116 research outputs found
๋น์์ฝ์ฑ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ฐ ์งํ์ ๋ํ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋ด์ฐ์ผ์ ์๋ฐฉ์ ํจ๊ณผ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์์๊ณผ๋ํ ์์ํ๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๋ฅ๋์.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is categorized into non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and has emerged as a common public health problem that can progress to end-stage liver disease, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanisms of NAFLD pathogenesis are not fully understood and there are no medications approved by the Federal Drug Administration for the treatment of NAFLD.
Hepatic steatosis, characterized with excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, is the hallmark pathological finding in NAFLD and oxidative stress is a major pathologic contributor to development of NAFLD. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER may play an important role in the progression and development of NAFLD. Autophagy plays a major role in cellular homeostasis and impaired autophagy may contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Autophagy and apoptosis are interconnected stress response pathways.
In the present study, expression of proteins associated with ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis was analyzed in human NAFL and NASH tissues to elucidate the roles of those proteins in pathogenesis of NAFLD. Levels of some ER stresstransducing transcription factors, such as cleaved activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), were higher in NASH than in the normal tissues. However, the expression of a majority of the ER chaperones and foldases analyzed, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), was lower in NASH than in the normal tissues. Levels of apoptosis markers, such as cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were also lower in NASH tissues, in which expression of some B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins was up- or down-regulated compared to the normal tissues. The level of the autophagy substrate p62 was not different in NASH and normal tissues, although some autophagy regulators, such as autophagy protein 16L1 (ATG16L1) and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3-II (LC3-II), were up-regulated in the NASH tissues compared to the normal tissues. Levels of most of the proteins analyzed in NAFL tissues were either similar to those in one of the other two types, NASH and normal, or were somewhere in between. These findings suggest that regulation of certain important tissues processes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis were broadly compromised in human NAFLD tissues.
A previous study reported that treatment with molybdate reduces hepatic levels of lipids in diabetic rats. Potential activities of molybdate as an antioxidant have also been demonstrated in various animal models. Accordingly, I evaluated the effects of sodium molybdate dihydrate (SM) on hepatic steatosis and associated disturbances in a widely used mouse model of the metabolic disease. Male C57BL/6 mice at 10 weeks of age were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) and bottled water containing SM for four weeks. The SM treatment markedly attenuated MCD-induced accumulation of lipids, mainly triglycerides, in the liver. Lipid catabolic autophagic pathways were activated by SM in the MCD-fed mouse livers, as evidenced by increased formation of LC3-II together with decreased levels of the autophagic substrate p62. MCD-induced oxidative damage, such as lipid and protein oxidation, was also alleviated by SM in the liver. However, the SM treatment did not affect the expression of ER stress-related proteins in the MCD-fed mouse livers. The level of MCD-induced hepatocellular damage was not also affected by SM. These findings suggest that molybdate effectively prevents MCD-induced lipid accumulation without causing adverse effects in the mouse liver, and that the lipid catabolic processes may involve the activation of autophagy.
Taken together, the present study may provide an insight into the pathogenesis of human NAFLD and suggests a beneficial effect of molybdate in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.๋น์์ฝ์ฑ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ฐ ์งํ (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)์ ๋จ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ๊ฐ (non-alcoholic fatty liver, NAFL)๊ณผ ์ง๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ์ผ (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)์ ํฌํจํ๋ ์งํ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฒฝํ (cirrhosis) ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ธํฌ ์์ข
(hepatocellular carcinoma)์ ํฌํจํ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๊ฐ ์งํ์ผ๋ก ์งํ๋ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ณต์ค ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ๋ค๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ NAFLD์ ๋ฐ๋ณ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ ํ ๊ท๋ช
๋์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์น๋ฃ์ ๋ก์ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ํ์์ฝ๊ตญ์ ์น์ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฐ ๋ด ๊ณผ๋ํ ์ง๋ฐฉ ์ถ์ ์ NAFLD์ ํน์ง์ ์ธ ๋ณ๋ฆฌํ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฑ์ฐ์์ข
(reactive oxygen species)์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ก ์ธํ ์ฐํ์ ์คํธ๋ ์ค (oxidative stress)๋ NAFLD ๋ฐ๋ณ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ธ์๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ NAFLD์ ๋ฐ๋ณ๊ณผ ์งํ์ ์ํฌ์ฒด (endoplasmic reticulum, ER) ๋ด ๋ฏธ์ ํ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง (unfolded protein)์ ์ถ์ ์ ์ํด ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ ์ํฌ์ฒด ์คํธ๋ ์ค (ER stress)๊ฐ ์ค์ํ ์์๋ก ์์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ธํฌ ๋ด ์์๋ ์๊ธฐ๊ด๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง, ์ง์ง ๋ฑ์ ๋ถํดํ๋ ์๊ฐํฌ์ (autophagy)์์ฉ์ด NAFLD ๋ฐ๋ณ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. Autophagy์ ์ธํฌ์ฌ๋ฉธ (apoptosis) ์์ฉ์ ์๋ก ์ต์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ต์ฐจ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ NAFLD์ ๋ถ์์๋ฌผํ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ณ ์ ์ฌ๋์ NASH, NAFL ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ์ ๊ฐ (normal) ์กฐ์ง์์ ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๋ค์ ๋ฐํ ์์ค์ western blot์ ํตํด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ER stress ์ ํธ์ ๋ฌ ์ ์ฌ์ธ์์ธ cleaved activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP)์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ฐํ ์์ค์ normal ์กฐ์ง์ ๋นํด NASH ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ์ ํ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ๋ฐ์ (unfolded protein response, UPR)์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)๊ณผ protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ ER ์คํ๋ก ๋ฐ ํด๋ฉ ํจ์๋ค์ ๋ฐํ ์์ค์ normal ์กฐ์ง์ ๋นํด NASH ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋ ๋ฎ์๋ค. NASH ์กฐ์ง์์ B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) ๊ณ์ด ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๋ค์ ๋ฐํ ์กฐ์ ์ฅ์ (dysregulation)๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ apoptosis ๋ง์ปค ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๋ค์ ๋ฐํ ์์ค์ normal ์กฐ์ง์ ๋นํด NASH ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋ ๋ฎ์๋ค. Autophagy ์กฐ์ ์ธ์์ธ autophagy protein 16L1 (ATG16L1)๊ณผ microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3-II (LC3-II)์ ๋ฐํ ์์ค์ normal ์กฐ์ง์ ๋นํด NASH์กฐ์ง์์ ๋ ๋์์ง๋ง, autophagy ๊ธฐ์ง ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ธ p62์ ๋ ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ ๋ฐํ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ 3๊ฐ ๋ถ์์๋ฌผํ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๋ค์ NAFL ์กฐ์ง ๋ด ๋ฐํ์ normal ์กฐ์ง ๋๋ NASH ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๊ฑฐ๋, ๋ ์กฐ์ง์ ์ค๊ฐ ์์ค์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ฌ๋์ NAFLD ์กฐ์ง์์ UPR ๋ฐ apoptosis์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ํน์ ์ค์ ์กฐ์ง ๊ณผ์ ์ ์กฐ์ ์ด ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ๊ฒ ์์๋์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
์ด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธ๋ด์ฐ์ผ (molybdate) ํฌ์ฌ๋ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ์ฅ์ ์ง์ง ์์ค์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ฐํ๋ฐฉ์ง์ (antioxidant)๋ก์์ molybdate์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ค์ํ ๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์์๋ ์
์ฆ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ๋์ฌ์ฑ ์งํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค ํ๋์ธ ๋ฉํฐ์ค๋-์ฝ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐํ ์์ด (methionine- and choline-deficient diet, MCD) ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ NAFL ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ํ molybdate์ ์ํฅ์ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. 10 ์ฃผ๋ น์ ์์ปท C57BL/6 ๋ง์ฐ์ค์ MCD์ molybdate์ ํจ์ ํ ์์๋ฅผ 4 ์ฃผ๊ฐ ํฌ์ฌํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, molybdate ํฌ์ฌ๋ MCD์ ์ํด ์ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฐ ๋ด ์ง์ง ์ถ์ ์ ํ์ ํ ์ฝํ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ MCD๋ฅผ ์ญ์ทจํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์ ๊ฐ์์ molybdate ํฌ์ฌ๋ LC3-II์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํด๊ณผ ๋์์ p62 ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๋ฐํ ์์ค์ ๊ฐ์์ํด์ผ๋ก์ ์ง์ง ์ดํ ์์ฉ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ autophagy ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ์์ผฐ๋ค. MCD์ ์ํ ์ง์ง ๋ฐ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง ์ฐํ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐํ์ ์์ (oxidative damage)๋ ๊ฐ์์ molybdate์ ์ํด ์ํ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด, molybdate ํฌ์ฌ๋ MCD๋ฅผ ์ญ์ทจํ ๋ง์ฐ์ค์ ๊ฐ์์ ER stress์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๋ค์ ๋ฐํ์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, MCD์ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ธํฌ ์์ ์ ๋๋ molybdate ํฌ์ฌ์ ์ํด ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ molybdate์ด ๋ง์ฐ์ค ๊ฐ์์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์ผ์ผํค์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด์ MCD์ ์ํด ์ ๋ฐ๋ NAFL์ autophagy ์์ฉ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํ์ํฌ ์ ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ NAFLD์ ๋ฐ๋ณ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ์๋ก์ด ์ง๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด NAFLD์ ์น๋ฃ ์๋ฐฉ์ ๋ก์ molybdate์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค.LITERATURE REVIEW 1
1. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 2
1.1. Introduction 2
1.2. Prevalence. 3
1.3. Diagnosis. 4
1.4. Molecular pathways in NAFLD. 6
1.5. Pharmacological therapeutics of NAFLD. 9
1.6. Animal models of NAFLD 11
2. Molybdenum. 15
2.1. Introduction. 15
2.2. Mo-containing enzymes. 16
2.3. MoCo deficiency 17
2.4. Mo deficiency 18
2.5. Mo-induced toxicity. 19
2.6. Beneficial effects of Mo. 21
CHAPTER I. DYSREGULATED EXPRESSION OF PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS IN TISSUES FROM HUMAN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 23
1. Introduction 24
2. Materials and methods 28
3. Results 31
4. Discussion. 35
CHAPTER II. MOLYBDATE ATTENUATES LIPID ACCUMULATION IN THE LIVERS OF MICE FED A DIET DEFICIENT IN METHIONINE AND CHOLINE. 47
1. Introduction 48
2. Materials and methods 52
3. Results. 58
4. Discussion 64
REFERENCES. 80
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก) 122Docto
๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถํด์ญ์์ ๊ด์ธก๋ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ํ ํน์ฑ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์์ฐ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ง๊ตฌํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ๋ถ, 2022.2. ๋จ์ฑํ.ํด์ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(๊ด์ฑ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค ๋ถ๋ ฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ๊ทผ์ ํ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ) ๋ด๋ถํ(oceanic nonlinear internal waves)๋ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์ ์ฑ์ธตํ๋ ํด์์์ ๋น๋ฒํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ , ์ด, ์๋์ง, ๋ฌผ์ง ์์ก ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ถ๋ฐฐ์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค. ํด์ ๋ด๋ถํ๋ก ์ธํ ๋๋ฅ ํผํฉ๊ณผ ์์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ณ๋์ ํด์ ์ํ๊ณ ๊ต๋, ์ด์ฅํ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์์ค์ํฅ ์ ํธ์ ๊ตด์ /๋ฐ์ฌ/์ฐ๋ ๋ฑ์ ์ง๋ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๊ณ , ํด์ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ํดํ๋ฉด ํ๋์ ์ํธ ์์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ค์ํ ํ๊ฒฝ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ๊ทธ ์ํฅ๋ค์ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ธกํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํน์ฑ์ ํ์
ํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ ํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ดํด๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถ ํด์ญ์์ 2015๋
5์์ ํ์ฅ ๊ด์ธก ์น์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ด์ธก๋ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ํน์ฑ์ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ด์ธก๋ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ํน์ฑ, ์์ฑ, ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ท๋ช
ํ์๋ค.
ํ์ฅ ๊ด์ธก ์น์ ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ์์ง๋ ์ด๋ํ ๊ด์ธก๊ณผ ๊ณ๋ฅ ๊ด์ธก์ ํตํด ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์ ํ ์๋์ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ถ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฌ ์ด๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ(Doppler Shift method)์ ์ด๋ํ๋ ์ ๋ฐ(๊ด์ธก์ฅ๋น)์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์๋์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ณํ์ ์ํด ์ ๋๋ ๋ํ๋ฌ ์ด๋์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ์๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ(Time lag method)์ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์น์์ ๊ด์ธก๋ ๋์ผํ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ๋ฅผ ๋ ์์น์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ๊ณผ ์๋๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ํด ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ ๋ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ต์ํํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ 2015๋
5์๊ณผ 2018๋
8์์ ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถํด์ญ์์ ๊ด์ธก๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์น์ ์กฐ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ก์ ์ ์ฉํ์๋ค. ์ถ์ ๋ ์ ํ ์๋๋ 2015๋
5์์๋ 0.05 m/s ์ดํ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ํ์๋์ ์ ์ผ์นํ์๊ณ , 2018๋
8์์๋ 0.25m/s์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ํ์๋์ ์ผ์นํ์ง ์์์ง๋ง, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ 2006๋
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ์นํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ์ถ์ ํ ์ ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ธ๊ณต์์ฑ์์ ๊ด์ธก๋ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ๋น๊ตํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋จ์ํฅ์ ์ ํ๋ก ์ ์ผ์นํ์๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถํด์ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋์ ๋๋ฅ๋ถ์์ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์ ํ ์๋์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ํ์ฅ ๊ด์ธก ์น์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ถ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์์๊ฐ ์๋ค.
2015๋
5์ 14-28์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถํด์ญ์์ ์์ง๋ 2๊ธฐ์ ๊ณ๋ฅ ๊ด์ธก ์์จ ์๊ณ์ด ์๋ฃ, 1,064ํ์ UCTD ๋ฐ 26ํ์ ํ์ค CTD ํ๋กํ์ผ๋ง ๊ด์ธก ์์จ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ , 2015๋
๋ถํฐ 2019๋
๊น์ง ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถํด์ญ์์ ์์ง๋ MODIS ์์ฑ ์์๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์์ฐ๊ณผํ์ ์ ์ ๊ด์ธก์ ํตํด ์ง๋ 40๋
๊ฐ(1980-2019๋
) ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถํด์ญ์์ ์์งํ ํ์ค ์์ฌ์ ์์จ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ, ๋ด์ฒ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํ ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ด์ธก๋ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ๋ 4~16 m ์ ์งํญ, 380~600 m ์ ํน์ฑํญ, 0.64~0.72 m/s์ ์ ํ ์๋๋ก ๋จ์์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ์๋ค. ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ๋ ๋์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ทธ ์ดํ ๋ฉฐ์น ๋์ ๊ด์ธก๋์๊ณ , M2 ์กฐ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค 24-96๋ถ ์งง์ ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ธก๋์๋ค. 2015๋
๋ถํฐ 2019๋
๊ฐ์ 93์ฅ์ ์ธ๊ณต์์ฑ ์์์ ํตํด ์ต์ 3๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์์ฑ์ง๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ด๋ถ ์กฐ์ ํ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ 4๊ฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์์ฑ์ง์ ๋น๊ตํ์๋ค. ์ด์ธต ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ KdV ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ด์ธก๋ ๋ด์ฒ ์ฑ์ธต ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ณ , ์์ฌ์ ํจ์๋ก ์ ํ์๋๋ฅผ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ์์ฌ๊ณผ ์ฑ์ธต์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ์ ํ์๋๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝํ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถ ํด์ญ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ธ 4๊ฐ์ ์์ฑ ํด์ญ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ด์ธก ํด์ญ์ผ๋ก์ ๋ด๋ถํ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ์ฟ ์๋ง ์๋ถ์์ ์์ฑ๋์ด ๋จ์ํฅ ์ ํํ๋ฉฐ ๊ด์ธกํด์ญ์ ๋๋ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ์๋์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถํด์ญ ๋ด์ฒ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ดํด๋๋ฅผ ๋์ฌ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ํด์ ๋ฐ ์์งํํ์ ์ํ, ์์ง ํผํฉ, ์์ค ์์ ๋ฌ์ ์ค์ํ ์์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค.
์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋์ค๊ตญํด ๋ถ๋ถํด์ญ์์ ๋น์ ํ ๋จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ด๋ถํ๋ฅผ ์ฒ์์ผ๋ก 5์์ ๊ด์ธกํ์ฌ ํน์ฑํํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์๋ ค์ง์ง ์์ ๋ด๋ถํ ์์ฑ์ง์ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ฌ 4๊ฐ์ ๋ด๋ถํ์ ์์ฑ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ ์์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ ์ ์๋ค.Oceanic nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs), which are closer to the period of buoyancy frequency than the period of inertial frequency, are ubiquitous in the stratified ocean, and play an important role in the transport and redistribution of heat, energy, and matter. Turbulent mixing and changes in water structure caused by NLIWs have a profound effect on marine ecosystem disturbance, fishery formation, and refraction/reflection/scattering of underwater acoustic signals. In order to understand the NLIWs and their effects, it is necessary to observe the NLIWs and understand their characteristics of wave property, generation, and propagation. In this study, I propose to develop methods of estimating the propagation speed and direction of NLIWs, to characterize of NLIWs observed from moored and underway observation in the northern East China Sea (ECS) during spring 2015, and to discuss their generation and propagation.
Propagation speed and direction of NLIWs are important parameters for understanding the generation and propagation of waves, and ultimately clarifying regional ocean circulation. However, these parameters cannot be directly measured from in-situ instruments, but can only be estimated from post-processing in situ data. This study is suggested two methods and an optimal approach to estimate the propagation speed and direction of waves using underway and moored observations. The Doppler shift method estimates these parameters from apparent observations concerning a moving ship using the Doppler shift induced by the changing relative distance of the NLIWs from the moving ship. The time lag method estimates the parameters using the distance between two locations of the NLIW observed at different times and the time lag. To optimize the speed and direction of NLIWs, the difference in the propagation direction independently estimated by the two methods needs to be minimized concerning the optimal propagation speed to yield the optimal propagation direction. The methods were applied to two cases observed in the northern East China Sea in May 2015 and August 2018. The results derived from the proposed method are robust, as the range of propagation speeds is comparable to the interannual variation of theoretical propagation speeds estimated using historical hydrographic data, yielding an error of less than 15% for the propagation direction. Because in situ observations of NLIWs are still challenging to collect and propagation speed and direction cannot be directly measured from subsurface instruments, the proposed method for estimating the propagation speed and direction of NLIWs using common underway and moored measurements is of practical importance, particularly over a broad shelf, such as the northern ECS, where the multiโdirectional propagation of multiโmode NLIWs from multiple sources is often observed.
NLIWs play an important role in regional circulation, marine biogeochemistry, energetics, underwater acoustics, among others; yet our understanding on their characteristics, generation, and propagation are still far from complete in many seas, in particular ECS. This study is presented characteristics of NLIWs observed from moored and underway observations in the northern East China Sea during spring 2015, and discussed their generation and propagation. The NLIWs observed during the experiment are characterized with an amplitude ranging from 4 to 16 m, characteristic width ranging from 380 to 600 m, which propagated southwestward with a speed of 0.64โ0.72 m/s. Groups of NLIWs were dominantly observed during or a couple of days after the period of spring tides with a time interval 24โ96 minutes shorter than the canonical semidiurnal period (12.42 h; M2) in contrast to those found in many other regions with a phase locking to the barotropic semidiurnal tides. The remote generation and propagation of the mode-1 NLIWs from potential generation sites into the experimental area under time-varying stratification support the time interval departed from the semidiurnal period. The results have substantial implications for turbulent mixing and regional circulation in regions where the shelf is broad and shallow. The NLIWs generated from multiple sources propagate in multiple directions and experience time-varying stratification1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. Nonlinear internal waves in East China Sea 5
1.3. Purpose of study 9
2. Data and Methods 10
2.1. Data and processing 10
2.2. Two models and applications 22
2.2.1. Two-layered KdV (Korteweg-de Vries) models 22
2.2.2. Empirical model 25
2.3. Estimation of propagation speed and direction 27
2.3.1. Estimation using moored and underway measurements 27
2.3.1.1. Doppler Shift method 27
2.3.1.2. Time lag method 30
2.3.1.3. Optimal propagation direction and successive propagation speed 31
2.3.1.4. Estimation of propagation direction using satellite 32
2.3.2. Applications 34
2.3.2.1. SAVEX15 34
2.3.2.2. IORS18 40
2.3.3. Assessment 45
2.3.3.1. Propagation speed 45
2.3.3.2. Propagation direction 48
3. Results and Discussion 49
3.1. Characteristics of NLIWs in the northern ECS 49
3.1.1. Observed NLIWs 49
3.1.2. Modeled NLIWs 60
3.1.3. Seasonal variation 63
3.2. Generation of NLIWs in the northern ECS 70
3.3. Propagation of NLIWs from the generation sites 75
3.4. Limitation of KdV models 78
4. Conclusion 82
References 85
Abstract in Korean 92๋ฐ
Equivalent Circuit Modelling of FFR Transducer Array for Sonar System Design
Free-Flooded Ring (FFR) transducer array for use in Sonar system can be driven with large amplitude in a wide frequency band due to its structural characteristics, in which two resonances of a ring mode (1st radial mode) and an inner cavity vibration mode occur in a low frequency band. Since its sound wave generation characteristics are not influenced by the water pressure, the FFR transducer array is widely used in the deep sea. So FFR has been recognized as a low-frequency active sound source and has received much attention ever since. In order to utilize the FFR transducer array for SONAR systems in military and industrial applications, its equivalent electric circuit model is necessary especially to design the matching circuit between the driving power amplifier and the FFR transducer array. Thus this paper proposes the equivalent electric circuit model of FFR transducer array by using measured values of parameter, and suggest the improved method of parameter identification. Finally it verifies the effectiveness of the proposed circuit model of FFR transducer array by experimental measurements.11Yscopuskc
Userโs satisfaction of space design of hiking paths in healing forest
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๋์
์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ๋ถ(์ฐ๋ฆผํ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ณต), 2021.8. ์ค์ฌ์ฐฝ.๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์ฐ์
๋ฐ๋ฌ๋ก ์ธํด ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ถ์ ๋ชจ์ต์ ์์ ๊ณผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ค์ํ ๋ชจ์ต์ผ๋ก ๋ณํํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ด์ ์์, ์ต๊ทผ ์์ฐ์ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ ์ฆ์งํ ์ ์๋ ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ์ ๋ํ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ๋์์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ค๊ณ์๋ ์ด์ฉ์๋ค์ด ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ์ ์ด์ฉํจ์ ์์ด, ๋ง์กฑํ ์ ์๋ ์์๊ฐ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ์ค๊ณ ์์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํน์ฑ(์ฑ๋ณ, ์ฐ๋ น๋, ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ํ, ๊ฒฐํผ์ ๋ฌด, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง, ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์ค) ๋ฐ ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ์ ์ค๊ณ์์(์ ๊ทผ์ฑ, ์ฐ๊ณ์ฑ, ์พ์ ์ฑ, ํธ์์ฑ) ๋ฑ์ ๋์ถํ์ฌ, ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์ด๋ ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋์ง ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ง๋ก ์ ์ ํ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์ฐ๋ฆผ์น์ ์์ ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ ์ด์ฉ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํน์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ , ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ์ ์ค๊ณ์์์ ๋ํ ์ธ์๊ณผ ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์กฐ์ฌ๋ 2021๋
5์ 12์ผ๋ถํฐ 15์ผ๊น์ง, 214๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ฌธ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์งํ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ป์ ์ฃผ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ด์ฉ์์ ๊ฐ์ธํน์ฑ ์ค์์ ์ฐ๋ น๋, ๊ฒฐํผ์ ๋ฌด, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ง์กฑ๋์๋ ์ ์๋ฏธํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ค๊ณ์์ ์ค์์๋ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ๊ณผ ํธ์์ฑ์ด ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ง์กฑ๋์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์๋์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ด ์ค๊ณ์์ ๋ถ์์ ์ถ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์ฉ์์ ์ฐ๋ น๋, ๊ฒฐํผ์ ๋ฌด, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง๋ฅผ ํฌํจํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ์์ ๋, ์ฐ๋ น๋๋ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ, ํธ์์ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ์ด์ฉ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ น๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ง์กฑ๋์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ์ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ ๋ฐ ํธ์์ฑ๋ ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ง์กฑ๋์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค๊ณ ํด์๋๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ค๊ณ์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์์๋ค์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ด์ฉ์ ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ ์ ๋ต์ ์๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ์ ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค.Rapid industrial development has brought changes to human lives. There is a growing public interest in the hiking paths in healing forest which is perceived to improve health while also enjoying nature. There is a need consider the factors that affect peopleโs satisfaction when designing these hiking paths in healing forest, and thus is the motivation of this research. This study examined how social characteristics(gender, age group, health status, marital status, residence, and economic level) and design factors(accessibility, connectivity, comfort, and convenience) of the hiking paths in healing forest affect usersโ satisfaction. The personal characteristics of the users of National Forest Healing Center selected as the research target were investigated, and the perception and user satisfaction of the design elements of the hiking paths in healing forest were investigated. The survey was conducted from May 12 to 15, 2021. This study used survey as the data collection method and interviewed a total of 214 respondents. Results of the study revealed that among the personal characteristics of users, there were significant differences in user satisfaction according to age, marital status, and residence. Meanwhile, among the design factors, accessibility and convenience were concluded to have a positive effect on user satisfaction. In addition, when the user's age group, marital status, and residence were included in this design element analysis, it was confirmed that
age group had a significant effect on usersโ satisfaction, along with accessibility and convenience. This can imply that there is a difference in satisfaction according to the age of the users, and the accessibility and convenience of the hiking paths, with also having a positive effect on peopleโs satisfaction. It is therefore importantfor the designer to establish hiking paths in healing forests with considerations on these factors.๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ด ๋ก โ
ฐ
์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ์์ฑ 1
2. ์ฉ์ด์ ์ ์ 3
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ง๋ฌธ 3
4. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ 4
์ 2 ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5
1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ์ค๊ณ์์ 5
2. ํ๋์ ๋์ฑ ์ ์์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ 8
3. ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ 13
4. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ 18
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 21
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ 21
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ค 22
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ 23
1. ๋ณ์์ ์ค์ 23
2. ๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ค ๊ฒ์ 24
3. ํ๊ท๋ชจํ 26
4. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ค๊ณ์์์ ๋ํ ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ 27
์ 3 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 29
์ 1 ์ ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ ์ด์ฉ์ ํน์ฑ 29
์ 2 ์ ์ด์ฉ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ ์ค๊ณ์์ ๋ฐ ๋ง์กฑ๋ 34
1. ์ด์ฉ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๊ทผ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ 34
2. ์ด์ฉ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ณ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ 36
3. ์ด์ฉ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์พ์ ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ 37
4. ์ด์ฉ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํธ์์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ 39
5. ์ด์ฉ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ง์กฑ๋์ ์ฐจ์ด 40
์ 3 ์ ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ ์ค๊ณ์์๊ฐ ๋ง์กฑ๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 42
1. ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ ์ค๊ณ์์ ๋ฐ ๋ง์กฑ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ 42
2. ์น์ ์ฒ๊ธธ ์ค๊ณ์์๊ฐ ๋ง์กฑ๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ 42
์ 4 ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 44
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 46
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 49
๋ถ๋ก 56
Abstract 62์
Aliphatic polyketone/polycarbonate blends compatibilized with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride)
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ํํ์๋ฌผ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 8. ์กฐ์ฌ์.๋ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ์ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ์์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ์ผํค (PK)์ ์ฐ์ํ ์ด์ , ํํ์ , ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ฑ์ง์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ์ฐจ์ธ๋ ์์ง๋์ด๋ง ํ๋ผ์คํฑ์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ ๋ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ฑ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ผ๋ถ ์์
์ ์ด์ฉ์ ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์
์ ์ด์ฉ์ ์ํด์๋ ๋ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ฑ์ ํฅ์์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ PK์ ๋ฎ์ ๋ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ฑ์ ๋์ด๊ธฐ ์ํด์ PK์ ๋ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ฑ์ด ์ฐ์ํ ์ด๊ฐ์์ฑ๊ณ ๋ถ์์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ์นด๋ณด๋ค์ดํธ (PC)๋ฅผ ์ฉ์ตํผํฉํ PK/PC ๋ธ๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. PK/PC ๋ธ๋ ๋๋ ๋น์์ฉ์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ๋ก, ์ฐ์ํ ๋ฌผ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ ๋ธ๋ ๋ ์ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ํด์๋ ์ ์ ํ ์์ฉํ์ ์ ๋์
์ ํ์๋ก ํ๋ค. ๋จผ์ , PK/PMMA ๋ธ๋ ๋์ ์์ฉ์ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ถ์ ๊ฐ ์ํธ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ํ์ธํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ ๊ณ ๋ถ์๋ ๋ถ๋ถ ์์ฉ์ฑ์ด ์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ดํ, PK ๋ฐ PC ๋ชจ๋์ ์ฐ์ํ ์์ฉ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์์ฉํ์ ๋์
์ ์ํ์ฌ ๋ฉํธ๋ฉํํฌ๋ฆด๋ ์ดํธ-๋ฌด์๋ง๋ ์ธ์ฐ ๊ณต์คํฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ์กฐํ์ฌ ์์ฉํ์ ๋ก ์ฒจ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ฉํ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์์ฉํ์ ํจ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ , ํํํ์ ํน์ฑ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋, ๋ฉํธ๋ฉํํฌ๋ฆด๋ ์ดํธ-๋ฌด์๋ง๋ ์ธ์ฐ ๊ณต์คํฉ์ฒด๋ ์์ ๋ผ๋์นผ ์คํฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์คํฉํ์๋ค. ์์ฉํ์ ๊ฐ ๋์
๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ PK ๋ด๋ถ์ ๋ถ์ฐ๋ PC ์
์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ค์ด๋ค์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ฅ๋ฌผ์ฑ์ ํฐ ์ ํ ์์ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ํนํ, 3 phr์ poly(MMA-co-MA) ํจ๋์์๋ PK ๋๋น ์ต๊ณ 35% ํฅ์๋ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ๋์ ํฅ์์ poly(MMA-co-MA)๊ฐ PK, PC ๋ ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๋ชจ๋์๊ฒ ์นํ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์์ฉํ์ ๋ก์จ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ํํํ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ๋ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ๋ ํฅ์์ ์ํ ์ต์ ์ ๋ถ์ฐ์ ์
์ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ํ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ด์ฐฐ์ ํตํด ์ฃผ๋ ๊ฐ์ธํ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ง๋จ์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ ์ด์ฆ๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์์ธ์ ๊ท๋ช
ํ์๋ค.Polyketone (PK), a semi-crystalline polymer, is a next-generation engineering plastic with excellent thermal, chemical and mechanical properties. However, due to its relatively low impact strength, PK is limited in some commercial applications. So, an improvement in impact strength is required for commercial use.
In this study, in order to increase the poor impact strength of PK, PK/PC blends were prepared by melt blending of PK and polycarbonate (PC) which is a thermoplastic polymer having excellent impact resistance. Since the PK/PC blend exhibits incompatibility, it is necessary to introduce an appropriate compatibilizer in order to produce a blend having excellent properties. First, the compatibility of PK/PMMA blend and the intermolecular attraction between two polymers were investigated. It was confirmed that the partial compatibility was observed. Thereafter, for the introduction of a compatibilizer having excellent compatibility with both PK and PC, a methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer was prepared and added as a compatibilizer. Compatibilization effect and the changes in mechanical properties and morphology associated with the content of the compatibilizer were investigated. At this time, the methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer was copolymerized by free radical polymerization in the form of random copolymer. As the compatibilizer was added, the size of the PC particles dispersed in the PK was greatly reduced and the impact strength was increased without decreasing tensile properties. In particular, when the content of poly(MMA-co-MA) was 3 phr, the impact strength was improved by up to 35% compared to neat PK. This improvement in compatibility and impact strength is due to the fact that poly(MMA-co-MA) effectively worked as a compatibilizer with affinity for both PK and PC. From the results of morphology and impact strength, it was confirmed that there is an optimum dispersed phase particle size for effectively improving the impact strength. The results of fracture behavior observation indicates that the formation of massive crazes is main toughening mechanism and this is responsible for the improved impact strength in the Izod impact test.โ
. ์๋ก 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
1.1. ํด๋ฆฌ์ผํค (PK) 1
1.2. ํด๋ฆฌ์นด๋ณด๋ค์ดํธ (PC) 2
1.3. ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๋ธ๋ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ 2
1.4. ๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๋ธ๋ ๋์ ์์ฉ์ฑ 5
1.5. ์ด๊ฐ์์ฑ์์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฐ์ธํ 6
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ 8
โ
ก. ์คํ 15
1. ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ฃ 15
2. ๊ณต์คํฉ์ฒด ํฉ์ฑ ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์ผํค ๋ธ๋ ๋ ์ ์กฐ 16
2.1. Poly(MMA-co-MA)์ ํฉ์ฑ 16
2.2. ์ฉ์ตํผํฉ๋ฒ์ ์ด์ฉํ PK/PC ๋ธ๋ ๋์ ์ ์กฐ 16
3. ๋ถ์ 18
3.1. PK์ PMMA์ ์์ฉ์ฑ ๋ถ์ 18
3.2. Poly(MMA-co-MA)์ ๋ถ์ 20
3.3. PK/PC ๋ธ๋ ๋์ ๋ถ์ 21
โ
ข. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 30
1. PK/PMMA ๋ธ๋ ๋์ ์์ฉ์ฑ 30
2. ํฉ์ฑ๋ poly(MMA-co-MA)์ ํน์ฑ 36
3. PK/PC ๋ธ๋ ๋์ ํน์ฑ 42
3.1. ๋์ญํ์ ์ฑ์ง 42
3.2. ํํํ (morphology) 44
3.3. ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ๋ฌผ์ฑ 49
3.4. ๋ฐ์์์ฉํ ํ๊ฐ 55
3.5. ํ๊ดด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ 57
โ
ฃ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก 59
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 61
ABSTRACT 64Maste
Common bile duct stones associated with pancreatobiliary reflux and disproportionate bile duct dilatation
Occult pancreatobiliary reflux (PBR) in patients with a normal pancreatobiliary junction has been studied by various methods, but the exact etiology, mechanisms, and implications of this reflux have not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of PBR and patterns of biliary ductal dilatation in patients with acute calculous cholangitis by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).We retrospectively evaluated the degree of PBR and pattern of bile duct dilatation in patients with acute calculous cholangitis due to distal CBD (common bile duct) stones (Group A) as compared with patients with malignant CBD obstruction due to distal CBD cancer (Group B). All related data were prospectively collected. Bile juice was aspirated at the proximal CBD for measurement of biliary amylase and lipase before the injection of contrast dye. The diameters of the CBD and the peripheral intrahepatic duct (IHD) were calculated after contrast dye injection. Patients with pancreatobiliary maljunction and/or gallstone pancreatitis were excluded from the study.ERCP was performed on 33 patients with calculous cholangitis (Group A) and 12 patients with malignant CBD obstruction (Group B). Mean levels of bile amylase and lipase were significantly higher (Pโ<โ.05) in group A (1387 and 6737โU/l, respectively) versus those in group B (32 and 138โU/l, respectively). Thirty patients in group A (90.9%) showed disproportionate dilatation (i.e., CBD was and IHD was not dilated), whereas only 4 patients in group B (33%) showed disproportionate dilatation.The results of this study suggest that patients with calculous cholangitis exhibit PBR that is associated with disproportionate bile duct dilatation.ope
Serum CA 19-9 and CEA Levels as a Prognostic Factor in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
PURPOSE:
To investigate the use of pretreatment carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as prognostic factors to determine survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A retrospective review of the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and received surgery, chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy was performed. Factors, including CA 19-9 and CEA, associated with the survival of pancreatic cancer patients were analyzed.
RESULTS:
Patients with the median age of 65 years were included (n=187). Elevated serum CA 19-9 levels and CEA levels were observed in 75.4% and 39% of patients at diagnosis, respectively. CEA was correlated with tumor stages (p=0.005), but CA 19-9 was not. CA 19-9 and CEA were elevated in 69.0% and 33.3% of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer, and elevated in 72.9% and 47.2% of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, respectively. The median overall survival of the normal serum CEA group was longer than that of the elevated serum CEA group (16.3 months vs. 10.2 months, p=0.004). However, the median overall survival of the normal serum CA 19-9 group was not different from that of the elevated serum CA 19-9 group (12.4 months vs. 13.5 months, p=0.969). The independent factors associated with overall survival were advanced pancreatic cancer [harzard ratio (HR) 4.33, p=0.001] and elevated serum CEA level (HR 1.52, p=0.032).
CONCLUSION:
Patients with elevated serum CEA level at diagnosis demonstrated poor overall survival. Pretreatment CEA level may predict the prognosis of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.ope
Liver transplantation for metastatic colon cancer with hepatic failure: A case report
The liver is the most common site of distant metastasis of colorectal cancer, and surgical resection is the only therapy that offers the possibility of a cure. However, only 10๏ฝ20% patients with colorectal liver metastases are candidates for surgical resection upon initial presentation. For patients with unresectable liver metastasis, systemic chemotherapy or hepatic arterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency thermal ablation and immunotherapy are used as alternative therapies. In general, colorectal liver metastasis is an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation. Here, we present the case of a patient who has survived cancer-free for more than 2 years after liver transplantation as rescue therapy for acute hepatic failure after chemoembolization for liver metastasis from colon cancer. This case demonstrates that liver transplantation may be a curative modality in selected patients with hepatic failure and colorectal liver metastasis.ope
Comparison of the Naranjo and WHO-Uppsala Monitoring Centre criteria for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions
Background/Aims : Several criteria have been proposed to increase the objectivity, reliability and validity of causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADR). We compared the Naranjo probability scale and the World Health Organization- Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) causality categories to evaluate the validity and clinical usefulness of these criteria. Methods : We evaluated 100 ADR cases with the Naranjo probability scale and the WHO-UMC causality categories. The Spearman rank coefficient was used to determine the correlation of these criteria. The evaluation of the ADR was categorized into four groups for the Naranjo system: definite, probable, possible, and doubtful, and six groups for the WHOโUMC: certain, probable, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified, and unassessable. Results : The criteria used form these two systems showed some differences when compared with the same ADR cases. The Spearman rank coefficient was 0.519 (p<0.001) and the agreement was 55% between the Naranjo probability scale and the WHO-UMC causality categories. The Naranjo probability scale includes measurements for drug concentration, objective evidence of ADR, ADR to previous exposures, responses to placebo, and the dose adjustment of drugs. However, few cases were evaluated for all of these measures. Conclusions : The Naranjo probability scale may be helpful for assessing unexpected ADRs and useful for evaluators with little experience. However, some of the items are not utilized and there are discrepancies when compared with the WHO-UMC causality criteriaope
Two Cases of Calcinosis Cutis Combined with Rheumatologic Disease
The calcinosis, dystrophic soft tissue calcification, occurs in damaged or devitalized tissues normal calcium/phosphorus metabolism. It is the subcutaneous tissues of connective tissues disease ??primarily systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, or dermatomyositis ??and may involve a relatively localized area. The calcinotic accumulations may result in muscle atrophy, joint contractures, and skin ulceration complicated by recurrent episodes of local inflammation and infection. Calcinosis may be the source of both pain and disability in connective tissue disease patients. While various therapeutic modality have been used, no treatment has convincingly prevented or reduced calcinosis. We report two cases of calcinosis cutis combined with rheumatic disease.ope
- โฆ