system anomalies as well as muscular disorders. Besides, multiple congenital anomialies with unusual looking face syndrome were detected, postbrain hypoxic damaged children, post-Reye syndrome and various developmental disorders including childhood autism were detected, The rest 30.4% of children, the clinical diagnosis or the cause was not clear. They might be mentally handicapped children undetermined causes or as they were so Young that the diagnosis or causes are not able determined and requires follow up study for the diagnosis in certain portion of these children. 2. In 341 cases of 1100 children, their problems might be preventable if they were properly investigated or received good medical cares by complete antenatal and perinatal care, by screening test for hypothyroidism, PKU or other metabolic disorders, or by amniocentesis before the birth. 3. Their abilities were asseased by Griffiths mental developmental scale, Korean WISC test, visual perception test, visual acuity test and audiogram. 96.5% of them requires specific and nonspecific medical cares or treatments as well as special education. The most of children especially requires speech therapy, occupational therapy and they are socially deprivated. 4. For the exact assessment and evaluation for mentally handicapped children, well qualified specialists from various fields should make a team to organize an assessment unit for effective assessment and mutual understanding, exchanging the concepts. Based on the assessment of various fields the proper education, training, and medical treatment are able to plan for those handicapped children. Periodic reassessment is also required for re-evalua-talon of previous assessment and plan. In case that the education is thought to be ineffective, new educational or therapeutic plans must be redesigned according to the individual handicapped child.restrictio
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