28 research outputs found

    Clinical Features Indicating Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Degeneration in Drug-Induced Parkinsonism

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    Objective : Patients with drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) may have nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. We studied the clinical features that may indicate nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in patients with DIP. Methods : Forty-one DIP patients were classified into normal and abnormal [18F] FP-CIT scan groups. Differences in 32 clinical features and drug withdrawal effects were studied. Results : Twenty-eight patients had normal (Group I) and 13 patients had abnormal (Group II) scans. Eight patients of Group I, but none of Group II, had taken calcium channel blockers (p = 0.040). Three patients of Group I and six of Group II had hyposmia (p = 0.018). After drug withdrawal, Group I showed greater improvement in Unified Parkinsonโ€™s Disease Rating Scale total motor scores and subscores for bradykinesia and tremors than Group II. Only hyposmia was an independent factor associated with abnormal scans, but it had suboptimal sensitivity. Conclusion : None of the clinical features were practical indicators of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in patients with DIP.ope

    Nonsustained atrial tachycardia in 24-hour Holter monitoring: a potential cardiac source of embolism in acute ischemic stroke

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    Background: Whether nonsustained atrial tachycardia (NSAT) has a causative role similar to paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) in ischemic stroke is unclear. We investigated the clinical and imaging features of ischemic stroke patients with NSAT to demonstrate that these patients would have a higher proportion of embolic strokes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed ischemic stroke patients who underwent Holter monitoring and selected patients with NSAT. The clinical and imaging characteristics were compared between patients with and without NSAT, and the risk factors for embolic stroke were evaluated. Moreover, the images of the selected patients were analyzed according to the Trials of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Results: From a total of 1,051 patients who had 24-hour Holter monitoring, 681 patients were selected for the study. Among the selected patients, NSAT was detected in 243 patients. The patients with NSAT had a significantly higher proportion of imaging findings suggestive of cerebral embolism compared with patients without NSAT (27% vs. 14%, P<0.001). Moreover, the presence of NSAT was a statistically significant factor associated with imaging findings suggestive of cerebral embolism in the univariate (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.51-3.27; P<0.001) and multivariate (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.53-3.34; P<0.001) analyses. The patients with NSAT had a significantly older age at diagnosis, higher proportion of female sex, higher proportion of hypertension, lower proportion of smokers, higher CHA2DS2-VASc score, and higher left atrium index value compared with patients without NSAT. Conclusions: The embolic pattern of acute ischemic stroke in patients with NSAT was frequently observed and shared clinical characteristics of AF rather than those of atherosclerosis. As NSAT may be a potential source of cardiac embolism, we suggest a more intensive search for modifiable risk factors such as AF in ischemic stroke in patients with NSAT.ope

    Paroxysmal freezing of gait in a patient with mesial frontal transient ischemic attacks

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    BACKGROUND: Rare patients have been reported who developed a mixture of gait disturbances following a focal lesion in the frontal lobe. Thus, the exact location of frontal lesion responsible for a specific gait disturbance is not well defined. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a 47-year-old man who experienced two episodes of paroxysmal freezing of gait of the right leg. During the attacks, he had no motor weakness, sensory change, or disequilibrium. He had past history of panic attacks. Recently, he had been under severe emotional stress. T2 and diffusion brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were normal. So far, the most likely clinical diagnosis might be functional freezing of gait. However, magnetic resonance angiography showed atherosclerosis in the proximal left anterior cerebral artery. Perfusion scans showed a delayed mean transit time in the left mesial frontal lobe. He developed two more attacks during the four months of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: The presented case illustrates that the mesial frontal lobe may be important in the pathophysiology of freezing of gait. We speculate that the supplementary motor area may generate a neuronal command for the initiation of locomotion that in our case may have been inhibited by a transient ischemia.ope

    Practical method for evaluating through-depth residual stress by using instrumented indentation testing with X-ray diffraction & hole drilling methods

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ), 2022.2. ๊ถŒ๋™์ผ.์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณ„์žฅํ™” ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํž˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์†Œ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ธ๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ํ™€๋“œ๋ฆด๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ฒ•์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— X-์„ ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์›์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ™€๋“œ๋ฆด๋ง์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€ ์ค‘์•™์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋šซ์–ด๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํƒ„์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ธ๊ฒŒ์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ป์–ด ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ„์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์†์ƒ ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ณ„์žฅํ™” ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฒ•์€ ์œ„์˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์••ํ”๋งŒ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ค‘์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ์†์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ํ•˜์ค‘-๋ณ€์œ„ ๊ณก์„ ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์žฅํ™” ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ์ œ์‹œ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ 4์ง€์  ๊ตฝํž˜์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐ Peening ์‹œํŽธ์— ๊ณ„์žฅํ™” ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ํƒ€๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Recently, the instrumented indentation test method is widely used to evaluating the residual stress of materials, and related research is actively conducted. residual stress is the lock-in stress even when no external force is applied to the material and generated when non-uniform plastic deformation is occurred to the material. Existing residual stress measurement methods X-ray diffraction, evaluating the residual stress by measuring the distance between atoms by irradiating the material with X-ray and the Hole-drilling method evaluating residual stress by measuring the attaching a strain gage to the material and drilling a hole to measure the elastic deformation strain. However, there are limitations in evaluating the residual stress of in-situ structure use through the above methods.Unlike the Existing residual stress measurement methods, the instrumented indentation test has the advantage of not damaging the material by measuring the residual stress of the material using a load-displacement curve measured while leaving only fine mark on the material, making the test procedure relatively simple and preserving the specimen. In this study, a theoretical model capable of evaluating residual stress by depth in materials was presented using instrumented indentation tests and other residual stress measurement techniques, and the model's effectiveness was proved through a 4-point bending test. In addition, a method for evaluating residual stress by depth even in a structure in actual use through a comparative test with an existing residual stress measurement method was proposed for the polished material.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ดˆ ๋ก i ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ iii ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ v ์ œ 1 ์žฅ. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 2 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 2.1 ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 7 2.2 ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 8 2.2.1 Hole-drilling ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 8 2.2.2 X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 10 2.3 ์—ฐ์†์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 12 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 19 3.1 ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ 20 3.1.1 ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 20 3.2 ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ฉด์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ 22 3.2.1 ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ฉด์ ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 22 3.2.2 ๊นŠ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์••์ž…๊ฒฝ๋„์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ณ€์„ฑ 23 3.2.3 ์ ‘์ด‰๊นŠ์ด์™€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์••์ž…๊นŠ์ด์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 25 3.2.4 ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ ‘์ด‰๋ฉด์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 27 3.3 ์œ ํšจ์••์ž…๊นŠ์ด์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ 34 3.3.1 ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์œ ํšจ์••์ž…๊นŠ์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ 34 3.3.2 ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์œ ํšจ์••์ž…๊นŠ์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ 35 3.3.3 ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์œ ํšจ์••์ž…๊นŠ์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 37 3.4 ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ 43 3.4.1 ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 43 3.4.2 ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 44 3.4.3 ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 46 3.5 ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ 52 3.5.1 ์••์ž…์‹œํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 52 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ. ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 53 4.1 4์ง€์  ๊ตฝํž˜ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 54 4.2 Shot-peening ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 56 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 59 5.1 4์ง€์  ๊ตฝํž˜ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 60 5.2 Shot-peening ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊นŠ์ด๋ณ„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 61 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  69 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 72 Abstract 75์„

    Anti-tumor effects against pancreatic cancer cell line of oncolytic adenovirus expressing survivin small hairpin RNA and TRAIL, and the effect on gemcitabine resistance

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์ธ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฒ•์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ํ•ญ์•”์ œ, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ์˜ˆํ›„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ gemcitabine ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•ญ์•”ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ 5.4% ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ์žฅ์• ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ƒ์กด ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์–ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Gemcitabine ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” gemcitabine ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด์ž ์„ธํฌ์ƒ์กด ์กฐ์ ˆ ์œ ์ „์ž์ธ survivin์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ gemcitabine์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ gemcitabine์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์‹œ์— TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)์˜ receptor์ธ DR5๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ gemcitabine ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด DR5๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ TRAIL์„ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ gemcitabine์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” survivin์„ ์–ต์ œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” siRNA์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์ธ small hairpin RNA (shRNA)๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ survivin์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์„ ์–ต์ œ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ญ ์ข…์–‘ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, gemcitabine ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ DR5๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ TRAIL์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ์‚ด์ƒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ survivin shRNA์™€ TRAIL ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ shRNA๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•”์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ํ•ญ์•”ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ real-time PCR๊ณผ western blot์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด survivin์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๊ณ  TRAIL์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ survivin๊ณผ TRAIL์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ gemcitabine์˜ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ MTT assay๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Gemcitabine๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ 20% ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋งŒ ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, survivin์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” viablity๊ฐ€ 40% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ , gemcitabine, TRAIL์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” viability๊ฐ€ 20% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ทน๋ณต์˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Gemcitabine์— shsurvivin, TRAIL์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ intrinsic, extrinsic ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ caspase 8,9์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ western blot์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ caspase์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด gemcitabine์„ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ PI & Annexin V costaining์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ FACS๋กœ analysis ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์„ธํฌ๊ดด์‚ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ํ›„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๋’ค ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ shsurvivin๊ณผ TRAIL์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ ์•„๋ฐ๋…ธ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ gemcitabine๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ฅ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๊ณ , ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.restrictio

    ๋ฃจ์ด์†Œ์ฒด ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ํƒ€์šฐ ์ถ•์ ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ํŒจํ„ด

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌBackground: In addition to Lewy body pathology, amyloid-ฮฒ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that are characteristic for Alzheimerโ€™s disease (AD) are also frequently found in Lewy body diseases (LBD). We investigate tau accumulation patterns in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and other LBDs using in vivo 18F-AV-1451 positron emission tomography (PET). Methods: We included 12 Parkinsonโ€™s disease with normal cognition (PDNC), 22 Parkinsonโ€™s disease with cognitive impairment (PDCI), and 18 DLB patients. In addition, 25 AD patients and 25 healthy controls were included for comparison. All participants underwent 18F-AV-1451 and 18F-florbetaben PET scans, and cortical binding values were compared between the controls and each disease group. Results: Compared to the controls, DLB patients showed slightly increased 18F-AV-1451 binding in the primary sensorimotor and visual cortices as well as the parieto-temporal cortices, which failed to survive multiple comparisons. Amyloid-positive DLB patients showed significantly increased binding in the same regions compared to controls, and even greater binding in the primary sensorimotor and visual cortices than AD. Meanwhile, binding in the lateral and medial temporal cortices was less prominent than in AD. In DLB, 18F-AV-1451 binding in the occipital cortex correlated with 18F-florbetaben binding. Amyloidnegative PDNC, PDCI and DLB patients did not show increased 18F-AV-1451 binding. Conclusions: DLB patients may harbor 18F-AV-1451 binding patterns distinct from AD, with greater involvement of the primary cortices and less involvement of the temporal cortex. Tau burden increases within the LBD spectrum, and amyloid may play an important role in the accumulation of neocortical tau in LBD.open๋ฐ•

    ์‹ ๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ์„ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ํ‘œ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ,1999.Maste

    Focusing on Implementation of International Standards

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ „๊ณต), 2012. 2. ์‹ ์„ฑํ˜ธ.The world's largest economies, the United States and the European Union, have disputed over regulations on genetically modified foods since the 1990s. The transatlantic trade conflict resulted from different approaches of the EU and the US on GM food issues. The US has implemented flexible and simple regulations on GM foods as it intended to prolong first-mover advantages in the field of modern biotechnology industry. On the other hand, the EU has taken rigid and precautionary regulations for GM foods to avert risks on human health and environment. Such a sharp 'regulatory polarization' does not necessarily lead to international conflict if nations rely on their own agricultural production for food consumption. In the globalized era, however, safeguard measures on trade such as the 1997 EU's moratorium on imports of GM foods inevitably result in severe trade conflicts with other countries. It has been warned by scientists and politicians that the strict regulations on GM foods may hurt the European economy as the EU loses a ground for developing and exporting bioengineering technologies and as it keeps spending money on time-consuming disputes with exporters of GM foods, which raise prices of foods in the EU. This paper analyses the causal factors for the sharp divergence in regulatory regimes between the EU and the US, focusing on institutional differences, different configuration of interest groups, and role of international institutions.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ EU์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. EU๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ฑ…์„ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ทœ์ œ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์˜จ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ œํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ทœ์ œ์ œ๋„๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์–‘์ธก์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ EU๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์  ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ํ–‰์ •์ œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. EU๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์  ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ EU์˜ ์ด์ต์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „์ž๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๋…ผ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ EU๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ด์ต์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ปธ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์‚ฐ์—… ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ†ต๊ณ„์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” WTO-SPSํ˜‘์•ฝ๊ณผ Cartagena ์˜์ •์„œ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. WTO-SPSํ˜‘์•ฝ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์—†์ด ๋ฌด์—ญ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, Cartagena์˜์ •์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ WTO-SPSํ˜‘์•ฝ๊ณผ Cartagena์˜์ •์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ด์ต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, EU๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ตญ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ณ€ํ˜• ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ EU์˜ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ทœ์ œ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์–‘์ธก์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค.Maste
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