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    κ·Έλž˜ν”Όν‹± μΉ΄λ³Έ λ‚˜μ΄νŠΈλΌμ΄λ“œ 광촉맀λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ N-νŽ˜λ‹κΈ€λ¦¬μ‹ μ˜ νƒˆμΉ΄λ³΅μ‹€ν™” 1,4-μ²¨κ°€λ°˜μ‘

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 화학생물곡학뢀, 2022.2. μœ λ™μ›.νƒœμ–‘ 볡사 μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ˜ μ•½ 43%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ°€μ‹œκ΄‘μ„ μ€ 지속가λŠ₯(sustainable)ν•˜κ³  인체에 λ¬΄ν•΄ν•œ μΉœν™˜κ²½μ μΈ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ›μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μœ κΈ°λ¬Όλ“€μ€ κ°€μ‹œκ΄‘μ„  μ˜μ—­μ˜ 파μž₯을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ ν™”ν•™λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ œμ–΄ν•˜κ³  μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ”λ° 크게 μ΄μš©λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•΄ μ™”λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 2000λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜, Ru(bpy)32+λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ μ•Œλ°ν•˜μ΄λ“œ(aldehyde)의 λΉ„λŒ€μΉ­ μ•Œν‚¬ν™” λ°˜μ‘(asymmetric alkylation reaction), [2+2] 이논(enone)의 고리화 μ²¨κ°€λ°˜μ‘(cycloaddition reaction)이 μ†Œκ°œλœ 이후에 각광받기 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ—¬, κ°€μ‹œκ΄‘μ„ μ— μ˜ν•΄ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ–΄ 라디칼(radical) λ°˜μ‘μ„ μœ λ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ£¨ν…ŒλŠ„(ruthenium), 이리듐(Iridium) 기반의 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ „μ΄κΈˆμ† 촉맀가 ν™œλ°œν•˜κ²Œ 개발되고 μ΄μš©λ¨μ— 따라 κ°€μ‹œκ΄‘μ„ μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 광촉맀 μœ κΈ°λ°˜μ‘μ˜ 개발이 λΉ λ₯Έ μ†λ„λ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, λ£¨ν…ŒλŠ„, 이리듐은 ν¬κ·€μ›μ†Œλ“€(rare earth elements)둜 μžμ—°κ³„μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 양이 맀우 μ œν•œμ μ΄λ©°, 균일 μ΄‰λ§€λ‘œ μž¬μ‚¬μš©μ— 어렀움이 μžˆμ–΄ μ§„μ •ν•œ 의미의 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ 기술둜 λ³΄κΈ°μ—λŠ” 무리가 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ·Έλž˜ν”Όν‹± μΉ΄λ³Έ λ‚˜μ΄νŠΈλΌμ΄λ“œ(graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4) 광촉맀λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 유기 ν•©μ„±λ²•μ˜ κ°œλ°œμ΄λ‹€. κ·Έλž˜ν”Όν‹± μΉ΄λ³Έ λ‚˜μ΄νŠΈλΌμ΄λ“œλŠ” 지ꡬ상에 맀우 ν’λΆ€ν•œ νƒ„μ†Œ(C)와 μ§ˆμ†Œ(N)κ°€ κ΅λŒ€λ‘œ λ°°μ—΄λ˜λ©΄μ„œ μœ‘κ°ν˜•κ³ λ¦¬κ°€ 2μ°¨μ›μœΌλ‘œ νŽΌμ³μ§„ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” λ°˜λ„μ²΄ 물질둜, λ°΄λ“œκ°­(band gap)이 μ•½ 2.6 eV둜 κ°€μ‹œκ΄‘μ„ μ„ ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜κΈ°μ— μ ν•©ν•˜λ©° 높은 열적 μ•ˆμ •μ„± 및 화학적 μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ„ 가지고 μžˆμ–΄ μž¬μ‚¬μš©μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” μž₯점이 μžˆλ‹€. 이둜 인해 νƒœμ–‘μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ‘œ 물을 μˆ˜μ†Œμ™€ μ‚°μ†Œλ‘œ λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μˆ μ— 주둜 μ μš©λ˜μ–΄ μ—°κ΅¬λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μœΌλ©°, μœ κΈ°ν•©μ„±μ—μ˜ μ‘μš©μ€ 맀우 μ œν•œμ μ΄λ©° 아직 μ‹œμž‘λ‹¨κ³„μ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ¨λΈ λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œ N-νŽ˜λ‹κΈ€λ¦¬μ‹ (N-phenylglycine)의 νƒˆμΉ΄λ³΅μ‹€ν™” 1,4-μ²¨κ°€λ°˜μ‘(decarboxylative 1,4-addition)을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬, 졜적의 λ°˜μ‘μ‘°κ±΄(μš©λ§€μ’…λ₯˜, μ—ΌκΈ°μ’…λ₯˜, 촉맀 μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰ λ“±)을 λ°ν˜”μœΌλ©°, 이 λ°˜μ‘μ‘°κ±΄μ„ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 마이클 수용체(Michael acceptor)듀에 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ°˜μ‘μ˜ μ‘μš©λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό ν™•μž₯ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ κΈ°λ°˜μ‘λ“€μ€ μ‹ κ²½μ „λ‹¬λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ°λ§ˆμ•„λ―Έλ…Έμ‚° μœ λ„μ²΄(Ξ³-amino acid derivative)듀을 ν•©μ„±ν•˜λŠ”λ° 적용될 수 μžˆμ–΄ 산업적인 μœ μš©μ„±μ΄ μžˆλ‹€. 기쑴의 λ£¨ν…ŒλŠ„, 이리듐 기반 광촉맀λ₯Ό λŒ€μ²΄ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μΉœν™˜κ²½μ μ΄λ©° 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ 유기 ν•©μ„±λ²•μ˜ κ°œλ°œμ΄λΌλŠ” λ©΄μ—μ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆλ‹€.Visible light occupies 43 % of solar radiation energy. It is sustainable and harmless to the human body, but it is rarely utilized for controlling chemical reactions because most organic matter cannot directly absorb visible light. In the late 2000, photochemical reaction started to gain attention after the introduction of an asymmetric alkylation reaction of aldehydes catalyzed by Ru(bpy)32+, and [2+2] cycloaddition reaction of enone. Recently, various transition metal catalysts based on ruthenium and iridium transition metals have been rapidly discovered and widely utilized for various organic reactions. However, ruthenium and iridium are rare earth elements; therefore, they could not be genuinely sustainable technology. Alternatively, graphitic carbon nitride is a semiconductor material that consists of earth-abundant carbon and nitrogen and absorbs visible light because its bandgap is 2.6 eV. Moreover, it is thermally and chemically stable and easily recycled due to its heterogeneous nature. Thus, graphitic carbon nitride has been intensively applied to solar energy-driven water-splitting reactions; however, applications to organic reactions are rarely discovered and limited. This thesis demonstrated decarboxylative 1,4-addition of N-phenylglycine to conjugated esters via graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysis. We figured out optimized reaction conditions (e.g. solvent, base, and catalyst amount) and extended the applicability of the reaction to various Michael acceptors. Our finding enables an environmentally friendly and sustainable method for synthesizing neurotransmitters such as Ξ³-amino acid analogs, which indicates the industrial applicability of our reaction.ABSTRACT 3 Table of Contents 5 LIST OF FIGURES 6 LIST OF SCHEMES 6 LIST OF TABLES 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7 1. Introduction 9 1.1. Ξ³-Amino acid 9 1.2. Synthetic methods of Ξ³-amino acid analogs 12 1.3. Graphitic carbon nitride 13 1.4. Purpose of research 16 2. Result & Discussion 18 2.1. Photoredox decarboxylative alkylation 18 2.2. Control experiments of the photoreaction 19 2.3. Proposed mechanism of the reaction 21 2.4. Reactions with different conditons 23 3. Conclusion 30 4. Experimental Details 31 4.1. General information 31 4.2. Procedure for the Michael acceptor 2b 31 4.2. General Procedure for the photoredox decarboxylative alkylation 32 REFERENCES 36 APPENDICES 39 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 56석

    We must win the tobacco litigation for public health

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    초음파 μ „νŒŒνŠΉμ„±μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ μ•”μ„μ˜ 손상진전에 κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μžμ›κ³΅ν•™κ³Ό,1997.Maste

    κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•΄μ œκ°€ 지가에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯: μœ„λ‘€ μ‹ λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μ§€λ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 농업생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ μƒνƒœμ‘°κ²½Β·μ§€μ—­μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³΅ν•™λΆ€(μƒνƒœμ‘°κ²½ν•™), 2019. 2. μœ€ν¬μ—°.This study aims to examine the time-varying effects of greenbelt cancellation on surrounding land values, using random-coefficient multilevel modeling. The study site is Wirye New Town in Seoul, South Korea, an example of a government-driven urban development project on a repealed greenbelt, and the study period is from 1996 to 2015. The results suggest that the greenbelt cancellation has generated positive externalities on the remaining nearby greenbelt within a 500 m range, peaking at the groundbreaking for construction of the project, up to a price increment of 11.2% for each 100 m closer to the site. For non-greenbelt land parcels, a similar pattern was observed: externalities peaked at the announcement of the development plan with a relatively lower magnitudeβ€”up to 2.1%. These positive externalities might be due to increased expectation for a continued cancellation of greenbelts and heightened investment potential. In the rest of the study site beyond the 500 m range, the greenbelt cancellation and subsequent urban development seemingly yielded negative effects on both the greenbelt and non-greenbelt land parcels. Or, alternatively, the greenbelt effects might possibly be negligible due to remoteness, being masked by the effects of proximity to the urban center. The findings of this study will provide urban planners with better understanding of the economic impact of greenbelt cancellation on land markets.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ‹€μΈ΅ λ¬΄μž‘μœ„ κ³„μˆ˜ λͺ¨ν˜•(Random-coefficient multilevel model)을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•΄μ œκ°€ μ£Όλ³€ μ§€μ—­μ˜ 지가에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 μ‹œκ°„μ— 따라 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒμ§€λŠ” μ •λΆ€ μ£Όλ„λ‘œ λ°œμƒν•œ κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•΄μ œμ§€μ—­ 개발 사둀 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ μœ„λ‘€ μ‹ λ„μ‹œμ΄λ©°, 연ꡬ 기간은 1996λ…„λΆ€ν„° 2015λ…„κΉŒμ§€μ΄λ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό, κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•΄μ œλŠ” ν•΄μ œ μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 500m λ‚΄ μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ μž”μ‘΄ κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ 필지에 긍정적인 μ™ΈλΆ€ 효과λ₯Ό λ°œμƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ™ΈλΆ€ νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” μœ„λ‘€ μ‹ λ„μ‹œ 건섀이 μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 직후 μ΅œλŒ€μΉ˜λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘ν•˜μ—¬, λŒ€μƒμ§€μ— 100m κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ 11.2%의 지가 μƒμŠΉμ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μΈ‘λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λŒ€μƒμ§€μ—μ„œ 500m λ‚΄ μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ λΉ„κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•„μ§€μ—μ„œλ„ μœ„λ‘€ μ‹ λ„μ‹œ λ°œν‘œ 직후 100m κ·Όμ ‘ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ 지가가 2.1% μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 양상이 κ΄€μΈ‘λ˜μ–΄, μž”μ‘΄ κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•„μ§€μ˜ μƒμŠΉν­λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μž‘μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ κ²½ν–₯을 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μœ„μ™€ 같은 긍정적 가격 νš¨κ³ΌλŠ” 좔가적인 κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•΄μ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ κΈ°λŒ€κ°κ³Ό 투자 κ°€μΉ˜ μƒμŠΉμ΄ κ²°ν•©λ˜μ–΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •λœλ‹€. λŒ€μƒμ§€λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 500m 이상 거리에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ 필지듀은 κ°œλ°œμž¬ν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•΄μ œμ™€ μˆ˜λ°˜λ˜λŠ” 개발 κ³„νšμ— 뢀정적인 영ν–₯을 λ°›λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μΈ‘λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­κ³Όμ˜ 거리가 λ©€μ–΄ κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯이 μž‘μ•„μ§€λ©°, 반면 도심(μž μ‹€, 강남)과의 접근성이 λ†’μ•„μ Έ λ„μ‹¬μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯이 컀진 결과둜 μΆ”μ •λœλ‹€. λ³Έ 연ꡬ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ„μ‹œ κ³„νšκ°€λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°œλ°œμ œν•œκ΅¬μ—­ ν•΄μ œκ°€ 토지 μ‹œμž₯에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 경제적 영ν–₯에 λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λœλ‹€.Abstract i List of Figures iii List of tables iii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Background 5 2.1 Greenbelts in Korea 5 2.2 Wirye New Town 7 Chapter 3. Literature review 10 Chapter 4. Analytical design 13 4.1 Research question 13 4.2 Study site and period 13 4.3 Data 14 4.4 Measures 15 4.5 Analytical plan 19 Chapter 5. Analytical results 22 (1) Result for population-mean coefficient 22 (2) Result for group-specific coefficients 29 Chapter 6. Conclusion and discusssion 33 Reference 39 Abstract (Korean) 48Maste

    Multi-Mode Image Compression for Frame Memory Reduction

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    DoctorIn modern TV sets such as LCD TVs and OLED TVs, techniques that require a frame memory suffer from increasing memory requirements because of the steady increase in the resolution of modern TVs. Thus, reducing the frame data size is considered necessary to achieve a sufficient decrease in the memory requirements. As a result, image compression algorithms are employed to achieve the required data reduction. The employed image compression algorithms are required to compress the frame data below a given target size because the whole frame data must be stored within a limited memory. Block truncation coding (BTC) algorithms are good candidates for that purpose because of their fixed encoded size. BTC algorithms divide the given image into non-overlapping blocks and perform a two-level quantization on each block. The encoded size is identical to all blocks and is determined by the block size. However, BTC algorithms have some critical drawbacks caused by the two-level quantization. For example, the preservation of gradual edges is low because they cannot be represented by only two levels. Similarly, the image quality degrades rapidly as the block size increases because two levels will be insufficient to represent the contents of large blocks. To overcome these drawbacks, multimode algorithms have been introduced. The multimode algorithms employ multiple encoding modes that differ in the number of quantization levels. Generally, the encoded size increases with the increase of the number of quantization levels. Thus, an optimum selection of encoding modes exists that minimizes the encoding error whereas the accumulated size of the compressed blocks does not exceed the target size. Unfortunately, the mode selection of the existing multimode algorithms is not optimal. To solve the above problem, I propose a multimode image compression algorithm that selects the encoding modes near-optimally. For that purpose, the encoding mode selection of a multimode image compression algorithm is first formulated as a multiple-choice knapsack problem (MCKP). The proposed multimode image compression algorithm takes advantage of the MCKP-formulated mode selection problem. Because MCKP is NP-hard, the proposed algorithm solves the linear relaxation of MCKP (LMCKP) to determine the encoding mode of each block. In addition, a memory-efficient implementation of the LMCKP-based mode selection algorithm is proposed. To emphasize the effect of the LMCKP-based mode selection, the proposed multimode image compression algorithm adopts encoding modes from conventional multimode image compression algorithms. In experiments using the Kodak test image set, the proposed algorithm outperformed benchmark algorithms by 2.4-7.7 dB in the average peak signal-to-noise ratio when the target compression ratio is 1/6.LCD TVλ‚˜ OLED TV와 같은 ν‰νŒ λ””μŠ€ν”Œλ ˆμ΄ TV에 μ μš©λ˜λŠ” 각쒅 기술 μ€‘μ—μ„œ ν”„λ ˆμž„ λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬μ˜ μ‚¬μš©μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ€ TV ν•΄μƒλ„μ˜ 증가에 따라 λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬ 크기 및 데이터 전솑폭이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ— μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬ μš”κ΅¬λŸ‰μ˜ 증가λ₯Ό μ™„ν™”μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ €μž₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” ν”„λ ˆμž„ λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ 크기λ₯Ό 쀄일 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 이처럼 μš”κ΅¬λ˜λŠ” ν”„λ ˆμž„ λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ 크기λ₯Ό μ €κ°μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ˜μƒ 압좕이 적극적으둜 μ‚¬μš© λœλ‹€. 이 λ•Œ, μ••μΆ•λœ ν”„λ ˆμž„ 데이터가 ν”„λ ˆμž„ λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬μ— λͺ¨λ‘ μ €μž₯λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν”„λ ˆμž„ λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ €κ°μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ μš©λ˜λŠ” μ˜μƒ μ••μΆ• μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜λ“€μ€ ν”„λ ˆμž„ 데이터가 주어진 λͺ©ν‘œ 크기 μ΄ν•˜λ‘œ μ••μΆ•λ˜λŠ” 것을 보μž₯ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. Block truncation coding (BTC) 기반의 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜λ“€μ€ 주어진 μ˜μƒμ„ κ³ μ •λœ 크기둜 μ••μΆ•ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— ν”„λ ˆμž„ λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬ 저감을 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κΈ°μ— μ ν•©ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 가진닀. μ‹€μ œλ‘œ LCD overdrive κΈ°μˆ μ—μ„œλŠ” BTC 기반의 μ˜μƒ μ••μΆ• μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ 많이 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. BTC κ³„μ—΄μ˜ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜λ“€μ€ μ˜μƒμ„ μ—¬λŸ¬ 개의 λΈ”λ‘μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆˆ 후에 각 블둝을 2개 κ°’μœΌλ‘œ μ–‘μžν™”ν•΄μ„œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λ©°, μ••μΆ•λœ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 블둝 크기에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ κ²°μ •λœλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ BTC μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ€ 블둝 λ‚΄μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  픽셀값을 두 개의 λŒ€ν‘œκ°’μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λΈ”λ‘μ˜ 정보λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό 가진닀. 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, λ‹¨κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν•˜λŠ” κ²½κ³„μ„ μ΄λ‚˜ 크기가 큰 블둝을 μ‚¬μš©ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” ν‘œν˜„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 정보가 λ§Žμ•„μ§€κ²Œ λ˜λ©΄μ„œ 전체적인 ν™”μ§ˆμ΄ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λœλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ BTC μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 닀쀑 λͺ¨λ“œ μ˜μƒ μ••μΆ• μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜λ“€μ΄ λ‹€μˆ˜ κ°œλ°œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이듀 닀쀑 λͺ¨λ“œ μ˜μƒ μ••μΆ• μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜λ“€μ€ μ–‘μžν™” 레벨의 μˆ˜κ°€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œλ₯Ό 가지며, 일반적으둜 μ••μΆ•λœ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” μ–‘μžν™” 레벨의 μˆ˜κ°€ λ§Žμ•„μ§€λ©΄ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ, 압좕에 μ˜ν•œ 데이터 손싀을 μ΅œμ†Œν™”ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ••μΆ•λœ λΈ”λ‘λ“€μ˜ 크기 총합이 λͺ©ν‘œ 크기 μ΄ν•˜κ°€ λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 졜적의 μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œ 할당이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 기쑴의 닀쀑 λͺ¨λ“œ μ˜μƒ μ••μΆ• μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ—μ„œλŠ” μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œ 선택이 μ΅œμ ν™”λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μ„œ 좔가적인 κ°œμ„ μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. μ΅œμ ν™”λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œ μ‚¬μš©μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œ μ œν•œλ˜λŠ” 효과λ₯Ό κ·ΉλŒ€ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 졜적의 μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” 닀쀑 λͺ¨λ“œ μ˜μƒ μ••μΆ• μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ, μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œ 선택을 μ΅œμ ν™” 문제 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ multiple choice knapsack problem (MCKP)둜 λ³€ν™˜ν•œ ν›„, MCKP기반으둜 μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ” 닀쀑 λͺ¨λ“œ μ˜μƒ μ••μΆ• μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ œμ•ˆν•œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ—μ„œλŠ” MCKP기반의 μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œ 선택을 효율적으둜 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ MCKPλ₯Ό μ œμ•½μ‘°κ±΄μ„ linear relaxationν•œ MCKP (LMCKP)둜 λ³€ν™˜ν•΄μ„œ ν’€μ—ˆλ‹€. 그리고 μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” LMCKP 기반의 μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œ 선택을 효과적으둜 κ΅¬ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법도 ν•¨κ»˜ μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” κ΅¬ν˜„ λ°©μ‹μ—μ„œλŠ” LMCKPμ—μ„œ κ³ λ €ν•˜λŠ” λΈ”λ‘μ˜ 집합을 μ—¬λŸ¬ 개의 λΆ€λΆ„ μ§‘ν•©μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆˆ 후에 각 λΆ€λΆ„ 집합에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ LMCKP 기반으둜 μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œλ₯Ό 일차적으둜 κ²°μ •ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€. 일차적으둜 κ²°μ •ν•œ 각 λΆ€λΆ„ μ§‘ν•©μ˜ μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œλŠ” 보정 과정을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ 전체 μ§‘ν•©μ˜ μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œλ‘œ λ³΄μ •λœλ‹€. μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ—μ„œλŠ” μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œ 선택에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ„±λŠ₯ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 기쑴의 방식듀과 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ μ••μΆ• λͺ¨λ“œλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λͺ©ν‘œ μ••μΆ•λ₯ μ„ 1/6으둜 μ„€μ •ν•΄μ„œ μ‹€ν—˜ν•œ κ²°κ³Όμ—μ„œ μ œμ•ˆν•˜λŠ” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ 벀치마크 μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜λ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 평균 PSNR이 2.4~7.7 dB λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 것을 확인 ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€

    μ²­μ†Œλ…„ λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—°μ˜μ§€ 예츑λͺ¨ν˜•μ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    κ΅­μ œλ³΄κ±΄ν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€] 2004λ…„ 이후 μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ 쀑학생 ν‘μ—°μœ¨μ€ λ‹€μ‹œ 증가좔세λ₯Ό 보이고 있고 λ§Žμ€ 선행연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 μ²­μ†Œλ…„κΈ° 흑연이 건강뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λΉ„ν–‰, 약물쀑독과 같은 μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ¬Έμ œλ„ μ•ΌκΈ°μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€κ³  보고되고 μžˆλ‹€. λ‹΄λ°°λ‘œ μΈν•œ 폐해λ₯Ό 쀄이기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ€‘λ…μœΌλ‘œ 인해 κΈˆμ—°μ΄ 쉽지 μ•Šμ€ 성인기보닀 μ²­μ†Œλ…„κΈ° ν‘μ—°μ˜ˆλ°©ν™œλ™μ˜ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ λ”μš± 크고 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 성인이 처음 λ‹΄λ°°λ₯Ό μ ‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œκΈ°κ°€ μ²­μ†Œλ…„κΈ°λΌλŠ” 것을 κ°μ•ˆν•œλ‹€λ©΄ μ²­μ†Œλ…„μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ 효율적인 ν‘μ—°μ˜ˆλ°©κ΅μœ‘μ€ λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 것이닀. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 졜근 학ꡐλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” ν‘μ—°μ˜ˆλ°©ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό 보면 ꡐ윑의 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ κΈ°λŒ€μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 지적듀을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 효과적인 ν‘μ—°μ˜ˆλ°©κ΅μœ‘μ˜ 진행을 μœ„ν•΄ μ„ ν–‰μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 주둜 μ§€μ ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  ν•™κΈ‰, λͺ¨λ“  학생을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜λŠ” ν‘μ—°μ˜ˆλ°©κ΅μœ‘μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ λ³΄μ™„ν•˜κ³  ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ 효과의 κ·ΉλŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ β€˜μ²­μ†Œλ…„ λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—°μ˜μ§€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μš”μΈβ€™μ„ λ°ν˜€ λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—° κ³ μœ„ν—˜ 집단을 μ°Ύμ•„ λ‚΄κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.μ²­μ†Œλ…„μ˜ λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—°μ˜μ§€μ— μ–΄λ–€ μš”μΈλ“€μ΄ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ β€˜μ²­μ†Œλ…„ 흑연’과 관련성이 μžˆλŠ” μš”μΈλ“€μ„ λ¬Έν—Œκ³ μ°°μ„ 톡해 μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν˜„μž¬ν‘μ—°μƒνƒœ, ν‘μ—°κ²½ν—˜μœ λ¬΄, μš©λˆμˆ˜μ€€(μ›”), λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν‘μ—°μƒνƒœ, ν‘μ—°κ΅μœ‘μ°Έμ—¬ μ—¬λΆ€, λ‹΄λ°°λΈŒλžœλ“œκ°€ μƒˆκ²¨μ§„ μƒν’ˆμ†Œμœ  유무, μ˜ν™” 속, λΉ„λ””μ˜€ 속 흑연μž₯λ©΄ λ…ΈμΆœ 정도, 친ꡬ의 ν‘μ—°μƒνƒœ, 친ꡬ의 ν‘μ—°κΆŒμœ μ— λŒ€ν•œ μˆœμ‘μœΌλ‘œ 10개의 μš”μΈλ“€μ„ λ…λ¦½λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ μ„ μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 2004년에 μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ13μ„Έμ—μ„œ 15μ„Έ 쀑학생듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ‹œν•œ β€˜μ„Έκ³„μ²­μ†Œλ…„ν‘μ—°μ‘°μ‚¬β€™μ˜ μ„€λ¬Έμžλ£Œλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ„ μ •ν•œ λ…λ¦½λ³€μˆ˜λ“€κ³Ό 5λ…„ ν›„ λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—°μ˜μ§€ κ°„μ˜ 관련성을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν˜„μž¬ν‘μ—°μƒνƒœκ°€ λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—°μ˜μ§€μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ°€μ •μ•„λž˜ μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμž 쀑 λΉ„ν‘μ—°μžλ§Œμ„ μ„ λ³„ν•˜κ³  μ’…μ†λ³€μˆ˜μ™€ λ…λ¦½λ³€μˆ˜ κ°„μ˜ κ°œλ³„μ  κ΄€λ ¨μ„± 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 κ°€μž₯ 큰 상관관계가 컸던 ν‘μ—°κ²½ν—˜μœ λ¬΄, 친ꡬ의 ν‘μ—°μƒνƒœ, 친ꡬ의 ν‘μ—°κΆŒμœ μ— λŒ€ν•œ μˆœμ‘, λΆ€λͺ¨μ˜ ν‘μ—°μƒνƒœ 및 λ‹΄λ°°νšŒμ‚¬ λ‘œκ³ κ°€ μƒˆκ²¨μ§„ λ¬Όκ±΄μ†Œμœ  유무λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 예츑λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  ROC곑선을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μš”μΈλ“€μ˜ μ²­μ†Œλ…„ λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—°μ˜μ§€ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μˆ˜μ€€μ„ ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό 5λ…„ ν›„ ν‘μ—°μ˜μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 예츑 μ •λ„λŠ” 88%μ˜€λ‹€.예츑λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ μΌμ„ ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œλŠ” ν‘μ—°μ˜ˆλ°©κ΅μœ‘μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜κΈ° μ „ 사전섀문을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ 전체 학생 쀑 λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—°μ˜ κ³ μœ„ν—˜ 집단을 μ„ λ³„ν•˜μ—¬ 이듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 집쀑적인 ν‘μ—°μ˜ˆλ°©κ΅μœ‘μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ 될 것이고 μ΄λŠ” 졜근 μ œκΈ°λ˜λŠ” 학ꡐ λ‚΄ ν‘μ—°μ˜ˆλ°©κ΅μœ‘μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ μ–΄λŠ 정도 ν•΄μ†Œν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것을 μƒκ°λœλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λ―Έλž˜ν‘μ—° κ³ μœ„ν—˜κ΅°μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ‹œν•œ μ˜ˆλ°©κ΅μœ‘μ„ 톡해 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ ν‘μ—°μœ¨ κ°μ†Œλ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀. [영문]BackgroundCigarette smoking is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. It has been more important to protect adolescents from smoking rather than to conduct an intervention for adult smokers. To prevent adolescents’ smoking, school-based programs have been widely developed and evaluated. However, studies to see weather the programs were effective or not produced mixed results. We proposed a prediction model of adolescents’future smoking intention to identify a high risk group most probable to smoke in the future. With the model, more effective interventions targeting high risk youth groups could be implemented.ObjectiveThe study was to develop a prediction model for future smoking intention among adolescents, whose age ranged from 13 to 15 year olds in Korea. We explored the characteristics of adolescents at high risk of initiating smoking and estimated the prediction model’s explanation level through ROC assessment.MethodsWe used the data from the 2004 Korea Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) and performed chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis to identify relevant variables associated with adolescents’intention for the future smoking. ROC assessment was applied to estimate the explanation level of the Prediction Model.ResultsThe identified five determinants for the intention of the future smoking were having previous experience of smoking, having parents who were smokers, having an object with a cigarette brand logo, having closest friends who were currently smokers and having an intention of smoking from a friends’offer. These determinants were explaining 88% in the prediction model.ConclusionAccording to the previous studies, smoking prevention programs in schools are more effective for adolescents than for adults. In recent years, school-based smoking prevention programs have received considerable attention from the health promotion field.Based on the results, five determinants were identified to predict the future smoking for Korean adolescents. With the predictors of adolescents’intention for the future smoking, the schools in Korea would be able to identify the high risk group for the future smoking instead of implementing a program for all students. A smoking prevention program could be more focused on the high risk group and be more effective.ope

    National Strategies of Energy Exporters in the Middle East Towards the Shale Revolution - A Focus on Saudi Arabia and Qatar

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    21μ„ΈκΈ° 세계 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ •μΉ˜Β·κ²½μ œ μ „λ°˜μ— 걸쳐 λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯을 끼치고 μžˆλŠ” 뢁미 μ…°μΌν˜λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ μ€‘λ™μ˜ 전톡 μ—λ„ˆμ§€μˆ˜μΆœκ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ λŒ€μ‘ μ „λž΅μ„ κ³ μ°°ν•˜κ³  λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. 2000λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜ 이후 μ…°μΌν˜λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό μΊλ‚˜λ‹€ λ“± 뢁미지역 κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ μ…°μΌμ›μœ μ™€ μ…°μΌκ°€μŠ€ λ“±μ˜ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μˆ˜μΆœμ€ 세계 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‹œμž₯의 κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄ˆλž˜ν•˜λ©° μ΄μ „μ˜ 세계 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‹œμž₯의 μ§ˆμ„œλ₯Ό 근본적으둜 - 곡급ꡭ μ€‘μ‹¬μ—μ„œ μˆ˜μš”κ΅­ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ β€” λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ, 뢁미 μ…°μΌν˜λͺ…이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 였늘의 세계 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‹œμž₯κ³Ό ꡭ제 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ •μΉ˜λ₯Ό κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 세계 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯λ ₯을 끼치고 μžˆλŠ” μ€‘λ™μ§€μ—­μ˜ 전톡 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μˆ˜μΆœκ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘κ³Ό μ „λž΅μ„ κ³ μ°°ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ€‘λ™μ§€μ—­μ˜ μ£Όμš” μ›μœ  수좜ꡭ인 μ‚¬μš°λ””μ•„λΌλΉ„μ•„μ™€ μ£Όμš” κ°€μŠ€ 수좜ꡭ인 카타λ₯΄λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„μ˜ λŒ€μƒκ΅­κ°€λ‘œ ν•œμ •ν•˜μ—¬ 이듀 κ΅­κ°€μ˜ μ…°μΌν˜λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€μ‘ μ „λž΅μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  κ³ μ°°ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λΆλ―Έμ…°μΌν˜λͺ…이 μ€‘λ™μ˜ μ„μœ Β·κ°€μŠ€ μˆ˜μΆœκ΅­λ“€μ— 미친 영ν–₯을 λ‹€κ°μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ‹œμž‘μœΌλ‘œ μ…°μΌν˜λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬μš°λ””μ•„λΌλΉ„μ•„μ™€ 카타λ₯΄μ˜ λŒ€μ‘ μ „λž΅μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€.The main aim of this paper is to examine and analyse national strategies of energy exporters in the Middle East towards the Shale revolution, which has greatly affected world politics and international economies in the 21st century. Since the late 2000s, due to the shale revolution, the export of shale energy by the U.S. and Canada have brought fundamental changes in the international energy market, which has now been transforming from a producer-centered to a consumer-centered market. Thus, it is necessary to examine and analyse the national strategies of traditional energy exporting countries in the Middle East, with regards to the international market, since both still have a tremendous influence in the international energy market. This will help better understand how the Shale revolution in North America affects the world energy market and international politics related to energy issues. This paper covers two countries in the Middle East -Saudia Arabia and Qatar- in examining and analysing national strategies of traditional energy exporters in the region with respect to the shale revolution: 1) Saudi Arabia as a main oil exporter in the Middle East; 2) Qatar as a main gas exporter in the Middle East. This paper begins by analysing some important factors how the Shale revolution has affected energy exporters of the Middle East in various ways

    The Chinese Intellectuals in Predicament

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    Since Deng Hsiaoping seized the power of the Party, the Chinese goverrment adopted the Reform and Open Policy and re-introduced capitalist market economy. It insists that it is trying to construct Chinese characteristic socialism. In order to achieve this ulimate goal successfully the Chinese govrnment has attached great importance to the contribution by the scientists and technocrats, calling for intellectuals to construct a new spiritual civilization to meet the new situation. The Chinese intellectuals, having traditionally acted as ruling elites, have thought that the matter of moral values and ideology is their proper task. However, their present situation is very different: they are no more regarded as leading elites, their knowledge is despised as a useless thing, and their income belong to the lowest class. Many intellectuals do not hesitate to confess a bitter feeling of embarassment that they have been fallen into the bottomless pit, and they are very skeptical to their newly assigned task. Certainly, this situation resulted from the CCP policy oppressive to the intellectuals, especially the policy of liquidating them in the Great Cultural Revolution. Moreover the Party still insists on its dictatorship not tolerating political dissent. But their destiny was already foreboded in the New Culture Movement of the 1920s and the revolutionary movements of the following decades. The dominant trend in those years was oriented to radical anti-traditionalism, which was obsessed with excessive activism not based on solid scholarship and learning. The revolutionary intellectuals advocated that the call for salvation of the nation was so urgent that thay had no choice but such activism, though not foreseeing how much price they had to pay. But the revolution, which they were so eagerly to support and participate in, forced corrupt and useless intellectuals to learn from innocent and pure people so that they could become good servant of the people. Following the path of the revoultion, they believed they could be reborn as major agents making new history. The results, however, were almost total destruction of academic disciplines, in particular social sciences and humanities, and self-annhiliation of the intellectuals, which culminated in the Great Cultural Revolution. In retrospect of the past tragedy, the Chinese intellectuals have recently warned the danger of excessive concern for politics and radical idealism. Many of them have urged their collegues to abandon their presumptuous role as the supreme judge in the matter of ethics and moral values. But the author believes that the most urgent task of the intellectuals in contemporary China is to enhance their academic level up to the point corresponding to the rising status of New China

    Pricing of lookback-strike put options with bounded payoff by equivalent martingale measure method

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    MasterThere are many types of exotic options on underlying assets in financial markets. Payoff of lookback put option depends on the maximum asset price during the contract period as well as the terminal price, exposing the option issuer to unbounded financial risks. We consider variations of lookback options by imposing barriers or caps which limit potential payoffs. No-arbitrage prices of new options in the Black-Scholes market are derived explicitly based on equivalent martingale measure method . We examine properties of these pricing formulas and calculate fair prices under some hypothetical but realistic market parameters, finding that the price reductions made by barriers or caps are significant
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