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    ๋น„์•Œ์ฝœ์„ฑ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด์‚ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ๋ฅ˜๋•์˜.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is categorized into non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and has emerged as a common public health problem that can progress to end-stage liver disease, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanisms of NAFLD pathogenesis are not fully understood and there are no medications approved by the Federal Drug Administration for the treatment of NAFLD. Hepatic steatosis, characterized with excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, is the hallmark pathological finding in NAFLD and oxidative stress is a major pathologic contributor to development of NAFLD. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER may play an important role in the progression and development of NAFLD. Autophagy plays a major role in cellular homeostasis and impaired autophagy may contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Autophagy and apoptosis are interconnected stress response pathways. In the present study, expression of proteins associated with ER stress, autophagy and apoptosis was analyzed in human NAFL and NASH tissues to elucidate the roles of those proteins in pathogenesis of NAFLD. Levels of some ER stresstransducing transcription factors, such as cleaved activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), were higher in NASH than in the normal tissues. However, the expression of a majority of the ER chaperones and foldases analyzed, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), was lower in NASH than in the normal tissues. Levels of apoptosis markers, such as cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), were also lower in NASH tissues, in which expression of some B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins was up- or down-regulated compared to the normal tissues. The level of the autophagy substrate p62 was not different in NASH and normal tissues, although some autophagy regulators, such as autophagy protein 16L1 (ATG16L1) and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3-II (LC3-II), were up-regulated in the NASH tissues compared to the normal tissues. Levels of most of the proteins analyzed in NAFL tissues were either similar to those in one of the other two types, NASH and normal, or were somewhere in between. These findings suggest that regulation of certain important tissues processes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis were broadly compromised in human NAFLD tissues. A previous study reported that treatment with molybdate reduces hepatic levels of lipids in diabetic rats. Potential activities of molybdate as an antioxidant have also been demonstrated in various animal models. Accordingly, I evaluated the effects of sodium molybdate dihydrate (SM) on hepatic steatosis and associated disturbances in a widely used mouse model of the metabolic disease. Male C57BL/6 mice at 10 weeks of age were fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCD) and bottled water containing SM for four weeks. The SM treatment markedly attenuated MCD-induced accumulation of lipids, mainly triglycerides, in the liver. Lipid catabolic autophagic pathways were activated by SM in the MCD-fed mouse livers, as evidenced by increased formation of LC3-II together with decreased levels of the autophagic substrate p62. MCD-induced oxidative damage, such as lipid and protein oxidation, was also alleviated by SM in the liver. However, the SM treatment did not affect the expression of ER stress-related proteins in the MCD-fed mouse livers. The level of MCD-induced hepatocellular damage was not also affected by SM. These findings suggest that molybdate effectively prevents MCD-induced lipid accumulation without causing adverse effects in the mouse liver, and that the lipid catabolic processes may involve the activation of autophagy. Taken together, the present study may provide an insight into the pathogenesis of human NAFLD and suggests a beneficial effect of molybdate in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.๋น„์•Œ์ฝœ์„ฑ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„ ์งˆํ™˜ (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„ (non-alcoholic fatty liver, NAFL)๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ„์—ผ (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝํ™” (cirrhosis) ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์•”์ข… (hepatocellular carcinoma)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ NAFLD์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ถ•์ ์€ NAFLD์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ข… (reactive oxygen species)์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค (oxidative stress)๋Š” NAFLD ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  NAFLD์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ์†Œํฌ์ฒด (endoplasmic reticulum, ER) ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ ‘ํž˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ (unfolded protein)์˜ ์ถ•์ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œํฌ์ฒด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค (ER stress)๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์†์ƒ๋œ ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ์ง€์งˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ํฌ์‹ (autophagy)์ž‘์šฉ์ด NAFLD ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. Autophagy์™€ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ (apoptosis) ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ต์ฐจ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” NAFLD์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ NASH, NAFL ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ ๊ฐ„ (normal) ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ western blot์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ER stress ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž์ธ cleaved activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP)์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ normal ์กฐ์ง์— ๋น„ํ•ด NASH ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ์ ‘ํž˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (unfolded protein response, UPR)์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78)๊ณผ protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ER ์ƒคํŽ˜๋ก  ๋ฐ ํด๋”ฉ ํšจ์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ normal ์กฐ์ง์— ๋น„ํ•ด NASH ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. NASH ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) ๊ณ„์—ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์žฅ์•  (dysregulation)๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ apoptosis ๋งˆ์ปค ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ normal ์กฐ์ง์— ๋น„ํ•ด NASH ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. Autophagy ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ธ์ž์ธ autophagy protein 16L1 (ATG16L1)๊ณผ microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3-II (LC3-II)์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ normal ์กฐ์ง์— ๋น„ํ•ด NASH์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, autophagy ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ p62์€ ๋‘ ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์œ„ 3๊ฐœ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ NAFL ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ normal ์กฐ์ง ๋˜๋Š” NASH ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋‘ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ NAFLD ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ UPR ๋ฐ apoptosis์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํŠน์ • ์ค‘์š” ์กฐ์ง ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด์‚ฐ์—ผ (molybdate) ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์ฅ์˜ ์ง€์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฐฉ์ง€์ œ (antioxidant)๋กœ์„œ์˜ molybdate์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋‹Œ-์ฝœ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐํ• ์‹์ด (methionine- and choline-deficient diet, MCD) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ NAFL ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์žฅ์• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ molybdate์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 10 ์ฃผ๋ น์˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท C57BL/6 ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— MCD์™€ molybdate์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ์‹์ˆ˜๋ฅผ 4 ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, molybdate ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” MCD์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ์ง€์งˆ ์ถ•์ ์„ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  MCD๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ molybdate ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” LC3-II์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— p62 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์งˆ ์ดํ™” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ autophagy ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. MCD์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€์งˆ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‚ฐํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์†์ƒ (oxidative damage)๋„ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ molybdate์— ์˜ํ•ด ์™„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, molybdate ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Š” MCD๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ER stress์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, MCD์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์†์ƒ ์ •๋„๋„ molybdate ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” molybdate์ด ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ MCD์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ NAFL์„ autophagy ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ NAFLD์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด NAFLD์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ œ๋กœ์„œ molybdate์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 2 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Prevalence. 3 1.3. Diagnosis. 4 1.4. Molecular pathways in NAFLD. 6 1.5. Pharmacological therapeutics of NAFLD. 9 1.6. Animal models of NAFLD 11 2. Molybdenum. 15 2.1. Introduction. 15 2.2. Mo-containing enzymes. 16 2.3. MoCo deficiency 17 2.4. Mo deficiency 18 2.5. Mo-induced toxicity. 19 2.6. Beneficial effects of Mo. 21 CHAPTER I. DYSREGULATED EXPRESSION OF PROTEINS ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS, AUTOPHAGY AND APOPTOSIS IN TISSUES FROM HUMAN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE 23 1. Introduction 24 2. Materials and methods 28 3. Results 31 4. Discussion. 35 CHAPTER II. MOLYBDATE ATTENUATES LIPID ACCUMULATION IN THE LIVERS OF MICE FED A DIET DEFICIENT IN METHIONINE AND CHOLINE. 47 1. Introduction 48 2. Materials and methods 52 3. Results. 58 4. Discussion 64 REFERENCES. 80 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 122Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2022.2. ๋‚จ์„ฑํ˜„.ํ•ด์–‘ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(๊ด€์„ฑ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ€๋ ฅ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋” ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ) ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ(oceanic nonlinear internal waves)๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธตํ™”๋œ ํ•ด์–‘์—์„œ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ด, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์–‘ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ธต๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ๊ต๋ž€, ์–ด์žฅํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค‘์Œํ–ฅ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ตด์ ˆ/๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ/์‚ฐ๋ž€ ๋“ฑ์— ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ , ํ•ด์–‘ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์™€ ํ•ดํ‘œ๋ฉด ํŒŒ๋ž‘์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์™€ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ 2015๋…„ 5์›”์— ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก ์Šน์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ƒ์„ฑ, ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก ์Šน์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ด๋™ํ˜• ๊ด€์ธก๊ณผ ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ์†๋„์™€ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋™ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(Doppler Shift method)์€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•(๊ด€์ธก์žฅ๋น„)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ๋„ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(Time lag method)์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ์œ„์น˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ 2015๋…„ 5์›”๊ณผ 2018๋…„ 8์›”์— ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์Šน์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ •๋œ ์ „ํŒŒ ์†๋„๋Š” 2015๋…„ 5์›”์—๋Š” 0.05 m/s ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ „ํŒŒ์†๋„์™€ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2018๋…„ 8์›”์—๋Š” 0.25m/s์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ „ํŒŒ์†๋„์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 2006๋…„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ „ํŒŒ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„œํ–ฅ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ํ•ด์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„“์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ถ•์—์„œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ์†๋„์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ด€์ธก ์Šน์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ 5์›” 14-28์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ 2๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€์ธก ์ˆ˜์˜จ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด ์ž๋ฃŒ, 1,064ํšŒ์˜ UCTD ๋ฐ 26ํšŒ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ CTD ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง ๊ด€์ธก ์ˆ˜์˜จ๊ณผ ์—ผ๋ถ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , 2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ MODIS ์œ„์„ฑ ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์ˆ˜์‚ฐ๊ณผํ•™์› ์ •์„ ๊ด€์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€๋‚œ 40๋…„๊ฐ„(1980-2019๋…„) ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์˜จ๊ณผ ์—ผ๋ถ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ด„์ฒ  ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ† ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ๋Š” 4~16 m ์˜ ์ง„ํญ, 380~600 m ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑํญ, 0.64~0.72 m/s์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋‚จ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋™์•ˆ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , M2 ์กฐ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 24-96๋ถ„ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2015๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ 93์žฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์œ„์„ฑ ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ์†Œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ƒ์„ฑ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์กฐ์„ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ์ƒ์„ฑ์ง€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ธต ์œ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ KdV ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๋ด„์ฒ  ์„ฑ์ธต ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ์˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ „ํŒŒ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ธต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํŒŒ์†๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ ํ•ด์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ด€์ธก ํ•ด์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ›„์ฟ ์‹œ๋งˆ ์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๋‚จ์„œํ–ฅ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์ธกํ•ด์—ญ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ํ•ด์—ญ ๋ด„์ฒ  ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ „ํŒŒ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์ง€ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ˆœํ™˜, ์ˆ˜์ง ํ˜ผํ•ฉ, ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์Œ์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด ๋ถ๋ถ€ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ๋‹จ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ 5์›”์— ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์„ฑํ™”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ง€์™€ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ํŒŒ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Oceanic nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs), which are closer to the period of buoyancy frequency than the period of inertial frequency, are ubiquitous in the stratified ocean, and play an important role in the transport and redistribution of heat, energy, and matter. Turbulent mixing and changes in water structure caused by NLIWs have a profound effect on marine ecosystem disturbance, fishery formation, and refraction/reflection/scattering of underwater acoustic signals. In order to understand the NLIWs and their effects, it is necessary to observe the NLIWs and understand their characteristics of wave property, generation, and propagation. In this study, I propose to develop methods of estimating the propagation speed and direction of NLIWs, to characterize of NLIWs observed from moored and underway observation in the northern East China Sea (ECS) during spring 2015, and to discuss their generation and propagation. Propagation speed and direction of NLIWs are important parameters for understanding the generation and propagation of waves, and ultimately clarifying regional ocean circulation. However, these parameters cannot be directly measured from in-situ instruments, but can only be estimated from post-processing in situ data. This study is suggested two methods and an optimal approach to estimate the propagation speed and direction of waves using underway and moored observations. The Doppler shift method estimates these parameters from apparent observations concerning a moving ship using the Doppler shift induced by the changing relative distance of the NLIWs from the moving ship. The time lag method estimates the parameters using the distance between two locations of the NLIW observed at different times and the time lag. To optimize the speed and direction of NLIWs, the difference in the propagation direction independently estimated by the two methods needs to be minimized concerning the optimal propagation speed to yield the optimal propagation direction. The methods were applied to two cases observed in the northern East China Sea in May 2015 and August 2018. The results derived from the proposed method are robust, as the range of propagation speeds is comparable to the interannual variation of theoretical propagation speeds estimated using historical hydrographic data, yielding an error of less than 15% for the propagation direction. Because in situ observations of NLIWs are still challenging to collect and propagation speed and direction cannot be directly measured from subsurface instruments, the proposed method for estimating the propagation speed and direction of NLIWs using common underway and moored measurements is of practical importance, particularly over a broad shelf, such as the northern ECS, where the multiโ€directional propagation of multiโ€mode NLIWs from multiple sources is often observed. NLIWs play an important role in regional circulation, marine biogeochemistry, energetics, underwater acoustics, among others; yet our understanding on their characteristics, generation, and propagation are still far from complete in many seas, in particular ECS. This study is presented characteristics of NLIWs observed from moored and underway observations in the northern East China Sea during spring 2015, and discussed their generation and propagation. The NLIWs observed during the experiment are characterized with an amplitude ranging from 4 to 16 m, characteristic width ranging from 380 to 600 m, which propagated southwestward with a speed of 0.64โ€“0.72 m/s. Groups of NLIWs were dominantly observed during or a couple of days after the period of spring tides with a time interval 24โ€“96 minutes shorter than the canonical semidiurnal period (12.42 h; M2) in contrast to those found in many other regions with a phase locking to the barotropic semidiurnal tides. The remote generation and propagation of the mode-1 NLIWs from potential generation sites into the experimental area under time-varying stratification support the time interval departed from the semidiurnal period. The results have substantial implications for turbulent mixing and regional circulation in regions where the shelf is broad and shallow. The NLIWs generated from multiple sources propagate in multiple directions and experience time-varying stratification1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Nonlinear internal waves in East China Sea 5 1.3. Purpose of study 9 2. Data and Methods 10 2.1. Data and processing 10 2.2. Two models and applications 22 2.2.1. Two-layered KdV (Korteweg-de Vries) models 22 2.2.2. Empirical model 25 2.3. Estimation of propagation speed and direction 27 2.3.1. Estimation using moored and underway measurements 27 2.3.1.1. Doppler Shift method 27 2.3.1.2. Time lag method 30 2.3.1.3. Optimal propagation direction and successive propagation speed 31 2.3.1.4. Estimation of propagation direction using satellite 32 2.3.2. Applications 34 2.3.2.1. SAVEX15 34 2.3.2.2. IORS18 40 2.3.3. Assessment 45 2.3.3.1. Propagation speed 45 2.3.3.2. Propagation direction 48 3. Results and Discussion 49 3.1. Characteristics of NLIWs in the northern ECS 49 3.1.1. Observed NLIWs 49 3.1.2. Modeled NLIWs 60 3.1.3. Seasonal variation 63 3.2. Generation of NLIWs in the northern ECS 70 3.3. Propagation of NLIWs from the generation sites 75 3.4. Limitation of KdV models 78 4. Conclusion 82 References 85 Abstract in Korean 92๋ฐ•

    Equivalent Circuit Modelling of FFR Transducer Array for Sonar System Design

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    Free-Flooded Ring (FFR) transducer array for use in Sonar system can be driven with large amplitude in a wide frequency band due to its structural characteristics, in which two resonances of a ring mode (1st radial mode) and an inner cavity vibration mode occur in a low frequency band. Since its sound wave generation characteristics are not influenced by the water pressure, the FFR transducer array is widely used in the deep sea. So FFR has been recognized as a low-frequency active sound source and has received much attention ever since. In order to utilize the FFR transducer array for SONAR systems in military and industrial applications, its equivalent electric circuit model is necessary especially to design the matching circuit between the driving power amplifier and the FFR transducer array. Thus this paper proposes the equivalent electric circuit model of FFR transducer array by using measured values of parameter, and suggest the improved method of parameter identification. Finally it verifies the effectiveness of the proposed circuit model of FFR transducer array by experimental measurements.11Yscopuskc

    Userโ€˜s satisfaction of space design of hiking paths in healing forest

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(์‚ฐ๋ฆผํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ์œค์—ฌ์ฐฝ.๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ์—์„œ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด, ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„ ์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ(์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์œ ๋ฌด, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€) ๋ฐ ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ(์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ, ์พŒ์ ์„ฑ, ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ) ๋“ฑ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ, ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์น˜์œ ์›์˜ ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2021๋…„ 5์›” 12์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 15์ผ๊นŒ์ง€, 214๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์œ ๋ฌด, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์ด ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์œ ๋ฌด, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ, ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์—๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ๋„ ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ „๋žต์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.Rapid industrial development has brought changes to human lives. There is a growing public interest in the hiking paths in healing forest which is perceived to improve health while also enjoying nature. There is a need consider the factors that affect peopleโ€™s satisfaction when designing these hiking paths in healing forest, and thus is the motivation of this research. This study examined how social characteristics(gender, age group, health status, marital status, residence, and economic level) and design factors(accessibility, connectivity, comfort, and convenience) of the hiking paths in healing forest affect usersโ€™ satisfaction. The personal characteristics of the users of National Forest Healing Center selected as the research target were investigated, and the perception and user satisfaction of the design elements of the hiking paths in healing forest were investigated. The survey was conducted from May 12 to 15, 2021. This study used survey as the data collection method and interviewed a total of 214 respondents. Results of the study revealed that among the personal characteristics of users, there were significant differences in user satisfaction according to age, marital status, and residence. Meanwhile, among the design factors, accessibility and convenience were concluded to have a positive effect on user satisfaction. In addition, when the user's age group, marital status, and residence were included in this design element analysis, it was confirmed that age group had a significant effect on usersโ€™ satisfaction, along with accessibility and convenience. This can imply that there is a difference in satisfaction according to the age of the users, and the accessibility and convenience of the hiking paths, with also having a positive effect on peopleโ€™s satisfaction. It is therefore importantfor the designer to establish hiking paths in healing forests with considerations on these factors.๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก โ…ฐ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์งˆ๋ฌธ 3 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ 5 2. ํ–‰๋™์œ ๋„์„ฑ ์ •์˜์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 8 3. ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 13 4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  18 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 21 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 22 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 23 1. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ค์ • 23 2. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ • 24 3. ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜• 26 4. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 27 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 29 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ ์ด์šฉ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ 29 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ด์šฉ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ 34 1. ์ด์šฉ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 34 2. ์ด์šฉ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 36 3. ์ด์šฉ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์พŒ์ ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 37 4. ์ด์šฉ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 39 5. ์ด์šฉ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 40 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 42 1. ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 42 2. ์น˜์œ ์ˆฒ๊ธธ ์„ค๊ณ„์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 42 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 44 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  46 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 49 ๋ถ€๋ก 56 Abstract 62์„

    Aliphatic polyketone/polycarbonate blends compatibilized with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride)

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์กฐ์žฌ์˜.๋ฐ˜๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ์ผ€ํ†ค (PK)์€ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์—ด์ , ํ™”ํ•™์ , ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‚ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ์—…์  ์ด์šฉ์— ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์—…์  ์ด์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” PK์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋‚ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ PK์™€ ๋‚ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์—ด๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์ธ ํด๋ฆฌ์นด๋ณด๋„ค์ดํŠธ (PC)๋ฅผ ์šฉ์œตํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ PK/PC ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PK/PC ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์ œ์˜ ๋„์ž…์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, PK/PMMA ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, PK ๋ฐ PC ๋ชจ๋‘์™€ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์ œ ๋„์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-๋ฌด์ˆ˜๋ง๋ ˆ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์ œ๋กœ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์šฉํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์ œ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ , ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-๋ฌด์ˆ˜๋ง๋ ˆ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์ž์œ  ๋ผ๋””์นผ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ PK ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ PC ์ž…์ž์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์žฅ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์˜ ํฐ ์ €ํ•˜ ์—†์ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, 3 phr์˜ poly(MMA-co-MA) ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ๋Š” PK ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ตœ๊ณ  35% ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์€ poly(MMA-co-MA)๊ฐ€ PK, PC ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์นœํ™”๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉํ™”์ œ๋กœ์จ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™๊ณผ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ƒ ์ž…์žํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ฑฐ๋™ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ฐ•์ธํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Polyketone (PK), a semi-crystalline polymer, is a next-generation engineering plastic with excellent thermal, chemical and mechanical properties. However, due to its relatively low impact strength, PK is limited in some commercial applications. So, an improvement in impact strength is required for commercial use. In this study, in order to increase the poor impact strength of PK, PK/PC blends were prepared by melt blending of PK and polycarbonate (PC) which is a thermoplastic polymer having excellent impact resistance. Since the PK/PC blend exhibits incompatibility, it is necessary to introduce an appropriate compatibilizer in order to produce a blend having excellent properties. First, the compatibility of PK/PMMA blend and the intermolecular attraction between two polymers were investigated. It was confirmed that the partial compatibility was observed. Thereafter, for the introduction of a compatibilizer having excellent compatibility with both PK and PC, a methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer was prepared and added as a compatibilizer. Compatibilization effect and the changes in mechanical properties and morphology associated with the content of the compatibilizer were investigated. At this time, the methyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride copolymer was copolymerized by free radical polymerization in the form of random copolymer. As the compatibilizer was added, the size of the PC particles dispersed in the PK was greatly reduced and the impact strength was increased without decreasing tensile properties. In particular, when the content of poly(MMA-co-MA) was 3 phr, the impact strength was improved by up to 35% compared to neat PK. This improvement in compatibility and impact strength is due to the fact that poly(MMA-co-MA) effectively worked as a compatibilizer with affinity for both PK and PC. From the results of morphology and impact strength, it was confirmed that there is an optimum dispersed phase particle size for effectively improving the impact strength. The results of fracture behavior observation indicates that the formation of massive crazes is main toughening mechanism and this is responsible for the improved impact strength in the Izod impact test.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.1. ํด๋ฆฌ์ผ€ํ†ค (PK) 1 1.2. ํด๋ฆฌ์นด๋ณด๋„ค์ดํŠธ (PC) 2 1.3. ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 2 1.4. ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ 5 1.5. ์—ด๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์ˆ˜์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ•์ธํ™” 6 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  8 โ…ก. ์‹คํ—˜ 15 1. ์‹œ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ 15 2. ๊ณต์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํด๋ฆฌ์ผ€ํ†ค ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ ์ œ์กฐ 16 2.1. Poly(MMA-co-MA)์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 16 2.2. ์šฉ์œตํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ PK/PC ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ 16 3. ๋ถ„์„ 18 3.1. PK์™€ PMMA์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 18 3.2. Poly(MMA-co-MA)์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 20 3.3. PK/PC ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 21 โ…ข. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 30 1. PK/PMMA ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์šฉ์„ฑ 30 2. ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ poly(MMA-co-MA)์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 36 3. PK/PC ๋ธ”๋ Œ๋“œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 42 3.1. ๋™์—ญํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ 42 3.2. ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™ (morphology) 44 3.3. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฌผ์„ฑ 49 3.4. ๋ฐ˜์‘์ƒ์šฉํ™” ํ‰๊ฐ€ 55 3.5. ํŒŒ๊ดด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ 57 โ…ฃ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  59 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 61 ABSTRACT 64Maste

    Common bile duct stones associated with pancreatobiliary reflux and disproportionate bile duct dilatation

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    Occult pancreatobiliary reflux (PBR) in patients with a normal pancreatobiliary junction has been studied by various methods, but the exact etiology, mechanisms, and implications of this reflux have not yet been clarified. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of PBR and patterns of biliary ductal dilatation in patients with acute calculous cholangitis by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).We retrospectively evaluated the degree of PBR and pattern of bile duct dilatation in patients with acute calculous cholangitis due to distal CBD (common bile duct) stones (Group A) as compared with patients with malignant CBD obstruction due to distal CBD cancer (Group B). All related data were prospectively collected. Bile juice was aspirated at the proximal CBD for measurement of biliary amylase and lipase before the injection of contrast dye. The diameters of the CBD and the peripheral intrahepatic duct (IHD) were calculated after contrast dye injection. Patients with pancreatobiliary maljunction and/or gallstone pancreatitis were excluded from the study.ERCP was performed on 33 patients with calculous cholangitis (Group A) and 12 patients with malignant CBD obstruction (Group B). Mean levels of bile amylase and lipase were significantly higher (Pโ€Š<โ€Š.05) in group A (1387 and 6737โ€ŠU/l, respectively) versus those in group B (32 and 138โ€ŠU/l, respectively). Thirty patients in group A (90.9%) showed disproportionate dilatation (i.e., CBD was and IHD was not dilated), whereas only 4 patients in group B (33%) showed disproportionate dilatation.The results of this study suggest that patients with calculous cholangitis exhibit PBR that is associated with disproportionate bile duct dilatation.ope

    Serum CA 19-9 and CEA Levels as a Prognostic Factor in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

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    PURPOSE: To investigate the use of pretreatment carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as prognostic factors to determine survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and received surgery, chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy was performed. Factors, including CA 19-9 and CEA, associated with the survival of pancreatic cancer patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Patients with the median age of 65 years were included (n=187). Elevated serum CA 19-9 levels and CEA levels were observed in 75.4% and 39% of patients at diagnosis, respectively. CEA was correlated with tumor stages (p=0.005), but CA 19-9 was not. CA 19-9 and CEA were elevated in 69.0% and 33.3% of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer, and elevated in 72.9% and 47.2% of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, respectively. The median overall survival of the normal serum CEA group was longer than that of the elevated serum CEA group (16.3 months vs. 10.2 months, p=0.004). However, the median overall survival of the normal serum CA 19-9 group was not different from that of the elevated serum CA 19-9 group (12.4 months vs. 13.5 months, p=0.969). The independent factors associated with overall survival were advanced pancreatic cancer [harzard ratio (HR) 4.33, p=0.001] and elevated serum CEA level (HR 1.52, p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Patients with elevated serum CEA level at diagnosis demonstrated poor overall survival. Pretreatment CEA level may predict the prognosis of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.ope

    Liver transplantation for metastatic colon cancer with hepatic failure: A case report

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    The liver is the most common site of distant metastasis of colorectal cancer, and surgical resection is the only therapy that offers the possibility of a cure. However, only 10๏ฝž20% patients with colorectal liver metastases are candidates for surgical resection upon initial presentation. For patients with unresectable liver metastasis, systemic chemotherapy or hepatic arterial chemoembolization, radiofrequency thermal ablation and immunotherapy are used as alternative therapies. In general, colorectal liver metastasis is an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation. Here, we present the case of a patient who has survived cancer-free for more than 2 years after liver transplantation as rescue therapy for acute hepatic failure after chemoembolization for liver metastasis from colon cancer. This case demonstrates that liver transplantation may be a curative modality in selected patients with hepatic failure and colorectal liver metastasis.ope

    Comparison of the Naranjo and WHO-Uppsala Monitoring Centre criteria for causality assessment of adverse drug reactions

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    Background/Aims : Several criteria have been proposed to increase the objectivity, reliability and validity of causality assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADR). We compared the Naranjo probability scale and the World Health Organization- Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) causality categories to evaluate the validity and clinical usefulness of these criteria. Methods : We evaluated 100 ADR cases with the Naranjo probability scale and the WHO-UMC causality categories. The Spearman rank coefficient was used to determine the correlation of these criteria. The evaluation of the ADR was categorized into four groups for the Naranjo system: definite, probable, possible, and doubtful, and six groups for the WHOโ€UMC: certain, probable, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified, and unassessable. Results : The criteria used form these two systems showed some differences when compared with the same ADR cases. The Spearman rank coefficient was 0.519 (p<0.001) and the agreement was 55% between the Naranjo probability scale and the WHO-UMC causality categories. The Naranjo probability scale includes measurements for drug concentration, objective evidence of ADR, ADR to previous exposures, responses to placebo, and the dose adjustment of drugs. However, few cases were evaluated for all of these measures. Conclusions : The Naranjo probability scale may be helpful for assessing unexpected ADRs and useful for evaluators with little experience. However, some of the items are not utilized and there are discrepancies when compared with the WHO-UMC causality criteriaope

    Two Cases of Calcinosis Cutis Combined with Rheumatologic Disease

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    The calcinosis, dystrophic soft tissue calcification, occurs in damaged or devitalized tissues normal calcium/phosphorus metabolism. It is the subcutaneous tissues of connective tissues disease ??primarily systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, or dermatomyositis ??and may involve a relatively localized area. The calcinotic accumulations may result in muscle atrophy, joint contractures, and skin ulceration complicated by recurrent episodes of local inflammation and infection. Calcinosis may be the source of both pain and disability in connective tissue disease patients. While various therapeutic modality have been used, no treatment has convincingly prevented or reduced calcinosis. We report two cases of calcinosis cutis combined with rheumatic disease.ope
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