13 research outputs found

    Studies on establishment of enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay system for taxol

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    ์ž„์ƒ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์ธ taxol์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด ํ˜ˆ์ค‘๋†๋„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ taxol์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ taxol์˜ ํšจ์†Œ๋ฉด์—ญ์ธก์ •์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ธก์ •์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. taxol์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‹์—์„œ 13๋ฒˆ ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๊ณ๊ฐ€์ง€ 2'ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ hydroxy๊ธฐ๋ฅผ succinic anhydride์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ 80.4%์˜ ์ˆ˜์œจ๋กœ 2'-hemisuccinyltaxol์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. Tyramine์— ๋ฌด๋‹ด์ฒด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ Na**125 I๋ฅผ Chloramine-T๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ง€์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ (125)**I์™€ (125)**I -labelled tyramine์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด gel chromatography๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ [(125)**I]iodotyramine์„ 95%์˜ ํ‘œ์ง€์ˆ˜์œจ๋กœ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์—ญ์ธก์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ํ‘œ์ง€ํ•ญ์›์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ [(125)**I]iodotyramine์˜ amine๊ธฐ์™€ 2'-hemisuccinyltaxol์˜ carboxy๊ธฐ์™€์˜ peptide ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 2'-[(125)*I]iodotyraminehemisuccinyltasxol์„ 98.5%์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ™”ํ•™์  ์ˆœ๋„๋กœ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑํ‘œ์ง€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ธ [(125)*I]iodotyramine์™€ 2'-[(125)*I]iodotyraminehemisuccinyltasxol์€ autoradiography๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Taxol์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์›์„ฑ์ด ์—†์–ด taxol์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ taxol์˜ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์ธ 2'-hemisuccinyltaxol์— carrier protein์œผ๋กœ bovine serum albumin(BSA)์„ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ 2'-hemisuccinyltaxol-BSA๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ complete/incomplete Freund's adjuvant์™€ ์„ž์–ด ํ† ๋ผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด 4ํšŒ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ ‘์ข…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ‘์ข…ํ›„ 7~10์ผ ์ดํ›„์— ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆํ•˜์—ฌ taxol์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ์–ป์–ด ๊ทธ ์—ญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ดˆ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ ‘์ข…์ดํ›„ 3์ฃผ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์‹œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์‹œํ‚จ ํ† ๋ผ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์€ ํฌ์„๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ 1:64์—์„œ ํก๊ด‘๋„ 0.45๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์—ญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํฌ์„๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ 1:512์—์„œ ํก๊ด‘๋„ 0.53, ํฌ์„๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜ 1:1,024์—์„œ ํก๊ด‘๋„ 0.45๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํšจ์†Œ๋ฉด์—ญ์ธก์ •์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ taxol์˜ ๋†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‘œ์ค€ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‘๋‹ต๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” 0.0512nM๋†๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธก์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฉด์—ญ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์—ญ๊ฐ€๋Š” 9์ฃผ์ฐจ์— ์ฑ„ํ˜ˆํ•œ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ 1:1์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1:2,048๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ์„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ฑํ‘œ์ง€ํ•ญ์›์œผ๋กœ 2'-[(125)*I]iodotyraminehemisuccinyltasxol์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค, ์—ญ๊ฐ€ 1:8์—์„œ 50%์ด์ƒ์˜ B/T(%)๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋น„ํŠน์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฐ˜์‘(non-specific binding; NSB)์ด ์•ฝ 25%๋กœ ๋†’์•„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, taxol์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์—ญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] This study was aimed to establish an enzyme immunoassy system and a radioimmunoassy system for detection of taxol analogues from natural substances and monitoring taxol concentration in blood during anticancer treatment. 2'-Hemisuccinyltaxol was synthesized by esterfication of a taxol molecule at C-2' branced from C-13 with succinic anhydride in 80.4% yield. Tyramine was redioiodinated by Chloramine-T oxidant and Na**125 I with 95% lebelling yield. 2'-[**125 I]Iodotyraminehemisuccinyltaxol was prepared as a radiolabelled antigen by conjugation of a carboxyl group of 2'-hemisuccinyltaxol to an amine group of [**125 I]iodotyramine with 98.5% synthesis yield. The radiochemical purity of 2'-[**125 I]iodotyraminehemisuccinyltaxol and [**125 I]iodotyramine was confirmed by autoradiography analysis. 2'-hemisuccinyltaxol to bovine serum albumin. The 2'-Hemisuccinyltaxol-BSA emulsified with Freund's adjuvant was subcutaneously injected four times into rabbits with 2 weeks interval. Anti-taxol antisera titers were monitored by using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay(ELISA). Three weeks later post the first immunization, the saturated optical density(O.D) was measured in 1:64 diluted serum. The anti-taxol antibody titer significantly increased after multiple immunization with 2'-Hemisuccinyltaxol-BSA, O.D. saturation at 1:1,024 dilution. A standard dose-response curve was established to analyze sensitivity of the ELISA system for taxol detention using 1,024 fold-diluted anti-taxol antisera. The lowest measurable concentration of taxol was 0.0512nM. A radiommunoassay(RIA) system to monitor taxol was performed with serially diluted anti-taxol antisera and 2'- [**125I]iodotyraminehemisuccinyltaxol. The optimal liter of anti-taxol antisera must be above 50% of B/T(%)ratio (bound/total cpm ร—100) for a reliable RIA system. In this study only 1:8 or less liluted serum exhibited over 50% B/T(%)ratio, and high B/T(%)ratio in the non-specific binding made the RIA system unreliable. Therefore, it is necessary to further increase the anti-taxol antisesra titer, which will concomitantly decrease the non-specific binding of antisera.restrictio

    ๊ตญ์ œ ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ: ๋„คํŒ”, ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์š”์ž ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœยทํ™•์‚ฐ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์กฑ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทธ ์š”์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ˜„์ง€์กฐํ™”์„ฑ์ด ๋งŒ์กฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋„คํŒ”, ๋ฐฉ๊ธ€๋ผ๋ฐ์‹œ ํ˜„์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž 130๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ„๊ณ„์  ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜„์ง€์กฐํ™”์„ฑ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์ง€์กฐํ™”์„ฑ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •(+)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ยท๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด BOP ์‹œ์žฅ์ง„์ž…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐœ์ฒ™๊ณผ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „ํ™˜ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.2

    Poverty and Economic Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Fragile Political Institutions in Nascent Democracy

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ์›์ธ ํ˜น์€ ์ข…์กฑ ๋ถ„์ ˆ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ข…์กฑ ๋ถ„์ ˆ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์ „์ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋„์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์ „์€ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(governance)์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์‹ ์ƒ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ œ๋„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด์ต๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์›์  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ œ๋„๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค๋‹น์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณต์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ •๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋‹น์ œ๋กœ ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณต์œ ๋Š” ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€๋Œ€์ถ”๊ตฌ(rent-seeking)๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ€ํŒจ์™€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ํ•ด์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. This article attempts to examine various causes of poverty and economic inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluates the limitations of existing literature, which mostly focuses on geo-politics and ethnic fractionalization as key causes of the region's poverty and economic inequality. The findings of this paper demonstrate that protracted and violent civil wars have been primary causes of poverty and economic inequality in the region. Civil wars have often been the result of failed political governance that was ascribed to unstable and fragile political systems of nascent democracy. Although most of Sub-Saharan African countries have adopted a multi-party system, which includes all the parties involved, power-sharing in these countries has not been stable and has often become corrupted to non-transparent power coalition or one-party system. In addition, power-sharing has led to political chaos which results in the failure to manage poverty and to alleviate economic inequality
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