86 research outputs found
κ·ΈλνΌν± μΉ΄λ³Έ λμ΄νΈλΌμ΄λ κ΄μ΄λ§€λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν N-νλκΈλ¦¬μ μ ν카볡μ€ν 1,4-첨κ°λ°μ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : 곡과λν ννμ물곡νλΆ, 2022.2. μ λμ.νμ λ³΅μ¬ μλμ§μ μ½ 43%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§νκ³ μλ κ°μκ΄μ μ μ§μκ°λ₯(sustainable)νκ³ μΈμ²΄μ 무ν΄ν μΉνκ²½μ μΈ μλμ§μμ΄μ§λ§, λλΆλΆμ μ κΈ°λ¬Όλ€μ κ°μκ΄μ μμμ νμ₯μ ν‘μνμ§ λͺ»νλ―λ‘ ννλ°μμ μ μ΄νκ³ μ‘°μ νλλ° ν¬κ² μ΄μ©λμ§ λͺ»ν΄ μλ€. νμ§λ§, 2000λ
λ νλ°, Ru(bpy)32+λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μλ°νμ΄λ(aldehyde)μ λΉλμΉ μν¬ν λ°μ(asymmetric alkylation reaction), [2+2] μ΄λ
Ό(enone)μ κ³ λ¦¬ν 첨κ°λ°μ(cycloaddition reaction)μ΄ μκ°λ μ΄νμ κ°κ΄λ°κΈ° μμνμ¬, κ°μκ΄μ μ μν΄ νμ±νλμ΄ λΌλμΉΌ(radical) λ°μμ μ λν μ μλ 루ν
λ(ruthenium), μ΄λ¦¬λ(Iridium) κΈ°λ°μ λ€μν μ μ΄κΈμ μ΄λ§€κ° νλ°νκ² κ°λ°λκ³ μ΄μ©λ¨μ λ°λΌ κ°μκ΄μ μ μ΄μ©νλ κ΄μ΄λ§€ μ κΈ°λ°μμ κ°λ°μ΄ λΉ λ₯Έ μλλ‘ λ°μ νκ³ μλ€.
κ·Έλ¬λ, 루ν
λ, μ΄λ¦¬λμ ν¬κ·μμλ€(rare earth elements)λ‘ μμ°κ³μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ μμ΄ λ§€μ° μ νμ μ΄λ©°, κ· μΌ μ΄λ§€λ‘ μ¬μ¬μ©μ μ΄λ €μμ΄ μμ΄ μ§μ ν μλ―Έμ μ§μκ°λ₯ν κΈ°μ λ‘ λ³΄κΈ°μλ λ¬΄λ¦¬κ° μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ·ΈλνΌν± μΉ΄λ³Έ λμ΄νΈλΌμ΄λ(graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4) κ΄μ΄λ§€λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ κΈ° ν©μ±λ²μ κ°λ°μ΄λ€. κ·ΈλνΌν± μΉ΄λ³Έ λμ΄νΈλΌμ΄λλ μ§κ΅¬μμ λ§€μ° νλΆν νμ(C)μ μ§μ(N)κ° κ΅λλ‘ λ°°μ΄λλ©΄μ μ‘κ°νκ³ λ¦¬κ° 2μ°¨μμΌλ‘ νΌμ³μ§ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°λ λ°λ체 λ¬Όμ§λ‘, λ°΄λκ°(band gap)μ΄ μ½ 2.6 eVλ‘ κ°μκ΄μ μ ν‘μνκΈ°μ μ ν©νλ©° λμ μ΄μ μμ μ± λ° ννμ μμ μ±μ κ°μ§κ³ μμ΄ μ¬μ¬μ©μ΄ κ°λ₯νλ€λ μ₯μ μ΄ μλ€. μ΄λ‘ μΈν΄ νμμλμ§λ‘ λ¬Όμ μμμ μ°μλ‘ λΆν΄νλ κΈ°μ μ μ£Όλ‘ μ μ©λμ΄ μ°κ΅¬λμ΄ μμΌλ©°, μ κΈ°ν©μ±μμ μμ©μ λ§€μ° μ νμ μ΄λ©° μμ§ μμλ¨κ³μ΄λ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ λͺ¨λΈ λ°μμΌλ‘ N-νλκΈλ¦¬μ (N-phenylglycine)μ ν카볡μ€ν 1,4-첨κ°λ°μ(decarboxylative 1,4-addition)μ μννμ¬, μ΅μ μ λ°μ쑰건(μ©λ§€μ’
λ₯, μΌκΈ°μ’
λ₯, μ΄λ§€ μ¬μ©λ λ±)μ λ°νμΌλ©°, μ΄ λ°μ쑰건μ λ€μν λ§μ΄ν΄ μμ©μ²΄(Michael acceptor)λ€μ μ μ©νμ¬ λ°μμ μμ©λ²μλ₯Ό νμ₯νμλ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ κΈ°λ°μλ€μ μ κ²½μ λ¬λ¬Όμ§λ‘ μμ©νλ κ°λ§μλ―Έλ
Έμ° μ λ체(Ξ³-amino acid derivative)λ€μ ν©μ±νλλ° μ μ©λ μ μμ΄ μ°μ
μ μΈ μ μ©μ±μ΄ μλ€. κΈ°μ‘΄μ 루ν
λ, μ΄λ¦¬λ κΈ°λ° κ΄μ΄λ§€λ₯Ό λ체ν μ μλ μΉνκ²½μ μ΄λ©° μ§μκ°λ₯ν μ κΈ° ν©μ±λ²μ κ°λ°μ΄λΌλ λ©΄μμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ μλ―Έκ° μλ€.Visible light occupies 43 % of solar radiation energy. It is sustainable and harmless to the human body, but it is rarely utilized for controlling chemical reactions because most organic matter cannot directly absorb visible light. In the late 2000, photochemical reaction started to gain attention after the introduction of an asymmetric alkylation reaction of aldehydes catalyzed by Ru(bpy)32+, and [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of enone. Recently, various transition metal catalysts based on ruthenium and iridium transition metals have been rapidly discovered and widely utilized for various organic reactions. However, ruthenium and iridium are rare earth elements; therefore, they could not be genuinely sustainable technology.
Alternatively, graphitic carbon nitride is a semiconductor material that consists of earth-abundant carbon and nitrogen and absorbs visible light because its bandgap is 2.6 eV. Moreover, it is thermally and chemically stable and easily recycled due to its heterogeneous nature. Thus, graphitic carbon nitride has been intensively applied to solar energy-driven water-splitting reactions; however, applications to organic reactions are rarely discovered and limited.
This thesis demonstrated decarboxylative 1,4-addition of N-phenylglycine to conjugated esters via graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysis. We figured out optimized reaction conditions (e.g. solvent, base, and catalyst amount) and extended the applicability of the reaction to various Michael acceptors. Our finding enables an environmentally friendly and sustainable method for synthesizing neurotransmitters such as Ξ³-amino acid analogs, which indicates the industrial applicability of our reaction.ABSTRACT 3
Table of Contents 5
LIST OF FIGURES 6
LIST OF SCHEMES 6
LIST OF TABLES 6
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7
1. Introduction 9
1.1. Ξ³-Amino acid 9
1.2. Synthetic methods of Ξ³-amino acid analogs 12
1.3. Graphitic carbon nitride 13
1.4. Purpose of research 16
2. Result & Discussion 18
2.1. Photoredox decarboxylative alkylation 18
2.2. Control experiments of the photoreaction 19
2.3. Proposed mechanism of the reaction 21
2.4. Reactions with different conditons 23
3. Conclusion 30
4. Experimental Details 31
4.1. General information 31
4.2. Procedure for the Michael acceptor 2b 31
4.2. General Procedure for the photoredox decarboxylative alkylation 32
REFERENCES 36
APPENDICES 39
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 56μ
μ΄μν μ ννΉμ±μ μ΄μ©ν μμμ μμμ§μ μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μμ곡νκ³Ό,1997.Maste
κ°λ°μ νꡬμ ν΄μ κ° μ§κ°μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯: μλ‘ μ λμλ₯Ό μ€μ¬μ§λ‘
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : λμ
μλͺ
κ³Όνλν μνμ‘°κ²½Β·μ§μμμ€ν
곡νλΆ(μνμ‘°κ²½ν), 2019. 2. μ€ν¬μ°.This study aims to examine the time-varying effects of greenbelt cancellation on surrounding land values, using random-coefficient multilevel modeling. The study site is Wirye New Town in Seoul, South Korea, an example of a government-driven urban development project on a repealed greenbelt, and the study period is from 1996 to 2015. The results suggest that the greenbelt cancellation has generated positive externalities on the remaining nearby greenbelt within a 500 m range, peaking at the groundbreaking for construction of the project, up to a price increment of 11.2% for each 100 m closer to the site. For non-greenbelt land parcels, a similar pattern was observed: externalities peaked at the announcement of the development plan with a relatively lower magnitudeβup to 2.1%. These positive externalities might be due to increased expectation for a continued cancellation of greenbelts and heightened investment potential. In the rest of the study site beyond the 500 m range, the greenbelt cancellation and subsequent urban development seemingly yielded negative effects on both the greenbelt and non-greenbelt land parcels. Or, alternatively, the greenbelt effects might possibly be negligible due to remoteness, being masked by the effects of proximity to the urban center. The findings of this study will provide urban planners with better understanding of the economic impact of greenbelt cancellation on land markets.λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ λ€μΈ΅ 무μμ κ³μ λͺ¨ν(Random-coefficient multilevel model)μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ κ°λ°μ νꡬμ ν΄μ κ° μ£Όλ³ μ§μμ μ§κ°μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ μκ°μ λ°λΌ λΆμνμλ€. μ°κ΅¬ λμμ§λ μ λΆ μ£Όλλ‘ λ°μν κ°λ°μ νꡬμ ν΄μ μ§μ κ°λ° μ¬λ‘ μ€ νλμΈ μλ‘ μ λμμ΄λ©°, μ°κ΅¬ κΈ°κ°μ 1996λ
λΆν° 2015λ
κΉμ§μ΄λ€. μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό, κ°λ°μ νꡬμ ν΄μ λ ν΄μ μ§μμΌλ‘λΆν° 500m λ΄ μμΉν μμ‘΄ κ°λ°μ νꡬμ νμ§μ κΈμ μ μΈ μΈλΆ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°μμν€λ κ²μΌλ‘ νμΈλμλ€. μΈλΆ ν¨κ³Όλ μλ‘ μ λμ 건μ€μ΄ μμν μ§ν μ΅λμΉλ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘νμ¬, λμμ§μ 100m κ°κΉμμ§μλ‘ 11.2%μ μ§κ° μμΉμ μ΄λνλ κ²μΌλ‘ κ΄μΈ‘λμλ€. λμμ§μμ 500m λ΄ μμΉν λΉκ°λ°μ νꡬμ νμ§μμλ μλ‘ μ λμ λ°ν μ§ν 100m κ·Όμ ν λλ§λ€ μ§κ°κ° 2.1% μ¦κ°νλ μμμ΄ κ΄μΈ‘λμ΄, μμ‘΄ κ°λ°μ νꡬμ νμ§μ μμΉν보λ€λ μμμ§λ§ μ μ¬ν κ²½ν₯μ νμΈν μ μμλ€. μμ κ°μ κΈμ μ κ°κ²© ν¨κ³Όλ μΆκ°μ μΈ κ°λ°μ νꡬμ ν΄μ μ λν κΈ°λκ°κ³Ό ν¬μ κ°μΉ μμΉμ΄ κ²°ν©λμ΄ λνλ κ²μΌλ‘ μΆμ λλ€. λμμ§λ‘λΆν° 500m μ΄μ 거리μ μμΉν νμ§λ€μ κ°λ°μ¬νꡬμ ν΄μ μ μλ°λλ κ°λ° κ³νμ λΆμ μ μΈ μν₯μ λ°λ κ²μΌλ‘ κ΄μΈ‘λμλ€. μ΄λ κ°λ°μ νꡬμκ³Όμ κ±°λ¦¬κ° λ©μ΄ κ°λ°μ νꡬμμ μν₯λ ₯μ΄ μμμ§λ©°, λ°λ©΄ λμ¬(μ μ€, κ°λ¨)κ³Όμ μ κ·Όμ±μ΄ λμμ Έ λμ¬μ μν₯λ ₯μ΄ μ»€μ§ κ²°κ³Όλ‘ μΆμ λλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ λμ κ³νκ°λ€μκ² κ°λ°μ νꡬμ ν΄μ κ° ν μ§ μμ₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ κ²½μ μ μν₯μ λν μ 보λ₯Ό μ 곡ν κ²μΌλ‘ κΈ°λλλ€.Abstract i
List of Figures iii
List of tables iii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Background 5
2.1 Greenbelts in Korea 5
2.2 Wirye New Town 7
Chapter 3. Literature review 10
Chapter 4. Analytical design 13
4.1 Research question 13
4.2 Study site and period 13
4.3 Data 14
4.4 Measures 15
4.5 Analytical plan 19
Chapter 5. Analytical results 22
(1) Result for population-mean coefficient 22
(2) Result for group-specific coefficients 29
Chapter 6. Conclusion and discusssion 33
Reference 39
Abstract (Korean) 48Maste
Multi-Mode Image Compression for Frame Memory Reduction
DoctorIn modern TV sets such as LCD TVs and OLED TVs, techniques that require a frame memory suffer from increasing memory requirements because of the steady increase in the resolution of modern TVs. Thus, reducing the frame data size is considered necessary to achieve a sufficient decrease in the memory requirements. As a result, image compression algorithms are employed to achieve the required data reduction. The employed image compression algorithms are required to compress the frame data below a given target size because the whole frame data must be stored within a limited memory.
Block truncation coding (BTC) algorithms are good candidates for that purpose because of their fixed encoded size. BTC algorithms divide the given image into non-overlapping blocks and perform a two-level quantization on each block. The encoded size is identical to all blocks and is determined by the block size. However, BTC algorithms have some critical drawbacks caused by the two-level quantization. For example, the preservation of gradual edges is low because they cannot be represented by only two levels. Similarly, the image quality degrades rapidly as the block size increases because two levels will be insufficient to represent the contents of large blocks. To overcome these drawbacks, multimode algorithms have been introduced. The multimode algorithms employ multiple encoding modes that differ in the number of quantization levels. Generally, the encoded size increases with the increase of the number of quantization levels. Thus, an optimum selection of encoding modes exists that minimizes the encoding error whereas the accumulated size of the compressed blocks does not exceed the target size. Unfortunately, the mode selection of the existing multimode algorithms is not optimal.
To solve the above problem, I propose a multimode image compression algorithm that selects the encoding modes near-optimally. For that purpose, the encoding mode selection of a multimode image compression algorithm is first formulated as a multiple-choice knapsack problem (MCKP). The proposed multimode image compression algorithm takes advantage of the MCKP-formulated mode selection problem. Because MCKP is NP-hard, the proposed algorithm solves the linear relaxation of MCKP (LMCKP) to determine the encoding mode of each block. In addition, a memory-efficient implementation of the LMCKP-based mode selection algorithm is proposed. To emphasize the effect of the LMCKP-based mode selection, the proposed multimode image compression algorithm adopts encoding modes from conventional multimode image compression algorithms. In experiments using the Kodak test image set, the proposed algorithm outperformed benchmark algorithms by 2.4-7.7 dB in the average peak signal-to-noise ratio when the target compression ratio is 1/6.LCD TVλ OLED TVμ κ°μ νν λμ€νλ μ΄ TVμ μ μ©λλ κ°μ’
κΈ°μ μ€μμ νλ μ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μ μ¬μ©μ΄ νμν κΈ°μ λ€μ TV ν΄μλμ μ¦κ°μ λ°λΌ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬ ν¬κΈ° λ° λ°μ΄ν° μ μ‘νμ΄ μ¦κ°νλ λ¬Έμ μ μ§λ©΄νκ³ μλ€. μ΄λ¬ν λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬ μꡬλμ μ¦κ°λ₯Ό μνμν€κΈ° μν΄μλ μ μ₯ν΄μΌ νλ νλ μ λ°μ΄ν°μ ν¬κΈ°λ₯Ό μ€μΌ νμκ° μλ€. μ΄μ²λΌ μꡬλλ νλ μ λ°μ΄ν°μ ν¬κΈ°λ₯Ό μ κ°μν€κΈ° μν΄μ μμ μμΆμ΄ μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ μ¬μ© λλ€. μ΄ λ, μμΆλ νλ μ λ°μ΄ν°κ° νλ μ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μ λͺ¨λ μ μ₯λμ΄μΌ νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ νλ μ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ κ°μν€κΈ° μν΄μ μ μ©λλ μμ μμΆ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦λ€μ νλ μ λ°μ΄ν°κ° μ£Όμ΄μ§ λͺ©ν ν¬κΈ° μ΄νλ‘ μμΆλλ κ²μ 보μ₯ν μ μμ΄μΌ νλ€.
Block truncation coding (BTC) κΈ°λ°μ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦λ€μ μ£Όμ΄μ§ μμμ κ³ μ λ ν¬κΈ°λ‘ μμΆνκΈ° λλ¬Έμ νλ μ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬ μ κ°μ μν΄μ μ¬μ©νκΈ°μ μ ν©ν νΉμ±μ κ°μ§λ€. μ€μ λ‘ LCD overdrive κΈ°μ μμλ BTC κΈ°λ°μ μμ μμΆ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ λ§μ΄ μ¬μ©νμλ€. BTC κ³μ΄μ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦λ€μ μμμ μ¬λ¬ κ°μ λΈλ‘μΌλ‘ λλ νμ κ° λΈλ‘μ 2κ° κ°μΌλ‘ μμνν΄μ νννλ©°, μμΆλ ν¬κΈ°λ μ¬μ©νλ λΈλ‘ ν¬κΈ°μ μν΄μ κ²°μ λλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ BTC μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ λΈλ‘ λ΄μ λͺ¨λ ν½μ
κ°μ λ κ°μ λνκ°μΌλ‘ νννκΈ° λλ¬Έμ λΈλ‘μ μ 보λ₯Ό νννλλ° νκ³λ₯Ό κ°μ§λ€. μλ₯Ό λ€λ©΄, λ¨κ³μ μΌλ‘ λ³νλ κ²½κ³μ μ΄λ ν¬κΈ°κ° ν° λΈλ‘μ μ¬μ©ν λλ νννμ§ λͺ»νλ μ λ³΄κ° λ§μμ§κ² λλ©΄μ μ 체μ μΈ νμ§μ΄ λ¨μ΄μ§κ² λλ€. μ΄λ¬ν BTC μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ λ¬Έμ μ μ 극볡νκΈ° μν΄μ λ€μ€ λͺ¨λ μμ μμΆ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦λ€μ΄ λ€μ κ°λ°λμλ€. μ΄λ€ λ€μ€ λͺ¨λ μμ μμΆ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦λ€μ μμν λ 벨μ μκ° λ€λ₯Έ μ¬λ¬ μμΆ λͺ¨λλ₯Ό κ°μ§λ©°, μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ μμΆλ ν¬κΈ°λ μμν λ 벨μ μκ° λ§μμ§λ©΄ μ¦κ°νκ² λλ€. λ°λΌμ, μμΆμ μν λ°μ΄ν° μμ€μ μ΅μννλ©΄μ μμΆλ λΈλ‘λ€μ ν¬κΈ° μ΄ν©μ΄ λͺ©ν ν¬κΈ° μ΄νκ° λλλ‘ νλ μ΅μ μ μμΆ λͺ¨λ ν λΉμ΄ μ‘΄μ¬νλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ κΈ°μ‘΄μ λ€μ€ λͺ¨λ μμ μμΆ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μμλ μμΆ λͺ¨λ μ νμ΄ μ΅μ νλμ§ μμμ μΆκ°μ μΈ κ°μ μ΄ κ°λ₯νλ€.
μ΅μ νλμ§ μμ μμΆ λͺ¨λ μ¬μ©μ μν΄μ μ νλλ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό κ·ΉλννκΈ° μν΄μ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μ΅μ μ μμΆ λͺ¨λλ₯Ό μ ννλ λ€μ€ λͺ¨λ μμ μμΆ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ μ μνμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μν΄μ, μμΆ λͺ¨λ μ νμ μ΅μ ν λ¬Έμ μ€ νλμΈ multiple choice knapsack problem (MCKP)λ‘ λ³νν ν, MCKPκΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ μμΆ λͺ¨λλ₯Ό μ ννλ λ€μ€ λͺ¨λ μμ μμΆ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ μ μνμλ€. μ μν μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μμλ MCKPκΈ°λ°μ μμΆ λͺ¨λ μ νμ ν¨μ¨μ μΌλ‘ ν΄κ²°νκΈ° μν΄μ MCKPλ₯Ό μ μ½μ‘°κ±΄μ linear relaxationν MCKP (LMCKP)λ‘ λ³νν΄μ νμλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ μνλ LMCKP κΈ°λ°μ μμΆ λͺ¨λ μ νμ ν¨κ³Όμ μΌλ‘ ꡬνν μ μλ λ°©λ²λ ν¨κ» μ μνμλ€. μ μνλ ꡬν λ°©μμμλ LMCKPμμ κ³ λ €νλ λΈλ‘μ μ§ν©μ μ¬λ¬ κ°μ λΆλΆ μ§ν©μΌλ‘ λλ νμ κ° λΆλΆ μ§ν©μ λν΄μ LMCKP κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ μμΆ λͺ¨λλ₯Ό μΌμ°¨μ μΌλ‘ κ²°μ νκ² λλ€. μΌμ°¨μ μΌλ‘ κ²°μ ν κ° λΆλΆ μ§ν©μ μμΆ λͺ¨λλ 보μ κ³Όμ μ ν΅ν΄μ μ 체 μ§ν©μ μμΆ λͺ¨λλ‘ λ³΄μ λλ€. μ μνλ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μμλ μμΆ λͺ¨λ μ νμ λ°λ₯Έ μ±λ₯ λ³νλ₯Ό κ°μ‘°νκΈ° μν΄μ κΈ°μ‘΄μ λ°©μλ€κ³Ό μ μ¬ν μμΆ λͺ¨λλ₯Ό μ¬μ©νμλ€. λͺ©ν μμΆλ₯ μ 1/6μΌλ‘ μ€μ ν΄μ μ€νν κ²°κ³Όμμ μ μνλ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦μ΄ λ²€μΉλ§ν¬ μκ³ λ¦¬μ¦λ€λ³΄λ€ νκ· PSNRμ΄ 2.4~7.7 dB λκ² λμ€λ κ²μ νμΈ ν μ μμλ€
μ²μλ λ―Έλν‘μ°μμ§ μμΈ‘λͺ¨νμ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬
κ΅μ 보건νκ³Ό/μμ¬[νκΈ]
2004λ
μ΄ν μ°λ¦¬λλΌμ μ€νμ ν‘μ°μ¨μ λ€μ μ¦κ°μΆμΈλ₯Ό 보μ΄κ³ μκ³ λ§μ μ νμ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ²μλ
κΈ° ν‘μ°μ΄ 건κ°λΏ μλλΌ λΉν, μ½λ¬Όμ€λ
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μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ κΈμ°μ΄ μ½μ§ μμ μ±μΈκΈ°λ³΄λ€ μ²μλ
κΈ° ν‘μ°μλ°©νλμ ν¨κ³Όκ° λμ± ν¬κ³ λλΆλΆμ μ±μΈμ΄ μ²μ λ΄λ°°λ₯Ό μ νλ μκΈ°κ° μ²μλ
κΈ°λΌλ κ²μ κ°μνλ€λ©΄ μ²μλ
μ λμμΌλ‘ ν ν¨μ¨μ μΈ ν‘μ°μλ°©κ΅μ‘μ λ°λμ νμν κ²μ΄λ€. νμ§λ§ μ΅κ·Ό νκ΅λ₯Ό μ€μ¬μΌλ‘ μ§νλλ ν‘μ°μλ°©νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ λν μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 보면 κ΅μ‘μ ν¨κ³Όκ° κΈ°λμ λ―ΈμΉμ§ λͺ»νλ€λ μ§μ λ€μ λ³Ό μ μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ ν‘μ°μλ°©κ΅μ‘μ μ§νμ μν΄ μ νμ°κ΅¬μμ μ£Όλ‘ μ§μ νλ λͺ¨λ νκΈ, λͺ¨λ νμμ λμμΌλ‘ μ€μνλ ν‘μ°μλ°©κ΅μ‘μ λ¬Έμ μ μ 보μνκ³ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨ ν¨κ³Όμ κ·Ήλνλ₯Ό μν λ°©λ²μΌλ‘ βμ²μλ
λ―Έλν‘μ°μμ§ μμΈ‘μμΈβμ λ°ν λ―Έλν‘μ° κ³ μν μ§λ¨μ μ°Ύμ λ΄κ³ μ νμλ€.μ²μλ
μ λ―Έλν‘μ°μμ§μ μ΄λ€ μμΈλ€μ΄ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλμ§ μ°Ύμλ΄κΈ° μν΄ βμ²μλ
ν‘μ°βκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨μ±μ΄ μλ μμΈλ€μ λ¬Ένκ³ μ°°μ ν΅ν΄ μ μ νμλ€. νμ¬ν‘μ°μν, ν‘μ°κ²½νμ 무, μ©λμμ€(μ), λΆλͺ¨μ ν‘μ°μν, ν‘μ°κ΅μ‘μ°Έμ¬ μ¬λΆ, λ΄λ°°λΈλλκ° μκ²¨μ§ μνμμ μ 무, μν μ, λΉλμ€ μ ν‘μ°μ₯λ©΄ λ
ΈμΆ μ λ, μΉκ΅¬μ ν‘μ°μν, μΉκ΅¬μ ν‘μ°κΆμ μ λν μμμΌλ‘ 10κ°μ μμΈλ€μ λ
립λ³μλ‘ μ μ νμλ€. 2004λ
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[μλ¬Έ]BackgroundCigarette smoking is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. It has been more important to protect adolescents from smoking rather than to conduct an intervention for adult smokers. To prevent adolescentsβ smoking, school-based programs have been widely developed and evaluated. However, studies to see weather the programs were effective or not produced mixed results. We proposed a prediction model of adolescentsβfuture smoking intention to identify a high risk group most probable to smoke in the future. With the model, more effective interventions targeting high risk youth groups could be implemented.ObjectiveThe study was to develop a prediction model for future smoking intention among adolescents, whose age ranged from 13 to 15 year olds in Korea. We explored the characteristics of adolescents at high risk of initiating smoking and estimated the prediction modelβs explanation level through ROC assessment.MethodsWe used the data from the 2004 Korea Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) and performed chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis to identify relevant variables associated with adolescentsβintention for the future smoking. ROC assessment was applied to estimate the explanation level of the Prediction Model.ResultsThe identified five determinants for the intention of the future smoking were having previous experience of smoking, having parents who were smokers, having an object with a cigarette brand logo, having closest friends who were currently smokers and having an intention of smoking from a friendsβoffer. These determinants were explaining 88% in the prediction model.ConclusionAccording to the previous studies, smoking prevention programs in schools are more effective for adolescents than for adults. In recent years, school-based smoking prevention programs have received considerable attention from the health promotion field.Based on the results, five determinants were identified to predict the future smoking for Korean adolescents. With the predictors of adolescentsβintention for the future smoking, the schools in Korea would be able to identify the high risk group for the future smoking instead of implementing a program for all students. A smoking prevention program could be more focused on the high risk group and be more effective.ope
National Strategies of Energy Exporters in the Middle East Towards the Shale Revolution - A Focus on Saudi Arabia and Qatar
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μ λν μ¬μ°λμλΌλΉμμ μΉ΄νλ₯΄μ λμ μ λ΅μ λΆμνλ€.The main aim of this paper is to examine and analyse national strategies of energy exporters in the Middle East towards the Shale revolution, which has greatly affected world politics and international economies in the 21st century. Since the late 2000s, due to the shale revolution, the export of shale energy by the U.S. and Canada have brought fundamental changes in the international energy market, which has now been transforming from a producer-centered to a consumer-centered market. Thus, it is necessary to examine and analyse the national strategies of traditional energy exporting countries in the Middle East, with regards to the international market, since both still have a tremendous influence in the international energy market. This will help better understand how the Shale revolution in North America affects the world energy market and international politics related to energy issues. This paper covers two countries in the Middle East -Saudia Arabia and Qatar- in examining and analysing national strategies of traditional energy exporters in the region with respect to the shale revolution: 1) Saudi Arabia as a main oil exporter in the Middle East; 2) Qatar as a main gas exporter in the Middle East. This paper begins by analysing some important factors how the Shale revolution has affected energy exporters of the Middle East in various ways
The Chinese Intellectuals in Predicament
Since Deng Hsiaoping seized the power of the Party, the Chinese goverrment adopted the Reform and Open Policy and re-introduced capitalist market economy. It insists that it is trying to construct Chinese characteristic socialism. In order to achieve this ulimate goal successfully the Chinese govrnment has attached great importance to the contribution by the scientists and technocrats, calling for intellectuals to construct a new spiritual civilization to meet the new situation.
The Chinese intellectuals, having traditionally acted as ruling elites, have thought that the matter of moral values and ideology is their proper task. However, their present situation is very different: they are no more regarded as leading elites, their knowledge is despised as a useless thing, and their income belong to the lowest class. Many intellectuals do not hesitate to confess a bitter feeling of embarassment that they have been fallen into the bottomless pit, and they are very skeptical to their newly assigned task.
Certainly, this situation resulted from the CCP policy oppressive to the intellectuals, especially the policy of liquidating them in the Great Cultural Revolution. Moreover the Party still insists on its dictatorship not tolerating political dissent. But their destiny was already foreboded in the New Culture Movement of the 1920s and the revolutionary movements of the following decades. The dominant trend in those years was oriented to radical anti-traditionalism, which was obsessed with excessive activism not based on solid scholarship and learning.
The revolutionary intellectuals advocated that the call for salvation of the nation was so urgent that thay had no choice but such activism, though not foreseeing how much price they had to pay. But the revolution, which they were so eagerly to support and participate in, forced corrupt and useless intellectuals to learn from innocent and pure people so that they could become good servant of the people. Following the path of the revoultion, they believed they could be reborn as major agents making new history.
The results, however, were almost total destruction of academic disciplines, in particular social sciences and humanities, and self-annhiliation of the intellectuals, which culminated in the Great Cultural Revolution. In retrospect of the past tragedy, the Chinese intellectuals have recently warned the danger of excessive concern for politics and radical idealism. Many of them have urged their collegues to abandon their presumptuous role as the supreme judge in the matter of ethics and moral values. But the author believes that the most urgent task of the intellectuals in contemporary China is to enhance their academic level up to the point corresponding to the rising status of New China
Pricing of lookback-strike put options with bounded payoff by equivalent martingale measure method
MasterThere are many types of exotic options on underlying assets in financial markets. Payoff of lookback put option depends on the maximum asset price during the contract period as well as the terminal price, exposing the option issuer to unbounded financial risks. We consider variations of lookback options by imposing barriers or caps which limit potential payoffs. No-arbitrage prices of new options in the Black-Scholes market are derived explicitly based on equivalent martingale measure method . We examine properties of these pricing formulas and calculate fair prices under some hypothetical but realistic market parameters, finding that the price reductions made by barriers or caps are significant
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