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    ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๋†์—…์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋†์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œ๋†์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๋ฐ•๋ฏธ์„ .More than half of the worlds population lives in urban areas, and one-third of the urban dwellers live in desperate poverty without access to adequate food. Given that urban poverty has become a serious problem, urban agriculture has been regarded as one of the major strategies for securing food in various cities. Many conditions exist in urban agriculture, which vary in agricultural types and systems. However, only few studies have been conducted, that too, on a limited scale, providing information about conditions for the implementation of urban agriculture. Based on these contexts, the purpose of this study is to identify conditions for urban agriculture for its better implementation. This study used literature that focused on the food supply role of urban agriculture as analysis data to classify the urban agriculture conditions within the three dimensionsโ€”necessity, ability, and opportunityโ€”and the enabling and constraining conditions for urban agriculture within these dimensions were identified. Additionally, this study determined the primary and secondary conditions for urban agriculture according to the degree mentioned in the literature. Overall, our work provides a decisive guideline for identifying the priorities of the conditions to be considered when establishing urban agriculture revitalization policies. This paper will contribute to the establishment of effective urban agriculture policies in urban development and planning.์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋„์‹œ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋„์‹œ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 3๋ถ„์˜ 1์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋นˆ๊ณค ์†์— ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๋นˆ๊ณค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋„์‹œ๋†์—…์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ „๋žต ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์‹œ๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ๋†์—…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์  ์‹œํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋†์—… ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ ์‹œํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋†์—…์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ๋†์—…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”, ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ธฐํšŒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ๋†์—…์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ๋†์—… ์‹คํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ๋†์—… ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ๋†์—…์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Abstract i Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Abbreviations vii 1. Introduction 1 2. Review of Literature 5 2.1. Urban Agriculture and Knowledge Gap 5 2.2. Urban Agriculture and Condition Analysis 6 3. Theoretical Background 9 3.1. Urban Agriculture and Food Security 9 3.2. Urban Agriculture and Income Levels 12 3.3. Enabling and Constraining Conditions 14 3.4. Compositional Elements of Urban Agriculture 18 4. Data and Procedure 21 4.1. Literature Selection 23 4.2. Coding and Tabulating 25 5. Results 27 5.1. Descriptive Analysis 27 5.2. Conditions for Urban Agriculture 31 5.2.1. Necessity 31 5.2.2. Ability 35 5.2.3. Opportunity 38 6. Discussion 51 6.1. The Rise of Urban Agriculture 52 6.2. Enabling Conditions and Income Levels 57 6.3. Constraining Conditions and Income Levels 63 6.4. Urban Agriculture Conditions and Urban Planning 67 7. Conclusion 72 References 74 Appendix 1. List of Included Articles for Analysis 95 Appendix 2. Condition List 109 Abstract in Korean 118Maste

    ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‡Œ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ „์œ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํํšŒ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋‡Œ ์ž๊ทน ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ๊น€์„ฑ์ค€.์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋‡Œ ์ž๊ทน์ˆ ์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ทนํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒ˜(FDA)์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ์”จ ๋ณ‘, ๊ฒฝ์ง์žฅ์• , ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ, ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์žฅ์•  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํ˜„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ฐœํšŒ๋กœ(้–‹ๅ›ž่ทฏ, open-loop)๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ค‘ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ๋™์ผ ์ž๊ทน์กฐ๊ฑด ์ „๊ธฐ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์กฐ์ง์— ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์งˆํ™˜์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ž๊ทนํŒŒํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž๊ทน๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๋‹จ์ถ•๋˜์–ด, ์ž๊ทน๊ธฐ ๊ต์ฒด์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ถ•๋˜์–ด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ถˆํŽธ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์—, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ค‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๊ทน์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํํšŒ๋กœ (้–‰ๅ›ž่ทฏ, closed-loop) ์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋‡Œ ์ž๊ทน์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋„ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ๋‡Œ ๊ตญ์†Œ ์ „์œ„ (Local field potential, LFP) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํํšŒ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋‡Œ ์ž๊ทน์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋„ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ง‘์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์•ก์ •ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์•ก์ •ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์ฑ„๋„ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋‡Œ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž๊ทน ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ†ต์ฆ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์„ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ์—์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ทน์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ (Pearsons correlation analsys)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‡Œ ๊ตญ์†Œ ์ „์œ„์˜ ํŠน์ • ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ ๊ตญ์†Œ ์ „์œ„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํํšŒ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž… ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ํํšŒ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋™์ž‘์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ฑ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ํ†ต์ฆ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‡Œ ๊ตญ์†Œ ์ „์œ„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ •๋œ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ๋‡Œ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy that can be used to alleviate symptoms of neuropathic disorders such as Parkinsons disease, essential tremor, dystonia, and neuropathic pain. Even though the method has matured for widespread implantation of the device worldwide, the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS are still unclear. Moreover, current DBS system is an open-loop system so a flexible and effective neuromodulation that depends on severity of patients symptoms is yet to be made available. The open-loop configuration also wastes power due to its continuous generation of stimulation current pulses, requiring frequent exchange of implanted battery. In this dissertation, we studied a local field potential-based closed-loop deep brain stimulation (CDBS) system and its use for controlling neuropathic pain. A multichannel DBS electrode was developed based on a novel LCP material using improved fabrication process. Stimulation parameters of the CDBS system were determined from preliminary experiments including behavioral tests and neural recordings. A correlation analysis was performed between changes in recorded local field potential (LFP) and changes in scored results of behavioral tests related to neuropathic pain proved to yield important information for the closed-loop strategy. Finally, a prototype CDBS system for neuropathic pain was developed and validated in vivo.Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Biological background 1.1.1 Neuropathic pain 1.1.2 Neural pathway of neuropathic pain and current treating methods 1.1.3 Anatomical characteristics of ventral posterior lateral nucleus 1.2 Overview of brain stimulation 1.2.1 Brain stimulation 1.2.2 Mechanisms and stimulation condition of DBS 1.2.3 Deep brain stimulation for neuropathic pain 1.3 Closed-loop deep brain stimulation system 1.3.1 Current deep brain stimulation system: Open-loop system 1.3.2 Closed-loop concept for neural prosthetic devices 1.3.3 Requirements for closed-loop deep brain stimulation system 1.4 Objectives of this dissertation 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Multichannel deep brain stimulation electrode 2.1.1 Liquid crystal polymer (LCP) 2.1.2 Electrode design 2.1.3 Volume of tissue activated (VTA) simulation 2.1.4 Surgical process design: Electrode implantation 2.1.5 Fabrication process 2.1.6 Characteristics measurements 2.2 Preliminary experiments 2.2.1 TST neuropathic modeling 2.2.2 Electrode implantation 2.2.3 Deep brain stimulation (DBS) 2.2.4 Behavioral tests (von Frey test and duration test) 2.2.5 Neural recording 2.2.6 Signal processing 2.2.7 Correlation analysis 2.3 Closed-loop stimulator 2.3.1 Overview of closed-loop DBS system for neuropathic pain 2.3.2 Closed-loop deep brain stimulation strategy for neuropathic pain 2.3.3 Prototype implementation 2.3.4 Prototype measurements: performance test 2.3.5 Animal experiments: in vivo application 3. Results 3.1 Multichannel deep brain stimulation electrode 3.1.1 Results of VTA simulation 3.1.2 Fabrication process 3.1.3 Developed electrode 3.1.4 Results of characteristics measurements 3.2 Results of preliminary experiments 3.2.1 Results of behavioral tests (von Frey tests and duration tests) 3.2.2 Results of neural recording (Local field potential, LFP) 3.2.3 Results of correlation analysis 3.2.4 Results of histological study 3.3 Closed-loop stimulator 3.3.1 Developed closed-loop deep brain stimulation strategy 3.3.2 Developed prototype closed-loop stimulator 3.3.3 Results of performance measurements 3.3.4 Results of in vivo experiments 4. Discussion 4.1 Improved LCP process for multiple LCP layers 4.2 Volume of tissue activated (VTA) issues 4.3 Correlation analysis 4.4 Closed-loop stimulator 4.4.1 Correction method based on neural spikes 4.4.2 Power consumption 4.4.3 Size of the system 4.4.4 Response time of closed-loop control 4.5 Gliosis 5. Conclusion References Acknowledgement Abstract in KoreanDocto

    Die neurolinguistische Betrachtung des Fremdsprachenerwerbs

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    Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht die zwei traditionellen Thesen รผber den Fremdspracherwerb kritisch zu analysieren und alternative Interpretationen vorzunehmen, die die neurolinguistischen Studien vorschlagen. GemรครŸ der ersten These, bekannt unter dem Schlagwort โ€ž'kritische Periode", kann man sich eine Fremdsprache nicht mehr wie eine Mutterspache aneignen, wenn der Beginn des Sprachwerbs erst nach Ende des kritischen Zeitraums (ca. im Alter von 13 Jahren) einsetzt. Die zweite These zu den โ€ž'Besonderheiten des Gehirns von Fremdsprachenlernern" besagt, dass sich die Hirnstruktur der Fremdsprachenlernern von derjenigen der Muttersprachlern unterscheidet. Gegen die beiden Thesen sprechen die neurolingusitischen Befunde, die mit Hilfe von Bildgebungsverfahren wie EEG sowie fMRT erzielt wurden. Diese Studien belegen, dass keine kritische Periode fรผr den Fremdssprachenerwerb existiert, und auch die Gehirnstruktur der Fremdsprachenlernern sich nicht von derjenigen der Muttersprachler unterscheidet. Zu den beiden Missverstรคndissen fรผhrt, dass man einerseits das Leistungsniveau (โ€ž'Proficiency") bisher nicht berรผcksichtigt und andererseits den Umstand vernachlรคssigt hat, dass der Fremdspracherwerb stufenweise erfolgt. Wรคhrend die Sprachverarbeitung der Fremdsprache in der frรผhen Phase ihres Erwerbs von derjenigen der Mutterspacher abweicht, nรคhert sie sich jedoch in spรคteren Phasen der muttersprachlichen Sprachverarbeitung zunehmend an. Die verschiedenen neurolinguistischen Beweise fรผr diese These werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit ausfรผhrlich vorgestellt und erรถrtert. Dank ihres neurolinguistischen Ansatzes vermag diese Arbeit einige Vorschlรคge zu entwickeln, die als Grundlage fรผr die Ausarbeitung neuer Lern-und Lehr-Modelle fรผr den Fremdsprachenerwerb dienen kรถnnen. Sollten zukรผnftige Arbeiten bestรคtigen, dass diese Vorschlรคge plausibel und praktikabel sind, kรถnnen sie als ein erster Schritt zur Entwicklung eines anspruchsvollen didaktischen Modells fรผr den Fremdsprachenerwerb angesehen werden, das im DaF-Unterricht angewandt werden kann

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    ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™”์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ œ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด ์™ธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋„ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‹ค๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์•„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด ์Šต๋“ Multilingualismus์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์–ธ์–ด ์Šต๋“ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ์Šต๋“๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด ์ง€์‹์ด ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ์Šต๋“์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ์Šต๋“๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค(์ด์„ฑ์€ 2012 ์ฐธ๊ณ ). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ œ3์–ธ์–ด ์Šต๋“์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.In der bisherigen Fremdsprachenforschung wird meistens der Zweitspracherwerb behandelt. Man hat sich dagegen mit dem Drittspracherwerb nur wenig beschรคftigt, der nach dem Erst- und Zweitspracherwerb erfolgt. Der Drittspracherwerb wird jedoch allmรคhlich zum alltรคglichen Phรคnomen, weil man weltweit auรŸer der Muttersprache und einer Fremdsprache, รผberwiegend Englisch, noch eine andere Fremdsprache erwirbt. Deswegen wird sich der Bedarf an Forschung รผber den Drittspracherwerb erhรถhen. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, einen รœberblick รผber die Forschung zum Drittspracherwerb zu geben, um auf diese Weise eine theoretische Grundlage fรผr zukรผnftige Studien im Rahmen der deutschen Sprachwissenschaft zu schaffen. In diesem รœberblick befasse ich mich mit dem Drittspracherwerb auf drei Ebenen - der phonogischen, der lexikalischen und der syntaktischen Ebene. Zuerst werde ich in Kapitel 2 die Einflussfaktoren erklรคren, die in der Drittspracheforschung berรผcksichtigt werden sollen

    A Study on the Prediction Method for Manoeuvrability of Ship by Using CFD

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด, CFD์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค CFDํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ OpenFOAM์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ฒฉ ๊ฒฉ์ž(overset mesh) ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ƒ(two phase)์œ ๋™์—์„œ์˜ ํƒ€ ๋‹จ๋…์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ overset ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์žํ•ญ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ Golden stain์˜ body-force method๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ถ”๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจํ˜•์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์ž์œ  ํ•ญ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž์œ  ํ•ญ์ฃผ ๋ชจํ˜•์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์†๋ชจํ˜•์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MMG(Mathematical Model Group)๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ CFD๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ข…์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ•ด์„ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.This study is a fundamental study to examine the accuracy and usability of CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) for the manoeuvrability of ships. We confirm the applicability of the overset technique by performing rudder open water calculations and ship resistance performance calculations in two phase flows using the overset mesh function provided by an open-source CFD tool kit(OpenFOAM). Furthermore, thrust was implemented using Golden stein's body-force method instead of the vessel's actual propeller shape to estimate the self-propulsion performance. The analysis results from calculation were compared with the model test to verify the validity of the results.Finally, we have developed a library for reproduce the ship's free sailing and confirmed the accuracy and usability of CFD-based manoeuvring performance analysis compared with the results of the Mathematical Model Group (MMG) based manoeuvring performance and free sailing model tests.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 2. Numerical Method 5 2.1 ์„ ๋ฐ•์กฐ์ข…์šด๋™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 5 2.2 ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 7 2.2.1 ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 8 2.2.2 ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 12 2.2.3 ์ค‘์ฒฉ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 15 3. CFDํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 18 3.1 ํƒ€ ๋‹จ๋… ์‹œํ—˜ ํ•ด์„ 18 3.2 ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ•ด์„ 27 3.3 ์žํ•ญ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ•ด์„ 32 3.4 ์กฐ์ข…์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ•ด์„ 37 3.4.1 ์„ ๋ฐ• ์กฐ์ข… ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 39 3.4.2 ์กฐ์ข… ์šด๋™ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€ํ†  44 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  54 5. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 56Maste

    Job satisfaction of clerical staff in the general hospital

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณ‘์›๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ฆˆ์Œ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ถ•์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์› ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง์›์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์ด ๋ณ‘์›๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์–ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง์›์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ € ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ง์› 157๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” Herzberg์˜ ์œ ์ง€-๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ์š”์ธ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 1985๋…„ 5์›” 3์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5์›” 10์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์œจ, ์‚ฐ์ˆ ํ‰๊ท , ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ, ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜, x**2 ๊ฒ€์ •, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์‘๋‹ต์ž์ค‘ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ 2/3์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 20๋Œ€๊ฐ€, ํ•™๋ ฅ์€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—…์ด, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋…„์ˆ˜๋Š” 5๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ 17๊ฐœ ์š”์ธ์ค‘ 15๊ฐœ ์š”์ธ (์ ์„ฑ, ์Šน์ง„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€์˜ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ, ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ฐœํœ˜, ์ƒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ, ์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ๋…, ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ฒ˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ, ์ž‘์—…์กฐ๊ฑด, ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ์ „์ง ์˜์‚ฌ, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ, ๊ถŒํ•œ, ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์˜ ์ ๋‹น์„ฑ)์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  2๊ฐœ ์š”์ธ (์—…๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰, ์ฑ…์ž„)์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์š”์ธ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์š”์ธ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ ์ˆ˜์ธ 3์ ์„ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์Šน์ง„๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€์˜ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ, ์ „์ง์˜์‚ฌ, ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์˜ ์ ๋‹น์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ œํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์„ฑ, ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ถ€์„œ, ์ง์œ„, ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋…„์ˆ˜, ์›”ํ‰๊ท ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์•ก์€ ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•™๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์–‘๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ž์˜ 2์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋ช…๋œ 15์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 14์š”์ธ์ด ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ ์„ฑ, ์ƒ์‚ฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ฒ˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ผ์ˆ˜ ๋ก ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง๋ฌด๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. 6. ์ž…์ง๋™๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ˜„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์ธ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] During the past two decades, management of the hospital has been emphasized the rationalization. It has been suggested that the job satisfaction of hospital clerical staff, who might play an important role for management of hospital, influences hospital management. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between the job satisfaction factors and the job satisfaction of hospital clerical staff. The survey was based on the questionnairs of 157 clerical staff in two general hospitals. The survey questionnairs were based on Herzberg's maintenance-motivation factors theory. The period for the data was during 8 days, May 3 through May 10, 1985. The data were analyzed by percentage, arythmatic mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, chi square and analysis of variance. The results were as a follows: 1. In general characteristics, major distributions showed as follows: Women were 2/3, age was twenties, education level was high school graduates and work period was less than 5 years. 2. The correlation between the job satisfaction factors and the job satisfaction level : There were statistically significant correlations between the fifteen factors out of seventeen factors (aptitude, possibility of promotion, coincidence with senior, relation with colleague, self-confidence, supervision of senior, climate of work place, working conditions, job security, mind toward change of occupation, recognition for accomplishment, authority, suitability of salary) and the job satisfaction. There were not significant correlations between work load, job responsibility and job satisfaction level. 3. The distribution of the mean point of each job satisfaction factors showed low level in the promotion, coincidence with individual goal, mind toward change of occupation and suitability of salary and the other facrors showed bove average level. 4. The significant difference between general characteristics and job satisfactions showed statistically significant difference in the sex, age, work department, work period, salary and existence and nonexistence of dependent family, education level were not significant difference. 5. The trend between the job satisfaction factors and job satisfaction level showed statistically significant correlation the 14 factors. The more aptitude, relation with senior and climate of work place were positive, the more job satisfaction level was high and the more negative, the more low. The more the other factors were negative, the more job satisfaction level was low. 6. The motives of employment showed deu to the high esteem of the hospital in view of the in majority. The one most desire was the salary increase.restrictio

    (The) acoustic properties of nasalized vowels in simulated VPI

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    ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •/์„์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์—ฐ์ธ๋‘ ํ์‡„ ๋ถ€์ „(Velopharyngeal Incompetence) ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋ง์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„ ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„๊ฐ• ๊ณต๋ช…์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋Œ€๋น„์„ฑ(hypernasality) ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋™ ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์Œ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ(Nasometer)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„ ์Œ์น˜(Nasalance score)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ(Spectrum)์˜ LPC๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๋จผ ํŠธ(formant) ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์Œํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Œ(nasalized vowe l)์˜ ์Œํ–ฅ์Œ์„ฑํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ •์ƒ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž 21๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ์™€ ์ธ์œ„์  ์—ฐ์ธ๋‘ ํ์‡„ ๋ถ€์ „์‹œ ์—ฐ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๋น„์Œ์น˜ ๋ฐ ํฌ๋จผํŠธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํฌ๋จผํŠธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๋จผํŠธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋น„์™€ ๋ชจ์Œ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์Œ ์‚ผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜ ์—ฌ ๋น„์Œํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ง ๋ช…๋ฃŒ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1.๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ€์ „์‹œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์Œ์— ๋”ฐ ๋ฅธ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ •์ƒ์‹œ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋Š” ์ „์„ค๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์ค‘ยทํ›„์„ค๋ชจ์Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’๊ณ (/์ด ,์—/ > /์•„, ์šฐ, ์˜ค/), ๋ถ€์ „์‹œ ๋น„์Œ์น˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ชจ์Œ์ด ์ค‘ยท์ €๋ชจ์Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(/์ด, ์šฐ/ > /์—, ์˜ค, ์•„/). 2. ๋น„์Œํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ํฌ๋จผํŠธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์€ ํฌ๋จผํŠธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. F1์€ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๋†’์ด ์ž์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ชจ์Œ์ธ /์ด/, /์šฐ/ ๋ชจ์Œ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋ชจ์Œ์ธ / ์—/, /์˜ค/ ๋ชจ์Œ์€ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €๋ชจ์Œ์ธ /์•„/ ๋ชจ์Œ์€ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. F2๋Š” ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ์ „ํ›„ ์ž์งˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์„ค๋ชจ์Œ ์ธ /์ด/, /์—/ ๋ชจ์Œ๊ณผ ์ค‘์„ค ๋ชจ์Œ์ธ /์•„/ ๋ชจ์Œ์€ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ›„์„ค๋ชจ์Œ์ธ /์˜ค/ ๋ชจ์Œ์€ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , /์šฐ/ ๋ชจ์Œ์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜ ๋‹ค. F3๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ์Œ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ๋น„์Œํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ํฌ๋จผํŠธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋น„๋Š” F2/F1๊ณผ F3/F1์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ์Œ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. 4. ๋น„์Œํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„์™€ ๋ชจ์Œ ์‚ผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์‹œ์™€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์Œ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„ ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋ชจ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ชจ์Œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š ์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์‹œ์™€ ๋ถ€์ „์‹œ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๋น„์Œ์น˜์™€ ํฌ๋จผํŠธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ ์„ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ช…๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์Œํ–ฅํ•™์  ์›๋ฆฌ ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ์Œ์‹œ ์—ฐ์ธ๋‘ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ง€์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„์Œํ™”๋œ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ์Œ ํ–ฅ์Œ์„ฑํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง ๋ช…๋ฃŒ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. The acoustic properties of nasalized vowels in simulated VPI Sung Eun Lee Graduate Program in Speech Pathology Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Hong Shik Choi) The purpose of this study is to examine the acoustic properties of nasalized vowels in simulated VPI. Twenty one male adults without VPI produced 5 types of vowels in two conditions - normal and simulated VPI condition. Nasalance score and 3 formant frequencies were measured for each vowel. Two formant frequency ratios - F2/F1, F3/F1 and the vowel scattergram were obtained. These data from each condition were compared. The results were as follows : 1) For all vowels, nasalance scores were significantly higher in simulated VPI condition than in normal condition. The two conditions yielded different patterns in terms of the degree of nasalance across the 5 vowels. In normal condition, nasalance scores were higher in front vowels than in medial or back vowels. But in simulated VPI condition, nasalance scores were higher in high vowels than in mid or low vowels. 2) Formant frequency shifts resulting from simulated VPI exhibited different patterns depending on vowels. F1 increased in high or mid vowels but decreased in low vowel. F2 decreased in front or medial vowels. In back vowels, no significant change of F2 was noted in /u/. But, significant increase of F2 was noted in /o/. F3 decreased in all vowels. 3) Formant frequency ratios - F2/F1 and F3/F1 were significantly lower in simulated VPI condition than in normal condition regardless of the kinds of vowels. 4) In the vowel scattergram, nasalized vowels dispersed widely compared to non-nasalized vowels. The vowel triangle of nasalized vowels was smaller than that of non-nasalized vowels. These results suggested that acoustic changes of nasalized vowels may affect speech intelligibility.ope

    An Analysis of Middle School Teachers Teaching Practice in 'Work and Energy' and Epistemological Beliefs:

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต), 2012. 2. ์œ ์ค€ํฌ.๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ง€์‹์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํŠน์ • ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ • ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋… ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ, ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋… ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ํ•™์œ„, ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 4๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋‹จ์› ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2์ฐจ์‹œ์”ฉ, ์ด 4์ฐจ์‹œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋…นํ™” ๋ฐ ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…นํ™”๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ 1๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ํ›„, ๋งค๋ถ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ดํ™” ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋… ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์•ฝ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ, ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋…์€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์™€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด๋‹ด์€ ๋…น์Œ ๋ฐ ์ „์‚ฌ ๋œ ํ›„ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ 4๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๊ณผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋‹จ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” 4๋ช… ์ค‘ 3๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด, ์‹คํ—˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” 4๋ช…์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์‹์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ A๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋…๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ต์‚ฌ A์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด ํ™•์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ง€์‹ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ณ„ํš ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณ€์ธ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์กฐํšŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ A์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋…์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ B์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€๋ช…๋œ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๊ต์‹ค ์•ž์— ๋‚˜์™€ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–‘๋ฐฉ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •๊ตํ™”์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ B์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋…์ด ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ง€์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ C์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค. ์œ„์น˜์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€์ธ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์‹ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ C์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋…์ด ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต์‚ฌ C ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ง€์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ D๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋…๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ•์˜์‹๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์—… ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด์ „ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋งŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง€์‹ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด ํ™•์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘๋ฐฉ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ D์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์™€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋…์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋…์€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์  ์‹ ๋…์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์ž์  ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์‹ ๋…์ด ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ „ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์‹ ๋… ๋ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์  ์‹ ๋…์— ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.Although many researchers recognize the importance of social-constructivist approach that knowledge is socially constructed, empirical studies for teachers' practice of it in science classroom are insufficient. For understanding teachers teaching practice, research on teachers epistemological beliefs in science and teaching science has been conducted. Many of them have investigated an assumption of teachers epistemological beliefs in science automatically translate into their instructional practice and relationship between teachers epistemological belief in science and teaching science. Yet, they have not been arrived at a unanimous conclusion. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between teachers teaching practice and their epistemological beliefs from social constructivist perspective to understand teaching practice for middle school science teachers in Korea. Four middle school science teachers who taught ninth-grade classes participated in the research. For understanding teachers teaching practice, this study observed their classrooms including in lecture and lab classes for Work and Energy. Total of 16 classes were video-recorded and transcribed. The holder of the initiative, information flow patterns and instruction types were analyzed by minute-to-minute. Teachers' questioning was also examined in light of its social functions and how teacher and students contributed in a process of knowledge construct was investigated by discourse maps in whole class discourses. Besides, for examining their epistemological beliefs in science teaching and science, the semi-structured interview protocol was developed and conducted about one hour for each teacher. When analyzing teachers beliefs in teaching science, results were divided by when supposing ideal conditions or considering real situations. All of interviews were audio-taped and transcribed. The result shows that four teachers classrooms in Work and Energy were diverse from social constructivist perspective, and in lab classes seemed to be were more close to social constructivist approach than those in lecture type. In lecture classes, three teachers had the initiative and two-way information flow type appeared in most of the time. However, in lab classes, all of teachers spent more times in giving initiations to students, and in multiple-way information flow type appeared than in lecture type classes. Teacher As beliefs in science teaching and science were close to a social constructivist approach. However, in her lecture classes, she had the initiative and did display questions to students that allowed them to contribute passively in knowledge constructing processes. In her lab classes, she allowed her students to contribute actively for planning and selecting variables in experiment by referential questioning. It seemed that her teaching practices in lab classes were relatively moderate to social constructivist approach. Therefore, in teacher As case, it can be said that teacher As beliefs in science are related to her beliefs in teaching science, but those were not translate into her teaching practice. Teacher Bs lecture classes appeared relatively close to a social constructivist approach than others classes. After designated student who held the initiative did responsive construction with other students, he did elaborative construction on knowledge that constructed by students previously through additions or corrections. This seemed that teacher Bs close teaching beliefs to a social constructivist approach were embodied in his teaching practices. However, he was a moderate supporter of social constructivism in science. Teacher Cs lab classes appeared relatively close to a social constructivist approach than others classes. By giving opportunities to her students for selecting variables and planning experiment about potential energy in small groups, she allowed them to contribute actively in knowledge constructing processes. This seemed that teacher Cs teaching beliefs to a social constructivist approach were embodied in her teaching practices like teacher C. However, she was a moderate supporter of social constructivism in science. Teacher Ds beliefs in science teaching and science appeared far from social constructivist approach. His lecture and lab classes seemed to be also far from social constructivist approach than others classes. In his classes, there were some episodes about consensual construction that teacher contributed in a knowledge construction and students agreed and responded passively. Furthermore, responsive construction episodes that teacher did display questions and student contributed passively were also included. Therefore, in teacher Ds case, it can be said that teachers D beliefs in science and beliefs in teaching science were translate into his teaching practice. These findings could suggest that science teachers beliefs in science and teaching science are related to their teaching practice. Thus it can be suggested that beliefs in social constructivism in science and teaching science are regarded a necessary condition for teaching practice. Furthermore, for understanding teachers teaching practice more fully, it can be suggested that considering teachers teaching experiences can also be related to their beliefs in teaching science and science. Furthermore, investigating a dialectical relationship between teachers' epistemological beliefs and teaching practice can be needed in further research.Maste
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