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    Control of Crystallization and Molecular Orientation in Bar-Coated Organic Semiconductor Thin Films for High-Performance Organic Transistors

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    DoctorSolution-processed organic semiconductors (OSCs) have attracted enormous interest in recent decades due to their potential applications for realizing low cost, lightweight, and flexible organic electronics. However, compared to its inorganic counterparts, the poor electrical performance of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) remains a critical barrier to their commercial use. Many research efforts in this area have developed new organic semiconductor materials including carious polymers and small-molecules with high charge carrier mobility (>1 cm2 V-1 s-1) to overcome the drawbacks. The charge carrier mobility represents the charge transport characteristics of organic semiconductor films, and the value is sensitive to numerous factors during OTFT fabrication. Understanding the effects of the factors on the OSC film morphology and developing new coating method are both important for realizing commercialized high-performance OTFTs. In this thesis, I systematically studied the correlations among the organic semiconductors, solution-processing conditions, morphology including uniformity and crystallinity, and resultant device performance. Furthermore, various processing strategies are introduced for fabricating high quality OSC films and controlling the morphologies and crystalline microstructures of OSCs to demonstrate high performance OTFTs. This thesis consists of 5 chapters. The background, motivation and objective of the research are introduced in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, I propose a new approach for preparing a large-area uniform highly-crystalline organic semiconductor thin film by using a gap-controllable bar coater and a motion-programming strategy. I systematically observed effects of a gap distance between a coating bar and a substrate on vertical phase separation and crystallization phenomena of blended organic semiconductor inks. I programmed the horizontal motion of a coating bar to be repeatedly brought to an intermittent standstill for maximizing the crystallinity and uniformity of the deposited thin films. Therefore, high-performance OTFTs with superior field-effect mobilities approaching ~ 20 cm2 V-1 s-1 with kink-and-hysteresis-free transistor characteristics were achieved at large area. Proposed coating method is practical and compatible with roll-to-roll process, and the systematic study based on both computational fluid dynamics simulations and experimental results would provide deeper understanding on phase separation and crystallization of organic molecules. In Chapter 3, I propose a simple approach to form an array of nanometer-thick OSC thin patterns in a large area at a high rate by elaborately controlling nucleation spots and introducing a solutal-Marangoni effect on the bar-coating process. I found that the solutal-Marangoni flow induced by a suitable solvent additive greatly improves the molecular mass transport along a meniscus line, thus leading to high-quality of OSC thin patterns with industry-level production speed. Systematically studies cover this chapter on effects of the solutal-Marangoni flow on OSC morphology and electrical property. Therefore, highly-crystalline OSC thin patterns were achieved and resulted in superior field-effect mobilities up to ~ 20 cm2 V-1 s-1 and on/off ratio approaching ~108, with kink-and-hysteresis-free transistor characteristics. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed in detail to analyze solutal-Marangoni flows in my developed bar-coating method. I studied the fundamental understanding of flow-induced crystallization, and suggested the importance of solutal-Marangoni flow in high-speed bar-coating process in this chapter.์šฉ์•ก ๊ณต์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋Š” ์ €๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ , ์œ ์—ฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ „์ž ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „ํ•˜์ด๋™๋„๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒ์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „ํ•˜์ด๋™๋„์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด ์ด๋™์„ฑ (> 1 cm2 V-1 s-1)์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์ €๋ถ„์ž ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ „ํ•˜์ด๋™๋„๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ „ํ•˜์ด๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฐ’์€ ์†Œ์ž ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์™ธ์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—…์  ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์œ ๊ธฐํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๋ชจํด๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. (์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด, ์šฉ์•ก ๊ณต์ • ๋ณ€์ธ, ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๋ชจํด๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ๋“ฑ) ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด์˜ ๋ชจํด๋กœ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์œ ๊ธฐํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณต์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด 5 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐญ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ฝ”ํ„ฐ์™€ ๋ฐ”์˜ ์›€์ง์ธ์„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ธ”๋žœ๋“œ๋œ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์šฉ์•ก์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง ์ƒ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ฝ”ํŒ…์˜ ๊ฐญ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ท ์ผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋ฐ”์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ์ด๋™์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 20 cm2 V-1 s-1์— ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ณ„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‚นํฌ(kink)๋‚˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์‹œ์Šค(hysteresis)๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์œ ๊ธฐํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋กคํˆฌ๋กค(Roll-to-Roll) ๊ณต์ •์— ํ˜ธํ™˜๋˜๊ณ , ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต์  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ง€์ ์„ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”์ฝ”ํŒ… ๊ณต์ •์— ์šฉ์งˆ-๋งˆ๋ž‘๊ณ ๋‹ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„“์€ ๋ฉด์ ์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ณ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ณต์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์šฉ๋งค ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ์šฉ์งˆ-๋งˆ๋ž‘๊ณ ๋‹ˆ ํ๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฐ”์ฝ”ํŒ… ์ค‘ ๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์Šค์ปค์Šค ๋ผ์ธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์ž ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฉ์งˆ-๋งˆ๋ž‘๊ณ ๋‹ˆ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 20 cm2 V-1 s-1์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „๊ณ„ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ด๋™๋„ ๋ฐ ํ‚นํฌ๋‚˜ ํžˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋ ˆ์‹œ์Šค ์—†๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜จ/์˜จํ”„ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ~108 ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์šฉ์•ก ๊ณต์ • ์†์—์„œ ์šฉ์งˆ-๋งˆ๋ž‘๊ณ ๋‹ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ์ฒด ์—ญํ•™ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฅ์—์„œ ํ๋ฆ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณ ์† ๋ฐ”์ฝ”ํŒ… ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์šฉ์งˆ-๋งˆ๋ž‘๊ณ ๋‹ˆ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค
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