28 research outputs found

    μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈκ·Έλ¦°λ„μ‹œ ꡬ좕 ν˜„ν™© 평가와 합리적 κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€μ˜ λͺ¨μƒ‰

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : ν™˜κ²½λŒ€ν•™μ› ν™˜κ²½κ³„νšν•™κ³Ό, 2021.8. μœ€μˆœμ§„.Recent years it has been witnessed that rapid urbanization, climate change and sustainable cities are much debatable subjects concerning city development. Particularly, as cities become vulnerable to climate change but benefits from the technological advances, the construction of the sustainable and environmentally-friendly cities has drawn attentions from policy-makers, experts and academia. Nevertheless, very few attempts have been made at the city development, focusing on governance on Smart Green Cities (SGCs). This study examines challenges the governance faced and policy implications for developing the SGC policy in Korea, focusing on institutionalization of 2020 smart green city projects. It explores where and how governance and urban environmental policy are located in building SGCs, erupting political conflicts and contesting interests among stakeholders. In order to demonstrate the argument, the study embraces literature reviews and semi-structured interviews including policy- makers, practitioners, experts, and academia, focusing on SGC projects. Additionally, this study adopts a multi-level governance perspective to explore limiting factors which take place in creating SGCs by examining its vertical and horizontal governance framework. In the absence of a comprehensive urban environmental policy, local governments have developed distinct SGC plans within their jurisdictions. However, this study identifies that challenges the multi-level governance faced to build SGCs where stakeholders express contesting interests. More concisely, SGC projects in Korea exemplify a situation of conflicting agendas and policies due to multi-levels of governments, creating a great dispersion of initiatives. Second, it concludes that the governance of SGCs shows a matter of politics, because the urban environmental policies employ multi-level parties in which negotiation and compromise are inevitable among various stakeholders with different interests. Last but not least, the study implies the well-organised communication channels inviting embedded stakeholders are proposed for the success of SGC projects. It means that a good governance and adherent administrative systems can be a vehicle to obtain established goals of SGCs, while encouraging citizens to participant in those projects.κΈ°ν›„μœ„κΈ°κ°€ μ‹¬κ°ν•΄μ§€λ©΄μ„œ 적응이 갈수둝 μ€‘μš”ν•΄μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 특히 λ„μ‹œκ°€ 기후변화에 취약해짐과 λ™μ‹œμ— κΈ°μˆ λ°œμ „μ— λ”°λ₯Έ ν˜œνƒμ΄ μ§‘μ€‘λ˜λ©΄μ„œ 지속가λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  ν™˜κ²½μΉœν™”μ μΈ λ„μ‹œκ±΄μ„€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ •μ±…μž…μ•ˆμž, μ „λ¬Έκ°€ 그리고 ν•™κ³„μ˜ μ£Όλͺ©μ„ λ°›κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈκ·Έλ¦°λ„μ‹œμ˜ ꡬ좕과 지속가λŠ₯ν•œ λ„μ‹œκ°œλ°œμ„ κ°€λ‘œλ§‰κ±°λ‚˜ νž˜λ“€κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μž₯μ• μš”μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜λŠ” λΆ€μ‘±ν•œ 싀정이닀. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 2020 κ·Έλ¦°λ‰΄λ”œ μ‚¬μ—…μœΌλ‘œ μ§€μ •λœ μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈκ·Έλ¦°λ„μ‹œ 정책을 μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜κ³  μ΄ν–‰ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λ§ˆμ£Όν•˜λŠ” ν•œκ³„ μš”μΈμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ¬Έν—Œμ—°κ΅¬μ™€ μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈκ·Έλ¦°λ„μ‹œ 사업에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•œ μ •μ±…μž…μ•ˆμž, μ‹€λ¬΄μž, μ „λ¬Έκ°€, ν•™κ³„μ˜ 비ꡬ쑰화 심측면접을 톡해 μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 선행연ꡬ κ²€ν† λ₯Ό 톡해 ν•œκ³„ μš”μΈμ„ 크게 β€˜μˆ˜ν‰μ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€β€™μ™€ β€˜μˆ˜μ§μ κ±°λ²„λ„ŒμŠ€β€™λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έ κ²°κ³Ό, μœ μ‚¬μ •μ±…μ˜ 상좩, ν†΅ν•©κ΄€λ¦¬μ œλ„μ˜ λΆ€μž¬, μ„±κ³Όμ£Όμ˜ λ“±μ˜ μš”μΈμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κΈ°ν›„μœ„κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ§€μ—­λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ 적응 μ—­λŸ‰μ„ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κ³  κ°•ν™”ν•΄λ‚˜κ°€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ ν•œκ³„ μš”μΈλ“€μ„ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ 보완해 λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν•  것이닀. λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ΄ν•΄κ΄€κ³„μž κ°„μ˜ μ†Œν†΅μ„ 톡해 μŠ€λ§ˆνŠΈκ·Έλ¦°λ„μ‹œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ κ°€λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ •λΆ€μ˜ 일관성 μžˆλŠ” μ •μ±…κ³Ό λ”λΆˆμ–΄, 지방정뢀, κΈ°μ—…, μ‹œλ―Όμ‚¬νšŒ λ“±μ˜ ν™œλ°œν•œ μ°Έμ—¬κ°€ μš”κ΅¬λœλ‹€.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background and Objective 1 1.2. Research Methods 6 Chapter 2. Literature Review 12 2.1. Existing Research on SGCs 12 2.2. Governance Theories 22 2.3. Analytical Framework 29 Chapter 3. Background of SGCs 32 3.1. Leadership of Central Government 32 3.2. Leadership of Local Government 37 3.3. Measures responding to climate change 45 3.4. Implications 47 Chapter 4. Analyzing limiting factors 51 4.1. Horizontal Governance 52 4.2. Vertical Governance 71 Chapter 5. Conclusion 92석

    μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œ μ‚¬μš©μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 골밀도 λ³€ν™” κ΄€λ ¨ μ£Όμš” 생물학적 경둜 발꡴

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2020. 8. μ‘°μƒν—Œ.Derangement in bone mineral density (BMD) caused by glucocorticoids is well known. The present study aimed to identify key biological pathways associated with low BMD after glucocorticoid treatment in asthmatics using gene expression profiles of peripheral blood cells. We used immortalized B cells (IBCs) from 32 childhood asthmatics after multiple oral glucocorticoid bursts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 17 adult asthmatics after long-term use of oral glucocorticoids. We searched for co-expressed gene modules significantly related with the BMD Z score in childhood asthmatics and tested if these gene modules were preserved and significantly associated with the BMD Z score in adult asthmatics too. We identified a gene module composed of 199 genes significantly associated with low BMD in both, childhood and adult asthmatics. The structure of this module was preserved across gene expression profiles. We found that the cellular metabolic pathway was significantly enriched in this module. Among the 18 hub genes in this module, we postulated that 2 genes, CREBBP and EP300, contributed to low BMD following a literature review. A novel biologic pathway identified in this study highlighted a gene module and several genes that play possible roles in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced derangement in BMD.μ„œλ‘ : 골밀도 κ°μ†ŒλŠ” μž₯κΈ°κ°„ μ „μ‹  μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œ μ‚¬μš©μ˜ 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ΄λ‚˜ κ°œμΈλ§ˆλ‹€ κ·Έ κ°μˆ˜μ„±μ˜ 차이가 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 개인적 κ°μˆ˜μ„±μ„ μœ μ „μ  μ†ŒμΈμœΌλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 연ꡬ가 κ·Έ λ™μ•ˆ 많이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό 치료의 κ·Όκ°„μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œ 골밀도 λ³€ν™”μ˜ 생물학적 기전을 ν¬κ΄„μ μœΌλ‘œ 밝힌 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 아직 μ—†λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ „μ‹  μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό νˆ¬μ—¬ 받은 μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μžμ˜ 말초 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ˜ μ „μž₯ μœ μ „μž λ°œν˜„μ„ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ 골밀도 κ°μ†Œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 생물학적 경둜λ₯Ό λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 방법: μ†Œμ•„ μ²œμ‹ μ½”ν˜ΈνŠΈμ— λ“±λ‘λ˜μ–΄ κΈ‰μ„± μ•…ν™” μ‹œ 2 mg/kg의 κ³ μš©λŸ‰ 경ꡬ μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œλ₯Ό 2일 이상 νˆ¬μ—¬ 받은 32λͺ…μ˜ μ†Œμ•„ μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μžμ˜ λΆˆλ©Έν™” B세포(IBC, immortalized B cells)와, 1λ…„ 이상 맀일 경ꡬ ν”„λ ˆλ“œλ‹ˆμ†”λ‘  15mg 이상을 νˆ¬μ—¬ 받은 17λͺ…μ˜ 성인 μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μžμ˜ λ§μ΄ˆν˜ˆμ•‘λ‹¨ν•΅μ„Έν¬(PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells)μ—μ„œ μ „μž₯ μœ μ „μž λ°œν˜„μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 가쀑 μœ μ „μž λ™μ‹œλ°œν˜„ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ 뢄석(WGCNA, weighted gene co-expression analysis)λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ„œλ‘œ κΈ΄λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λœ μœ μ „μž λͺ¨λ“ˆ(gene module)을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€κ³ , λͺ¨λ“ˆμ˜ κ³ μœ μœ μ „μžκ°’(eigengene value)κ³Ό μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œμ— μ˜ν•œ 골밀도 κ°μ†Œμ™€μ˜ 상관관계λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ—¬ 골밀도 κ°μ†Œμ™€ μ—°κ΄€λœ λͺ¨λ“ˆμ„ λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이어 발꡴된 λͺ¨λ“ˆμ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 인ꡬ집단인 성인 μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μžμ—μ„œλ„ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 즉 λͺ¨λ“ˆμ˜ ꡬ쑰가 성인 μ²œμ‹ μœ μ „μž λ°œν˜„ ν”„λ‘œν•„μ—μ„œλ„ 보쑴이 λ˜λŠ” 지와 μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œ νˆ¬μ—¬μ— μ˜ν•œ 골밀도 κ°μ†Œμ™€ μœ μ˜ν•œ 상관성을 κ°€μ§€λŠ”μ§€ μ°Ύμ•„ λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 발꡴된 λͺ¨λ“ˆμ— μ†ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ΄€λ ¨λœ 생물학적 경둜λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²°κ³Ό: μ†Œμ•„ μ²œμ‹ IBC와 성인 μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μž PBMC μ „μž₯ μœ μ „μž λ°œν˜„ 사이에 상관도가 쒋은 5,000개의 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ„ μ •ν•˜μ—¬ WGCNA 뢄석을 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ†Œμ•„ μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μž μœ μ „μž λ°œν˜„ WGCNA 뢄석을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 10개의 μœ μ „μž λͺ¨λ“ˆμ„ μ°Ύμ•˜μœΌλ©° 이 쀑 2개의 λͺ¨λ“ˆμ˜ κ³ μœ μœ μ „μž 값이 κΈ‰μ„± μ•…ν™”λ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œ 치료λ₯Ό 받은 ν›„μ˜ 골밀도 Zκ°’κ³Όμ˜ μœ μ˜ν•œ 상관관계λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ†Œμ•„ μ²œμ‹μ—μ„œ 발견된 2개의 μœ μ „μž λͺ¨λ“ˆ 쀑 199개 μœ μ „μžλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœ λͺ¨λ“ˆμ˜ ꡬ쑰가 성인 μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μž PBMC μœ μ „μž λ°œν˜„μ—μ„œλ„ 잘 μœ μ§€λ˜κ³  λ™μ‹œμ— μž₯κΈ°κ°„μ˜ 경ꡬ μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œ 치료λ₯Ό 받은 λ’€μ˜ 골밀도 Z값과도 μœ μ˜ν•œ 상관관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ§„λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 발꡴된 λͺ¨λ“ˆμ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 199개의 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μœ μ „μž μ„ΈνŠΈ 농좕 뢄석(gene set enrichment analysis)을 μ‹œν–‰ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό ν•΄λ‹Ή λͺ¨λ“ˆμ΄ μœ μ „μž μ˜¨ν†¨λ‘œμ§€ λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œ μ„Έν¬λŒ€μ‚¬κ²½λ‘œμ— 농좕됨을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 이 λͺ¨λ“ˆμ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 잘 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 18개의 ν—ˆλΈŒ μœ μ „μž(ARMC5, ATP2A2, CCNK, CREBBP, EP300, EP400, GTF3C1, IPO13, MTF1, NOL8, NUP188, PCF11, RFX5, SDAD1, SETD1A, SLC25A22, UBAP2L, WDR59)λ₯Ό 찾을 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ²°λ‘ : μ†Œμ•„μ™€ 성인 μ²œμ‹ ν™˜μž 말초 ν˜ˆμ•‘ μœ μ „μž λ°œν˜„μ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ 뢄석을 톡해 μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œ νˆ¬μ—¬μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 골밀도 μ €ν•˜μ™€ μœ μ˜ν•œ 상관을 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μœ μ „μž λͺ¨λ“ˆμ„ λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° 이 λͺ¨λ“ˆμ˜ μœ μ „μžλŠ” μœ μ „μž μ˜¨ν†¨λ‘œμ§€ 상 μ„Έν¬λŒ€μ‚¬κ²½λ‘œμ— μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ 관여함을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 λ°ν˜€μ§„ 생물학적 κ²½λ‘œλŠ” μŠ€ν…Œλ‘œμ΄λ“œμ— μ˜ν•œ 골밀도 κ°μ†Œμ˜ λ³‘μΈμ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 역할을 ν•  κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€.Introduction 1 Methods 5 Results 17 Discussion 21 References 63Docto

    μ‹œκ°μ , 언어적 ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ„ ν†΅ν•œ λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈμ˜ 성격 ν‘œν˜„ 및 μˆ˜ν–‰ κ³Όμ œμ— λ”°λ₯Έ μ„±κ²©μ˜ μ„ ν˜Έλ„

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ 언둠정보학과,2019. 8. μ΄μ€€ν™˜.λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈμ˜ 심리적이고 감성적인 λŠ₯λ ₯이 인간과 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 관계 ν˜•μ„±μ„ μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”λ‘œ λœλ‹€. λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈμ˜ λΆ€μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ ν‘œν˜„κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘μ€ μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 였히렀 λ°˜κ°μ„ 쀄 수 있으며, 관계에 뢀정적인 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉœλ‹€. 감성 μ»΄ν“¨νŒ… λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 주둜 감정을 μ μš©ν•΄ 이λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 성격을 λΆ€μ—¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈμ˜ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ ν”Όλ“œλ°±κ³Ό λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈμ˜ 성격을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ νƒκ΅¬ν–ˆλ‹€. 성격 ν‘œν˜„ μš”μ†Œλ“€λ‘œ μ„ μ •λœ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ€ μ‹œκ°μ  ν”Όλ“œλ°±κ³Ό 언어적 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄λ‹€. ν”Όν—˜μž κ°„ 섀계 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ, μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν–ˆλŠ”λ°, μŠ€ν„°λ”” 1μ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°μ  ν”Όλ“œλ°±λ“€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ λ‹€μ„― 가지 μ„±κ²©μ˜ 인식을 μΈ‘μ •ν–ˆλ‹€. μŠ€ν„°λ”” 2μ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„±λ³„μ˜ λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬μ™€ 언어적 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ— λ”°λ₯Έ λ‹€μ„― 가지 성격 인식을 μΈ‘μ •ν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, νŠΉμ • 성격듀이 μ—…λ¬΄μˆ˜ν–‰μ— 더 μ ν•©ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 관점을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬, μŠ€ν„°λ”” 3μ—μ„œλŠ” λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈκ°€ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ œλ“€κ³Ό 성격듀에 따라 μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ˜ μ„ ν˜Έλ„μ™€ μΈμ§€ν•œ 지적 λŠ₯λ ₯을 μΈ‘μ •ν–ˆλ‹€. μŠ€ν„°λ”” 1, 2의 연ꡬ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μ‹œκ°μ  ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ˜ 색깔에 상관없이 μ›€μ§μž„ 정도에 따라 μ‚¬μš©μžλ“€μ΄ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 성격이 달라짐을 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 5가지 성격듀 쀑에, μš°ν˜Έμ„±(agreeableness)을 μ œμ™Έν•œ 성격듀에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ ν•©ν•œ 언어적 μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μŠ€ν„°λ”” 3의 연ꡬ 결과에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈκ°€ μ‚¬νšŒμ  μˆ˜ν–‰ 과제λ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όμ œλ“€μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  λ•Œ, μ°½μ˜μ„±(openness)이 κ°€μž₯ μ„ ν˜Έλ˜κ³ , κ°€μž₯ μ§€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘Œλ‹€. μ‚¬νšŒμ  과제λ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈμΌ κ²½μš°μ—λ§Œ μ™Έν–₯성이 κ°€μž₯ μ„ ν˜Έλ˜κ³ , 지λŠ₯적으둜 μ—¬κ²¨μ‘Œλ‹€. 연ꡬ 결과듀에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, λΉ λ₯΄κ³ , ν™œλ°œν•œ μ›€μ§μž„μ˜ ν‘œν˜„ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ 더 λšœλ ·ν•˜λ©°, 긍정적인 μ„±κ²©μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹λœλ‹€. 그리고 λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈμ˜ 성격에 λŒ€ν•œ 인식이 λͺ©μ†Œλ¦¬μ˜ 성별에 따라 λ‹¬λΌμ‘Œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ³ , ν‘œν˜„μ μΈ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것이 긍정적인 성격듀을 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜κΈ°μ— μ ν•©ν•˜λ‹€. μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λŒ€ν™”ν˜• μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈλ₯Ό 인식할 λ•Œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 인식할 λ•Œμ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ„ μ μš©ν•¨μ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€.Conversational agents with psychological abilities could facilitate natural communication between humans and computers while conversational agents unnatural expressions and reactions could frustrate users. This research applies the concept of personality to conversational agents to implement natural feedback and reactions. This study explores how to express conversational agents personalities. The selected cues were visual feedback and verbal cues. As a between-participants study design, Study 1 measured the perception of five personalities toward different visual feedback and Study 2 measured the perception of five personalities depending on different verbal cues with voices of different genders. Concerning that certain personalities of conversational agents were considered more suitable for certain tasks, Study 3 investigated the user preference and perceived intelligence toward conversational agents with different personalities and tasks. The study results demonstrate that different motions of visual feedback were highly influential on the perceptions of personalities. Color was not a decisive factor. In addition, except for agreeableness, different verbal cues were perceived as different personalities. For conversational agents performing service, physical, and office tasks, openness was the most preferred and perceived as intelligent. In case of social tasks, the extravert conversational agents were the most preferred and perceived as intelligent. Fast and active visual feedback is suitable to design conversational agents with distinct and positive personalities. In addition, perceptions of conversational agents personalities differed according to the gender of voice. Diverse and expressive cues were suitable for expressing positive personalities. Interactions between conversational agents and humans demonstrated similar patterns of perception as human-human interactions.1. Introduction 1 2. Related work 6 2.1. Expressing machines internal states in Human-Computer Interaction 6 2.2. Personality expressions of computers and interfaces 8 2.3. Combinations of diverse cues 10 2.4. The agents personality and task match 11 3. Study 1 13 3.1. Overview 13 3.2. Study 1-1 14 3.2.1. Experimental materials 14 3.2.2. Experimental setting 16 3.2.3. Results 18 3.3. Study 1-2 25 3.3.1. Experimental materials 25 3.3.2. Experimental setting 26 3.3.3. Results 28 3.4. Results 31 3.5. Discussion 32 3.6. Limitations & Future Studies 36 4. Study 2 39 4.1. Overview 39 4.2. Research questions 40 4.3. Method 41 4.3.1. Experimental materials 41 4.3.2. Experimental setting 44 4.4. Results 45 4.4.1. Result 1: Pitch levels and gender of voices 45 4.4.2. Result 2: Emotionality and Gender of voices 47 4.4.3. Result 3: Wordiness and gender of voices 53 4.4.4. Result 4: Speed and gender of voices 54 4.4.5. Result 5: Questioning and gender of voices 60 4.5. Overall results 63 4.6. Discussion 65 4.7. Limitations 67 5. Study 3 69 5.1. Overview 69 5.2. Method 70 5. Study 3 69 5.2.1. Experimental Materials 70 5.2.2. Manipulation check 73 5.2.3. Experimental Setting 74 5.3. Results 75 5.3.1. Office task 75 5.3.2. Social task 77 5.3.3. Service task 80 5.3.4. Physical task 82 5.4. Discussion 85 6. Conclusions 87 7. Discussion for overall study 91 References 93 Appendix 1. Big Five personality questionnaires 101 Appendix 2. God speed scale questionnaires 102 κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝 103Maste

    Biological response of MG-63 osteoblast on nanostructured surface of titanium for dental implant

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    μΉ˜μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€] 골 μœ μ°©μ— κΈ°μ΄ˆν•œ μž„ν”Œλž€νŠΈκ°€ 1969λ…„ μŠ€μ›¨λ΄μ—μ„œ 졜초둜 μ‹œμˆ λœ 이래 μš°μˆ˜ν•œ μž„μƒκ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 보이고 μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„μ—λŠ” μƒμ²΄ν™œμ„±μ΄ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ³¨ν˜•μ„±μ„ 적극적으둜 μœ λ„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ—¬ μΉ˜μœ κΈ°κ°„μ΄ κΈΈκ³ , 골질이 λΆˆλŸ‰ν•œ λΆ€μœ„μ—μ„œλŠ” 성곡λ₯ μ΄ κ°μ†Œν•˜λŠ” 단점이 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 결점을 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μž„ν”Œλž€νŠΈμ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ μ„ 늘리고 ν‘œλ©΄ν˜•μƒμ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜ 물리적, 화학적 ν‘œλ©΄μ²˜λ¦¬λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 골결합λ ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬ가 κΎΈμ€€νžˆ 이루어지고 μžˆλ‹€.이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μƒμš© 순수 ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„μ„ 0.5 wt% λΆˆμ‚°μš©μ•‘μ—μ„œ 20 V μ €μ „μ••μœΌλ‘œ 60λΆ„κ°„ μ–‘κ·Ήμ‚°ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ ν‘œλ©΄μ— λ‚˜λ…ΈνŠœλΈŒκ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜μ—¬ MG-63 μ‘°κ³¨μ„Έν¬μ˜ 초기 λΆ€μ°© 양상을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³  μ‘°κ³¨μ„Έν¬λ‘œμ˜ λΆ„ν™”λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” μ§€ν‘œμΈ alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, Type I collagen의 μœ μ „μž λ°œν˜„μ„ 역전사 μ€‘ν•©νš¨μ†Œ μ—°μ‡„λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 세포 λ°°μ–‘ ν›„ ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ 성뢄을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ 칼슘 침착을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ—¬ μ—°λ§ˆ ν‘œλ©΄ 및 마이크둜 거치리기 ν‘œλ©΄κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.1. MG-63 μ‘°κ³¨μ„Έν¬μ˜ 초기 뢀착을 1μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό 3μ‹œκ°„ 후에 각각 μ£Όμ‚¬μ „μžν˜„λ―Έκ²½μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€μ°°ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ MG-63 μ‘°κ³¨μ„Έν¬μ˜ 뢀착이 μ—°λ§ˆ ν‘œλ©΄κ³Ό 마이크둜 κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” ν‘œλ©΄λ³΄λ‹€ ν˜„μ €νžˆ λΉ λ₯΄κ³  λ„“κ²Œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œκ³  λ°€μ°©λœ 양상을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€.2. μ‘°κ³¨μ„Έν¬λ‘œμ˜ λΆ„ν™”λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” μ§€ν‘œ(alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, Type I Collagenκ³Ό glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase)의 λ°œν˜„μ„ 역전사 μ€‘ν•©νš¨μ†Œ μ—°μ‡„λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œ ν‰κ°€ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό 세포 λ°°μ–‘ 1일 째에 alkaline phosphatase와 Type I Collagen이 μ„Έ 개 κ΅°μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° ν‘œλ©΄ κ΅°μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 많이 λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.3. 세포 λ°°μ–‘ 9일 째에 osteocalin은 마이크둜 κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” ν‘œλ©΄ κ΅°κ³Ό λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° ν‘œλ©΄ κ΅°μ—μ„œ λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° ν‘œλ©΄ κ΅°μ—μ„œ 더 λšœλ ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. Type I Collagen은 3 개 κ΅°μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° ν‘œλ©΄ κ΅°μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 많이 λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.4. 세포 λ°°μ–‘ 11일 μ§Έμ—λŠ” alkaline phosphataseλŠ” ν¬λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° ν‘œλ©΄ κ΅°μ—μ„œ 더 λšœλ ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ°œν˜„λ¨μ„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. osteocalin은 λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° ν‘œλ©΄ κ΅°μ—μ„œλ§Œ λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. Type I Collagen은 3 개 κ΅°μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ λ°œν˜„λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° λͺ¨λ“  κ΅°μ—μ„œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 정도λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€.5. MG-63 쑰골세포λ₯Ό 11일간 λ°°μ–‘ν•˜κ³  lysisν•œ ν›„ ν‘œλ©΄μ„ Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy둜 λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° ν‘œλ©΄ κ΅°μ—μ„œλ§Œ 쑰골세포 λ°°μ–‘μ „κ³Ό 달리 칼슘과 인의 침착을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 즉 쑰골세포에 μ˜ν•œ 무기질의 침착이 λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘° ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€.μ΄μƒμ˜ κ²°κ³Ό λ‚˜λ…Έ λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„ ν‘œλ©΄μ— μ„Έν¬μ˜ 초기 뢀착이 더 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λ©° μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 세포 뢄화도 μ—°λ§ˆ ν‘œλ©΄μ΄λ‚˜ 마이크둜 거칠기의 ν‘œλ©΄μ—μ„œ 보닀 더 ν™œλ°œνžˆ 이루어진닀고 λ³΄μ—¬μ‘Œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 쑰골세포 ν™œλ™μ˜ 결과인 칼슘 침착도 더 잘 이루어진 결과둜 보아 치과 μž„ν”Œλž€νŠΈμš© ν‹°νƒ€λŠ„ ν‘œλ©΄μ— λ‚˜λ…Έκ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 맀식 ν›„ 더 λΉ λ₯Έ 골 μœ μ°©μ„ 얻을 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€. [영문]Titanium based implants have a long and successful history of application since the fist clinical application in 1969. However the titanium is not bioactive enough to form a fast and direct bond with bone, which may translate into a lack of osseointegration in poor quality bone.To improve osseointegration into bone, various surface treatments such as mechanical methods(e.g. sandblasting), chemical methods(e.g. acid etching) and coatings with biomaterial have been utilized to improve the bioactivity of implant surface and enhance osseointegration. One of recent approach to attain faster and better osseointegration is to create unique nanometer topography by anodization.The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nanotubular surface on the behavior of MG-63 osteoblasts through determination of cell attachment, gene expression and calcium deposition. In this study titanium oxide nanotubes were prepared by anodization in 0.5 wt % hydrofluoric acid solution for 60 min at 20 V.1. Osteoblast attachment was enhanced on anodized nanotubular surface compared to polished surface and micro-roughness surface.2. The expression level of bone associated genes(alkalinephosphatase, type I collagen) detected by reverse transecriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was highest on the nanotubular surface after 1 day of incubation.After 9 days of culture, the expression of osteocalcin was highest on the nanotubular surface and not appeared on the polished surface. The expression of type I collagen was highest on the nanotubular surface.After 11 days of culture, the expression of osteocalcin was appeared only on the nanotubular surface and the expression of ALP was highest on the nanotubular surfacel.3. The result of this study showed the deposition of calcium and phosphate by osteoblasts cultured on anodized titanium with nanotubular surface after 11 days.In conclusion osteoblast attachment and differentiation were promoted by unique nanotubular surface features. And osteoblasts deposited calcium onto anodized nanotubular surface. For these reasons this study suggests that faster and better osseointegration might be attained on the anodized nanotubular surface.ope

    νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ› μž¬μ„€κ³„μ˜ μ£Όμ•ˆμ κ³Ό μ „λž΅

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 농업생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ μƒνƒœμ‘°κ²½Β·μ§€μ—­μ‹œμŠ€ν…œκ³΅ν•™λΆ€(μƒνƒœμ‘°κ²½ν•™), 2020. 8. μ •μš±μ£Ό.졜근 3.1μš΄λ™κ³Ό λŒ€ν•œλ―Όκ΅­μž„μ‹œμ •λΆ€ 수립 100주년을 λ§žμ΄ν•˜μ—¬ 정뢀와 μ„œμšΈμ‹œλŠ” νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ› μž¬μ‘°μ„±μ„ μΆ”μ§„ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›μ€ μ„œμšΈμ˜ 지리적 쀑심뢀 μš©μ‚°μ— μžλ¦¬ν•œ 3만 7천 평 μž‘μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 크기의 μ˜€ν”ˆμŠ€νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€μ΄μž, 독립선열 8인의 λ¬˜μ†Œμ™€ ν•œκ΅­ μΆ•κ΅¬μ˜ 산싀인 νš¨μ°½μš΄λ™μž₯이 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ 역사성과 상징성을 μ§€λ‹Œ 곡간이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λͺ‡λͺ‡ 이해집단이 곡원 일뢀λ₯Ό μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ μ μœ ν•˜κ³  곡곡의 곡원 μ΄μš©μ„ μ €ν•΄ν•˜κ³  있으며 그둜 인해 νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›μ€ κ³΅μ›μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ν•œ 곡간 점유 주체의 쑴재λ₯Ό μΈμ •ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κ·Έλ“€ κ°„ 관계λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”ν•  곡간적 해법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ˜μ‹μ—μ„œ λ°œμ „ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ› μ•ˆνŒŽμ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 폐쇄적이고 배타적인 경계λ₯Ό 개방적이고 μ—°κ²°λœ κ²½κ³„λ‘œ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ—¬ 곡원 μ΄ν•΄κ΄€κ³„μž κ°„ 관계λ₯Ό μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κ³  κ³΅μ›μ˜ 곡적 κΈ°λŠ₯을 ν–₯상할 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ› μ•ˆνŒŽμ˜ 경계에 μ„€κ³„μ˜ μ£Όμ•ˆμ μ„ 두고 νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ› μž¬μ‘°μ„±μ˜ 지ν–₯점과 ꡬ체적인 섀계 λ°©μ•ˆμ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ κ²½κ³„λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 기본적인 쑰건으둜 κ³΅κ°„μ˜ 물리적 λ²”μœ„, 크기, 높이λ₯Ό κ·œμ •ν•˜μ—¬ 곡간 νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 곡간적 μ‚¬κ³ μ—μ„œ κ²½κ³„μ˜ μ˜λ―Έμ™€ μ—­ν• , κ²½κ³„μ˜ μ’…λ₯˜μ™€ ꡬ성을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ—¬ 경계 λΆ„μ„μ˜ ν‹€λ‘œμ„œ κΈΈ(동선), 경계물, 경계곡간을 λ„μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κΈΈ(동선)은 이동을 μœ„ν•œ 선적 κ³΅κ°„μœΌλ‘œ μ™ΈλΆ€κ³΅κ°„μ—μ„œ κ·Έ 자체둜 곡간을 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 떨어진 두 μž₯μ†Œλ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” ꡐλ₯˜μ™€ μ†Œν†΅μ˜ ν†΅λ‘œκ°€ λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ‹€. λ™μ„ μ˜ 체계성은 곡원 μ „μ²΄μ˜ μ—°κ²°μ„±κ³Ό 긴밀함, 자유둜운 이동성과 접근성을 κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€. 경계물은 λͺ…ν™•ν•œ 곡간 ꡬ뢄을 ν‘œμ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ„€μΉ˜λ˜λŠ” 물리적 싀체가 μžˆλŠ” 경계이닀. κ²½κ³„λ¬Όμ˜ μ’…λ₯˜, ν˜•νƒœ, μˆ˜μ§μ„±μ˜ 정도, 재료, 밀도에 따라 κ³΅κ°„μ˜ 개폐감이 달라진닀. 경계곡간은 경계가 κ³΅κ°„μœΌλ‘œ ν™•μž₯된 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„±μ§ˆμ΄ μΆ©λŒν•˜κ³  μœ΅ν•©λ  수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯μ„±κ³Ό 잠재의 μž₯μ†Œμ΄λ‹€. νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›μ€ λ¬˜μ—­κ³Ό 사당, μš΄λ™μž₯, κ·Όλ¦°κ³΅μ›μ‹œμ„€, λ…ΈμΈνšŒκ΄€ λ“± 맀우 닀측적이고 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κΈ°λŠ₯κ³Ό 성격이 ν˜Όμž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ³³μ΄μ§€λ§Œ 각 곡간이 μ„œλ‘œ μ‘°ν™”λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  κ°œλ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›μ˜ 곡원 κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ¦μ§„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‹œλ„κ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 번 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜, λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬μ–Όλ‘œμ„œ λ‹¨μΌν•œ μž₯μ†Œ 의미λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹œν•œ μ„±μ—­ν™”λŠ” 이해집단 κ°„ λŒ€λ¦½μœΌλ‘œ 번번이 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 맡핑을 톡해 νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›μ˜ 경계 νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ‹œκ°ν™”ν•˜κ³  νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›μ˜ 곡곡적 μ΄μš©μ„ μ €ν•˜ν•˜λŠ” 원인을 찾고자 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›μ˜ 경계 νŠΉμ„±μ€ 곡원 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ 긴밀도, κ²½κ³„λ¬Όλ‘œ μΈν•œ λ‹¨μ ˆμ˜ 정도, 잠재적 κ²½κ³„κ³΅κ°„μ˜ μ„Έ 갈래둜 λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ 뢄석할 수 μžˆλ‹€. 곡원 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ κΈ΄λ°€λ„μ˜ λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, 곡원 전체λ₯Ό μ•„μš°λ₯΄λŠ” 체계적인 λ™μ„ μ˜ λΆ€μž¬λŠ” λΆˆν•„μš”ν•œ 경계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  있으며 곡원 μ§„μΆœμž…μ„ μ œν•œν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ²½κ³„λ¬Όλ‘œ μΈν•œ λ‹¨μ ˆμ„ μ‹œκ°ν™”ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, νš¨μ°½μš΄λ™μž₯κ³Ό 백범김ꡬ기념관, μ˜μ—΄μ‚¬λŠ” κ³΅μ›μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ‹¨μ ˆμ μΈ κ²½κ³„λ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•˜κ³  있으며 경사지, 수직적 경계물, λΉ½λΉ½ν•œ ν•˜λΆ€μ‹μž¬λŠ” κ³΅μ›μ˜ 자유둜운 μ΄μš©μ„ μ œν•œν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ κ³΅κ°„μœΌλ‘œ ν™•μž₯λ˜μ–΄ 역동적이고 λ‹€μ±„λ‘œμš΄ κ³΅μ ν™œλ™μ΄ λ²Œμ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” 잠재적 κ²½κ³„κ³΅κ°„μœΌλ‘œ νš¨μ°½μš΄λ™μž₯ 건좕곡간, νš¨μ°½κ΄‘μž₯, 백범김ꡬ기념관 μ•ž κ³΅κ°„μ˜ μ„Έ 곳을 λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 경계에 λŒ€ν•œ 뢄석을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ—΄λ¦° 곡적 곡간을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  잠재적 경계곡간을 ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 섀계 원칙과 μ „λž΅μ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μš°μ„  μœ„κ³„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ 동선 κ³„νšκ³Ό μ§œμž„ μžˆλŠ” 곡간 ꡬ성을 톡해 곡원 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ˜ 연속성과 체계성을 κ°•ν™”ν•˜κ³ , λ„μ‹œμ™€ μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” 지점을 늘렀 보행접근성을 μ¦μ§„ν•œλ‹€. λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ λΆˆν•„μš”ν•˜κ²Œ κ³Όλ„ν•œ 경계 μš”μ†ŒλŠ” μ œκ±°ν•˜κ³  κ²½κ³„λ¬Όμ˜ 재질, 높이, 밀도 등을 μ‘°μ ˆν•˜μ—¬ 개방된 곡간을 μ‘°μ„±ν•œλ‹€. 뢄석을 톡해 λ°œκ΅΄ν•œ 경계곡간은 μ£Όλ³€ 곡간과 μ—°κ³„λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ³  μ‹œλ―Ό λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ‰½κ²Œ μ°Έμ—¬ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 곡원 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ κΈ°νšν•œλ‹€. λŠμŠ¨ν•œ μ†Œν†΅μ˜ 경계λ₯Ό 지ν–₯ν•œ μ„€κ³„λŠ” 경계λ₯Ό ν•΄μ²΄ν•˜μ—¬ 역동적이며 λ‹€λ³€ν•˜λŠ” κ°€λŠ₯μ„±μ˜ μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€λ©° λ„μ‹œμ™€ μ†Œν†΅ν•˜κ³  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” 곡원을 κ΅¬μƒν•œλ‹€. 경계λ₯Ό λ°”κΎΈλŠ” 것은 물리적 ν™˜κ²½λΏ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 곡간을 μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³  μΈμ§€ν•˜λ©° κ°κ°ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 λ°”κΎΈκ³  곡간 κ²½ν—˜μ„ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€. 물리적, μ‹œκ°μ μœΌλ‘œ νˆ¬κ³Όμ„± μžˆλŠ” κ²½κ³„λŠ” μ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 있고 ꡐλ₯˜ν•˜λ©° μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 여지λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•œλ‹€. 경계곡간은 λ‹€μ±„λ‘œμš΄ 곡적 ν™œλ™μ΄ λ²Œμ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯μ„±μ˜ μž₯μ†Œκ°€ λœλ‹€. λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ 곡원은 λ„μ‹œ 쑰직, λ§₯락과 더 κΈ΄λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ²°λœ λ„μ‹œ 인프라가 될 것이닀. 경계에 쀑점을 λ‘” μ„€κ³„λŠ” 곡원을 μ΄λ£¨λŠ” 쑰각듀이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§žλ‹Ώμ•„ μžˆμ„ 것인가λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 곡원을 λ”μš± 곡곡적으둜 λ§Œλ“ λ‹€. νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ›μ˜ λ‚œμ œλŠ” μ€‘μ‹¬μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ°”κΉ₯의 경계λ₯Ό 잘 μŒ“μ•„λ‚˜κ°μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν•΄μ†Œμ˜ μ‹€λ§ˆλ¦¬λ₯Ό 찾을 수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀.In recent, the Korean Government and Seoul city are planning to redesign Hyochang Park, celebrating the 100th anniversary March 1st Movement and Foundation of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Hyochang Park is a big openspace located in Yongsan, the geographic center of Seoul, and also the historical place the memorial for patriotic martyrs and the first international soccer stadium in Korea are situated. However, the stakeholders who has occupied some part of the park are still maintaining the exclusive manner to public and creating a conflict on the orientation of the park redesign. The park, accordingly, has not functioned as the one of the most public urban place. This research begin with the question that is why dont we accept the existence of stakeholders and find a spatial solution to change the relationship between them. If the closed and exclusive boundaries change to open and connecting boundaries, it can rebuild the relationship between stakeholders and enhance the publicity of the park. Thus, the research proposes the design direction and design plan focusing on boundaries of Hyochang Park. First of all, the boundary is the most fundamental condition in a space. It determines the characteristic and function of the spaces by making physical area range, size and height of them. This research studied the meaning, function, type and composition of spatial boundaries and figured out three keyword elements making boundaries in space; path, boundary objects and liminal space. These are elements of the design as well as analytical framework in the research. Path is not only a linear space which divide one place into two but also a corridor for communication which connects distant places. Path makes pedestrian circulation, connectivity, openness, and accessibility of the park. Boundary objects have physical entities and mark the division between spaces. The type, form, verticality, material and density of the objects make difference in spatial impression. Liminal space is extended area from the boundary. It is a potential place where any different characteristics can conflict or harmonize. Meanwhile, Hyochang park has various characteristics due to the disparate facilities such as cemetery, shrine, stadium, park facilities and senior welfare center but they do not interact or harmonize with each other. The publicity of the park has been declined accordingly. Furthermore, the plan to make the park a sanctuary has failed because of the dispute between stakeholders. Subsequently, this paper analyzes boundaries in Hyochang park with the mapping visualization and tried to find out the causes which reduce the publicity of the park. The characteristics of the boundaries can be categorized into three; path network connectivity, degree of discontinuity of boundary objects and potential liminal spaces. There is no systematic pedestrian flow. It makes unnecessary fences, walls and boundary stones and limits the access from the city to the park. On the basis of the mapping visualization about boundary objects, it is found that Hyochang stadium, Kimkoomuseum, Uiyeolsa shrine are the most disconnected obstacles. Steep slope, vertical barrier, dense underplanting also limit free use of the park. Three spaces, Hychang stadium building, Hyochan plaza, and front yard of Kimkoomuseum, are drawn as potential liminal spaces where dynamic and various activities take place. Lastly, the research proposes design principle and strategies to reconstruct open public space and to make use of potential liminal spaces. The design which aims the embracing and communicating boundaries will make the park dynamic and enjoyable place which interacts with the urban fabric. There should be a systematic plan for pedestrian flow and space organization to enhance the connectivity of the network. It will also make the park more easily accessible from the city. Excessive boundary objects should be got rid of or become more transparent and more open to public with adjusting their material, height, density and other features. Liminal spaces should be spatially and programmatically associated with surrounding area and should be the place every citizen can participate in the public park program. Changing the boundary not only changes the physical context but also give variety to the way people feel and experience the space. Transparent boundaries make it possible for people to observe each other, to communicate and to interact with each other. Liminal space becomes the potential place where any spontaneous public activities take place. Hyochang park with openness can be the urban infrastructure which is more interacting with the surrounding urban fabric and urban context. The design focusing on the boundary determines the way the puzzles forming the whole park are put together and makes it more public. Solving the problem of Hyochang park should begin with constructing outer boundaries not with the inner part.β… . μ„œλ‘  1 1. 연ꡬ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό λͺ©μ  1 2. 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒκ³Ό λ²”μœ„ 4 3. 연ꡬ λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό 방법 6 4. κ΄€λ ¨ 연ꡬ 동ν–₯ 7 β…‘. 이둠고찰과 사둀연ꡬ 11 1. 곡간과 경계 11 2. 경계 ꡬ성과 효과 17 3. 사둀연ꡬ 29 β…’. νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ› λ³€μ²œκ³Ό ν˜„ν™© 43 1. λŒ€μƒμ§€ κ°œμš” 43 2. 역사 45 3. 곡간ꡬ성 52 4. μž¬μ‘°μ„± μ‹œλ„μ™€ μ‹€νŒ¨ 57 5. μ’…ν•© 59 β…£. νš¨μ°½κ³΅μ› 경계 νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό λ¬Έμ œμ˜μ‹ 61 1. 곡원 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ 62 2. κ²½κ³„λ¬Όλ‘œ μΈν•œ λ‹¨μ ˆ 65 3. 잠재적 경계곡간 71 4. μ’…ν•© 79 β…€. 섀계 원칙과 λ°©μ•ˆ 80 1. 섀계 λ°©ν–₯κ³Ό 원칙 80 2. 섀계 λ°©μ•ˆ 84 3. κΈ°λŒ€λ˜λŠ” λ³€ν™” 107 β…₯. κ²°λ‘  108 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 110Maste

    Study on characteristics and impurity effects on Ga2O3 thin films grown by MOCVD

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    Ξ²-Ga2O3λŠ” 4.9 eV의 넓은 λ°΄λ“œκ°­μ„ κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ‚°ν™”λ¬Ό λ°˜λ„μ²΄ 물질둜 μš°μˆ˜ν•œ 물리적 νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ΄μš©ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 특히, κ΄‘μ†Œμž μ œμž‘μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œ ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ p-type νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 연ꡬ가 많이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆμœΌλ‚˜ 아직 μ™„μ „ν•œ p-type μ „ν™˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 보고된 λ°” μ—†λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” Mg ν˜Ήμ€ Zn μ›μ†Œκ°€ ν¬ν•¨λœ 전ꡬ체λ₯Ό μ œμž‘ν•˜μ—¬ μœ κΈ°κΈˆμ† ν™”ν•™ 증착법(MOCVD)을 μ΄μš©ν•œ Ga2O3 박막 μ„±μž₯ 쀑 λΆˆμˆœλ¬Όμ„ μ£Όμž…ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 도핑 방법을 μ†Œκ°œν•œλ‹€. 뢈순물 μ£Όμž… 효과 뢄석에 μ•žμ„œ, 600, 700, 800 그리고 900 β„ƒμ˜ μ„±μž₯ μ˜¨λ„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ undoped Ga2O3 박막은 μ„±μž₯ μ˜¨λ„ μƒμŠΉμ— 따라 ν‘œλ©΄ κ±°μΉ κΈ°κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  λ‹€κ²°μ •ν™”κ°€ μ‹¬ν™”λ˜λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이에 두 가지 λ†λ„μ˜ Mg(Zn) μ•„μ„Έν…Œμ΄νŠΈ μˆ˜μš©μ•‘ 전ꡬ체λ₯Ό μ£Όμž…ν•˜μ—¬ 600 ℃와 900 β„ƒμ˜ 두 μ„±μž₯ μ˜¨λ„μ—μ„œ 뢈순물 μ£Όμž… 쑰건에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ°•λ§‰μ˜ νŠΉμ„± λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 600 ℃ μ„±μž₯ μ‹œλ£Œμ—μ„œλŠ” νŠΉμ • 쑰건의 뢈순물 μ£Όμž…μ— μ˜ν•΄ Ξ²-상이 μ•„λ‹Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒμ˜ Ga2O3 κ°€ ν•¨κ»˜ μ„±μž₯ν•˜λ©° 900 β„ƒμ—μ„œλŠ” undopedμ—μ„œλŠ” μ„±μž₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ Ξ²-Ga2O3 결정면이 μ„±μž₯함을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 600 β„ƒμ˜ 경우 뢈순물 μ£Όμž… μ‹œλ£Œμ˜ λˆ„μ„€μ „λ₯˜κ°€ μ „μ²΄μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°μ†Œν•˜κ³  900 β„ƒμ˜ 경우 κ΄‘μ „λ₯˜ ν˜•μ„±λŸ‰κ³Ό UV λ°œκ΄‘ 효율이 크게 μ¦κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 효과λ₯Ό 얻을 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€.|Ξ²-Ga2O3, which is one of the oxide semiconductor having wide band gap of 4.9 eV, has much potential for various applications because of its outstanding physical properties. Since p-type conversion is essential for optoelectronic device fabrication, a number of researches were reported on p-type doping but none was completely succeeded. In this study, we demonstrated a new doping method using Mg and Zn acetate solutions and revealed their effects on Ga2O3 thin films. To optimizing growth conditions of Ga2O3 thin films having proper qualities, undoped Ga2O3 thin films were grown at various growth temperatures from 600 to 900 ℃ by means of a customized MOCVD method. It is observed that rougher and polycrystalline surface, but larger photocurrent were measured with thin film grown at 900 ℃ than those of thin film grown at 600 ℃. With the optimized growth temperatures, the intentional doping of Mg and Zn into the Ga2O3 thin films was carried out using metal acetate solutions as dopant precursors at 600 and 900 ℃. Enhancements of the leakage current from samples grown at 600 ℃ and photo-current, UV emission efficiency from samples grown at 900 ℃ by impurities were revealed.1. μ„œ λ‘  1 2. 이 λ‘  4 2.1 μ‚°ν™” 갈λ₯¨ 4 2.1.1 Ga2O3의 λ‹€ν˜•μ„± 4 2.1.2 Ga2O3의 물리적 νŠΉμ„± 6 2.1.3 Ga2O3의 연ꡬ 동ν–₯ 및 μ‘μš© λΆ„μ•Ό 8 2.2 μˆ˜μš©μ„± κΈˆμ† μ•„μ„Έν…Œμ΄νŠΈ 8 2.3 μ—­λ°©ν–₯ λ°”μ΄μ–΄μŠ€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ „λ₯˜ 생성 10 3. μ‹€ν—˜ 방법 12 3.1 MOCVD μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 12 3.2 기판 μ€€λΉ„ 14 3.3 Ga2O3 박막 μ„±μž₯ 14 3.3.1 버퍼측 유무 및 μ„±μž₯μ˜¨λ„ 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ undoped Ga2O3 박막 μ„±μž₯ 14 3.3.2 Mg 및 Zn 뢈순물 μ£Όμž…μ„ ν†΅ν•œ Ga2O3 박막 μ„±μž₯ 14 3.4 μ „κ·Ή ν˜•μ„± 18 4. Undoped Ga2O3 λ°•λ§‰μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 20 4.1 Undoped Ga2O3 박막에 λŒ€ν•œ μ €μ˜¨ λ²„νΌμΈ΅μ˜ 영ν–₯ 20 4.2 μ„±μž₯ μ˜¨λ„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ undoped Ga2O3 λ°•λ§‰μ˜ νŠΉμ„± λ³€ν™” 22 4.2.1 SEM 뢄석 22 4.2.2 XRD 뢄석 25 4.2.3 전기적 νŠΉμ„± 뢄석 27 4.2.4 600 ℃ μ„±μž₯ μ‹œλ£Œμ˜ μˆ˜κ΄‘ 면적과 κ΄‘μ „λ₯˜ ν˜•μ„± 관계 31 5. Mg 및 Zn 뢈순물 μ£Όμž…μ— μ˜ν•œ Ga2O3 λ°•λ§‰μ˜ νŠΉμ„± λ³€ν™” 35 5.1 600 ℃ μ„±μž₯ Ga2O3 λ°•λ§‰μ˜ Mg/ Zn λΆˆμˆœλ¬Όμ— μ˜ν•œ νŠΉμ„± λ³€ν™” 35 5.1.1 SEM 뢄석 35 5.1.2 XRD 뢄석 37 5.1.3 전기적 νŠΉμ„± 뢄석 39 5.2 900 ℃ μ„±μž₯ Ga2O3 λ°•λ§‰μ˜ Mg/ Zn λΆˆμˆœλ¬Όμ— μ˜ν•œ νŠΉμ„± λ³€ν™” 41 5.2.1 SEM 뢄석 41 5.2.2 XRD 뢄석 43 5.2.3 전기적 νŠΉμ„± 뢄석 45 5.2.4 광학적 νŠΉμ„± 뢄석 47 6. κ²° λ‘  51 κ°μ‚¬μ˜ κΈ€ 53 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 54Maste

    계측적 ꡰ집뢄석 기반의 Continuous Risk Profile을 μ΄μš©ν•œ κ³ μ†λ„λ‘œ 사고취약ꡬ간 μ„ μ •

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ±΄μ„€ν™˜κ²½κ³΅ν•™λΆ€, 2013. 2. μ „κ²½μˆ˜.Crashes that occur on freeways generally cause extensive damage and injuries. Therefore, there is a need for the development of techniques for managing and reducing the number of crashes that occur by identifying hotspots efficiently within a limited budget. Among existing network screening methods, the Continuous Risk Profile(CRP) model well known to have performance that is superior to competing methodologies. However, to identify hotspots, the CRP model requires the use of safety performance functions which are used as a rescaling factor. In this study, I utilized hierarchical clustering analysis to use the Continuous Risk Profile, which had great results for identifying hotspots in nations and regions in which no safety performance functions have been established. I identified hotspots by replacing safety functions that are used as a rescaling factor in the CRP model with expected average crash frequency following groups that were obtained by hierarchical clustering analysis. I compared the hotspots identified by the existing CRP model and the hotspots identified by the CRP model using hierarchical clustering analysis. Also, I compared the hotspots identified by the CRP model using hierarchical clustering analysis and the Sliding Moving Window method and the Peak Searching method. These comparisons indicated that the CRP model using hierarchical clustering analysis, just like the existing CRP model, was more effective at identifying hotspots on freeways than other network screening methods.Chapter1. Introduction 1.1. Background and Purpose of the Study 1 1.2. Scope of the Study 4 Chapter2. Network Screening Methods and Literature Review 2.1. Network Screening Methods 5 2.1.1. Sliding Moving Window Method 5 2.1.2. Peak Searching Method 6 2.1.3. Continuous Risk Profile 7 2.2. Literature Review 9 Chapter3. The Process of Continuous Risk Profile 3.1. Raw Data 14 3.2. Calculation of a Performance Measure per Unit Distance 16 3.3. The Application of the Weighted Moving Average 17 3.4. The Application of Rescaling Factors 18 3.4.1. The Existing Continuous Risk Profile 18 3.4.2. The Continuous Risk Profile using Hierarchical Clustering Analysis 21 3.5. Review of Reproducibility 24 3.6. The Identification of Final Hotspots 26 Chapter4. Results 4.1. Hotspots on the I-880 Northbound Freeway 27 4.1.1. Hotspots Identified by Various Network Screening Methods 27 4.1.2. Hotspots Identified by 4-Continuous Risk Profile 30 4.2. Hotspots on the I-880 Southbound Freeway 34 4.2.1. Hotspots Identified by Various Network Screening Methods 34 4.2.2. Hotspots Identified by 4-Continuous Risk Profile 37 4.3. Reanalysis of Bi-directional Collision Concentration Locations 41 4.3.1. I-880 Northbound Absolute Postmile (22.77 ~ 39.98 miles) 42 4.3.2. I-880 Southbound Absolute Postmile (10.54 ~ 30.91 miles) 43 4.3.3. Results of Reanalysis 44 Chapter5. Conclusions and Further Advancement of the Study 5.1. Conclusions and Contribution of the Study 45 5.2. Further Advancement of the Study 47 ReferencesMaste

    Clinical utility of a plasma-based comprehensive genomic profiling test in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in Korea

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    Objectives: Plasma-based comprehensive circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) next generation sequencing (NGS) has shown utility in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of cfDNA-based NGS to identify actionable gene alterations in patients with aNSCLC. Patients and methods: This single-center non-interventional retrospective study evaluated Korean patients with biopsy-confirmed stage III/IV non-squamous aNSCLC. Tissue biopsy samples were collected at baseline, and/or at progression and analysed with Standard of Care (SOC) testing; cfDNA was analyzed by NGS in some patients concurrently. Results: aNSCLC patients with cfDNA test results (n = 405) were categorized into three groups: treatment naΓ―ve (n = 182), progressive aNSCLC after chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy (n = 157), and progressive aNSCLC after tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (n = 66). Clinically informative driver mutations were identified for 63.5% of patients which were classified as OncoKB Tiers 1 (44.2%), 2 (3.4%), tier 3 (18.9%), and 4 (33.5%). Concordance between cfDNA NGS and tissue SOC methods for concurrently collected tissue samples (n = 221) with common EGFR mutations or ALK/ROS1 fusions was 96.9%. cfDNA analysis identified tumor genomic alterations in 13 patients that were unidentified with tissue testing, enabling initiation of targeted treatment. Conclusions: In clinical practice, results of cfDNA NGS are highly concordant with those of tissue SOC testing in aNSCLC patients. Plasma analysis identified actionable alterations that were missed or not evaluated by tissue testing, enabling the initiation of targeted therapy. Results from this study add to the body of evidence in the support routine use of cfDNA NGS for patients with aNSCLC. Β© 2023 The Author(s)ope

    Continuous centrifugal microfluidics (CCM) isolates heterogeneous circulating tumor cells via full automation

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    Understanding cancer heterogeneity is essential to finding diverse genetic mutations in metastatic cancers. Thus, it is critical to isolate all types of CTCs to identify accurate cancer information from patients. Moreover, full automation robustly capturing the full spectrum of CTCs is an urgent need for CTC diagnosis to be routine clinical practice. Methods: Here we report the full capture of heterogeneous CTC populations using fully automated, negative depletion-based continuous centrifugal microfluidics (CCM). Results: The CCM system demonstrated high performance (recovery rates exceeding 90% and WBC depletion rate of 99.9%) across a wide range of phenotypes (EpCAM(+), EpCAM(-), small-, large-sized, and cluster) and cancers (lung, breast, and bladder). Applied in 30 lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, the system isolated diverse phenotypes of CTCs in marker expression and size, implying the importance of unbiased isolation. Genetic analyses of intra-patient samples comparing cell-free DNA with CCM-isolated CTCs yielded perfect concordance, and CTC enumeration using our technique was correlated with clinical progression as well as response to EGFR inhibitors. Conclusion: Our system also introduces technical advances which assure rapid, reliable, and reproducible results, thus enabling a more comprehensive application of robust CTC analysis in clinical practice.ope

    Associated Factors of Spontaneous Hemorrhage in Brain Metastases in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma

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    Background: Hemorrhage in brain metastases (BMs) from lung cancer is common and associated with a poor prognosis. Research on associated factors of spontaneous hemorrhage in patients with BMs is limited. This study aimed to investigate the predictive risk factors for BM hemorrhage and assess whether hemorrhage affects patient survival. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 159 BMs from 80 patients with lung adenocarcinoma from January 2017 to May 2022. Patients were classified into hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic groups. Patient demographics, lung cancer molecular subtype, treatment type, and tumor-node-metastasis stage were compared between the groups. Multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis and gradient boosting were performed. To determine whether BM hemorrhage can stratify overall survival after BM (OSBM), univariate survival analysis was performed. Results: In the univariate analysis, hemorrhagic BMs were significantly larger and had a history of receiving combination therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and intracranial radiation (p < 0.05). Multivariate GEE showed that tumor size and combination therapy were independent risk factors for BM hemorrhage (p < 0.05). Gradient boosting demonstrated that the strongest predictor of BM hemorrhage was tumor size (variable importance: 49.83), followed by age (16.65) and TKI combined with intracranial radiation (13.81). There was no significant difference in OSBM between the two groups (p = 0.33). Conclusions: Hemorrhage in BMs from lung adenocarcinomas may be associated with BM tumor size and a combination of TKI and intracranial radiotherapy. BM hemorrhage did not affect OSBM.ope
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