28 research outputs found
μ€λ§νΈκ·Έλ¦°λμ κ΅¬μΆ νν© νκ°μ ν©λ¦¬μ κ±°λ²λμ€μ λͺ¨μ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : νκ²½λνμ νκ²½κ³ννκ³Ό, 2021.8. μ€μμ§.Recent years it has been witnessed that rapid urbanization, climate change and sustainable cities are much debatable subjects concerning city development. Particularly, as cities become vulnerable to climate change but benefits from the technological advances, the construction of the sustainable and environmentally-friendly cities has drawn attentions from policy-makers, experts and academia.
Nevertheless, very few attempts have been made at the city development, focusing on governance on Smart Green Cities (SGCs). This study examines challenges the governance faced and policy implications for developing the SGC policy in Korea, focusing on institutionalization of 2020 smart green city projects. It explores where and how governance and urban environmental policy are located in building SGCs, erupting political conflicts and contesting interests among stakeholders.
In order to demonstrate the argument, the study embraces literature reviews and semi-structured interviews including policy- makers, practitioners, experts, and academia, focusing on SGC projects.
Additionally, this study adopts a multi-level governance perspective to explore limiting factors which take place in creating SGCs by examining its vertical and horizontal governance framework. In the absence of a comprehensive urban environmental policy, local governments have developed distinct SGC plans within their jurisdictions.
However, this study identifies that challenges the multi-level governance faced to build SGCs where stakeholders express contesting interests. More concisely, SGC projects in Korea exemplify a situation of conflicting agendas and policies due to multi-levels of governments, creating a great dispersion of initiatives.
Second, it concludes that the governance of SGCs shows a matter of politics, because the urban environmental policies employ multi-level parties in which negotiation and compromise are inevitable among various stakeholders with different interests.
Last but not least, the study implies the well-organised communication channels inviting embedded stakeholders are proposed for the success of SGC projects. It means that a good governance and adherent administrative systems can be a vehicle to obtain established goals of SGCs, while encouraging citizens to participant in those projects.κΈ°νμκΈ°κ° μ¬κ°ν΄μ§λ©΄μ μ μμ΄ κ°μλ‘ μ€μν΄μ§κ³ μλ€. νΉν λμκ° κΈ°νλ³νμ μ·¨μ½ν΄μ§κ³Ό λμμ κΈ°μ λ°μ μ λ°λ₯Έ ννμ΄ μ§μ€λλ©΄μ μ§μκ°λ₯νκ³ νκ²½μΉνμ μΈ λμ건μ€μ λν μ μ±
μ
μμ, μ λ¬Έκ° κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ νκ³μ μ£Όλͺ©μ λ°κ³ μλ€.
κ·ΈλΌμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ , μ€λ§νΈκ·Έλ¦°λμμ ꡬμΆκ³Ό μ§μκ°λ₯ν λμκ°λ°μ κ°λ‘λ§κ±°λ νλ€κ² νλ μ₯μ μμμ λν λ
Όμλ λΆμ‘±ν μ€μ μ΄λ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μμλ 2020 κ·Έλ¦°λ΄λ μ¬μ
μΌλ‘ μ§μ λ μ€λ§νΈκ·Έλ¦°λμ μ μ±
μ μ립νκ³ μ΄ννλλ° μμ΄μ λ§μ£Όνλ νκ³ μμΈμ μ΄ν΄λ³΄μλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ μ€λ§νΈκ·Έλ¦°λμ μ¬μ
μ μ°Έμ¬ν μ μ±
μ
μμ, μ€λ¬΄μ, μ λ¬Έκ°, νκ³μ λΉκ΅¬μ‘°ν μ¬μΈ΅λ©΄μ μ ν΅ν΄ μ§ννμλ€. μ νμ°κ΅¬ κ²ν λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νκ³ μμΈμ ν¬κ² βμνμ κ±°λ²λμ€βμ βμμ§μ κ±°λ²λμ€βλ‘ λλμ΄ μ΄ν΄λ³Έ κ²°κ³Ό, μ μ¬μ μ±
μ μμΆ©, ν΅ν©κ΄λ¦¬μ λμ λΆμ¬, μ±κ³Όμ£Όμ λ±μ μμΈμ λ°κ²¬ν μ μμλ€.
κΈ°νμκΈ°μ λν μ§μλ¨μμ μ μ μλμ ꡬμΆνκ³ κ°νν΄λκ°κΈ° μν΄μλ μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μμ λ°κ²¬ν νκ³ μμΈλ€μ μ§μμ μΌλ‘ 보μν΄ λκ°μΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€. λ€μν μ΄ν΄κ΄κ³μ κ°μ μν΅μ ν΅ν΄ μ€λ§νΈκ·Έλ¦°λμλ₯Ό λ§λ€μ΄ κ°λ κ³Όμ μμ μ λΆμ μΌκ΄μ± μλ μ μ±
κ³Ό λλΆμ΄, μ§λ°©μ λΆ, κΈ°μ
, μλ―Όμ¬ν λ±μ νλ°ν μ°Έμ¬κ° μꡬλλ€.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Study Background and Objective 1
1.2. Research Methods 6
Chapter 2. Literature Review 12
2.1. Existing Research on SGCs 12
2.2. Governance Theories 22
2.3. Analytical Framework 29
Chapter 3. Background of SGCs 32
3.1. Leadership of Central Government 32
3.2. Leadership of Local Government 37
3.3. Measures responding to climate change 45
3.4. Implications 47
Chapter 4. Analyzing limiting factors 51
4.1. Horizontal Governance 52
4.2. Vertical Governance 71
Chapter 5. Conclusion 92μ
μ²μ νμμμ μ€ν λ‘μ΄λ μ¬μ©μ λ°λ₯Έ 골λ°λ λ³ν κ΄λ ¨ μ£Όμ μλ¬Όνμ κ²½λ‘ λ°κ΅΄
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μκ³Όλν μνκ³Ό, 2020. 8. μ‘°μν.Derangement in bone mineral density (BMD) caused by glucocorticoids is well known. The present study aimed to identify key biological pathways associated with low BMD after glucocorticoid treatment in asthmatics using gene expression profiles of peripheral blood cells. We used immortalized B cells (IBCs) from 32 childhood asthmatics after multiple oral glucocorticoid bursts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 17 adult asthmatics after long-term use of oral glucocorticoids. We searched for co-expressed gene modules significantly related with the BMD Z score in childhood asthmatics and tested if these gene modules were preserved and significantly associated with the BMD Z score in adult asthmatics too. We identified a gene module composed of 199 genes significantly associated with low BMD in both, childhood and adult asthmatics. The structure of this module was preserved across gene expression profiles. We found that the cellular metabolic pathway was significantly enriched in this module. Among the 18 hub genes in this module, we postulated that 2 genes, CREBBP and EP300, contributed to low BMD following a literature review. A novel biologic pathway identified in this study highlighted a gene module and several genes that play possible roles in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced derangement in BMD.μλ‘ : 골λ°λ κ°μλ μ₯κΈ°κ° μ μ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λ μ¬μ©μ μ μλ €μ§ λΆμμ©μ΄λ κ°μΈλ§λ€ κ·Έ κ°μμ±μ μ°¨μ΄κ° μλ€. μ΄λ¬ν κ°μΈμ κ°μμ±μ μ μ μ μμΈμΌλ‘ μ€λͺ
νκΈ° μν μ°κ΅¬κ° κ·Έ λμ λ§μ΄ μ§νλμ΄ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λλ₯Ό μΉλ£μ κ·Όκ°μΌλ‘ νλ μ²μ νμμμ 골λ°λ λ³νμ μλ¬Όνμ κΈ°μ μ ν¬κ΄μ μΌλ‘ λ°ν μ°κ΅¬λ μμ§ μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ μ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λλ₯Ό ν¬μ¬ λ°μ μ²μ νμμ λ§μ΄ νμ‘μ μ μ₯ μ μ μ λ°νμ λ€νΈμν¬μ κΈ°μ΄ν λ°©λ²μΌλ‘ λΆμνμ¬ κ³¨λ°λ κ°μμ κ΄λ ¨λ μλ¬Όνμ κ²½λ‘λ₯Ό λ°κ΅΄νκ³ μ νμλ€.
λ°©λ²: μμ μ²μ μ½νΈνΈμ λ±λ‘λμ΄ κΈμ± μ
ν μ 2 mg/kgμ κ³ μ©λ 경ꡬ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λλ₯Ό 2μΌ μ΄μ ν¬μ¬ λ°μ 32λͺ
μ μμ μ²μ νμμ λΆλ©Έν BμΈν¬(IBC, immortalized B cells)μ, 1λ
μ΄μ λ§€μΌ κ²½κ΅¬ νλ λλμλ‘ 15mg μ΄μμ ν¬μ¬ λ°μ 17λͺ
μ μ±μΈ μ²μ νμμ λ§μ΄νμ‘λ¨ν΅μΈν¬(PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells)μμ μ μ₯ μ μ μ λ°νμ μ‘°μ¬νμλ€. κ°μ€ μ μ μ λμλ°ν λ€νΈμν¬ λΆμ(WGCNA, weighted gene co-expression analysis)λ₯Ό μ΄μ©νμ¬ μλ‘ κΈ΄λ°νκ² μ°κ²°λ μ μ μ λͺ¨λ(gene module)μ νμΈνμκ³ , λͺ¨λμ κ³ μ μ μ μκ°(eigengene value)κ³Ό μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λμ μν 골λ°λ κ°μμμ μκ΄κ΄κ³λ₯Ό νμΈνμ¬ κ³¨λ°λ κ°μμ μ°κ΄λ λͺ¨λμ λ°κ΅΄νμλ€. μ΄μ΄ λ°κ΅΄λ λͺ¨λμ΄ λ€λ₯Έ μΈκ΅¬μ§λ¨μΈ μ±μΈ μ²μ νμμμλ μλ―Έκ° μλμ§ νμΈνμλ€. μ¦ λͺ¨λμ κ΅¬μ‘°κ° μ±μΈ μ²μ μ μ μ λ°ν νλ‘νμμλ λ³΄μ‘΄μ΄ λλ μ§μ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λ ν¬μ¬μ μν 골λ°λ κ°μμ μ μν μκ΄μ±μ κ°μ§λμ§ μ°Ύμ 보μλ€. λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘ λ°κ΅΄λ λͺ¨λμ μνλ μ μ μλ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ κ΄λ ¨λ μλ¬Όνμ κ²½λ‘λ₯Ό νμΈνμλ€.
κ²°κ³Ό: μμ μ²μ IBCμ μ±μΈ μ²μ νμ PBMC μ μ₯ μ μ μ λ°ν μ¬μ΄μ μκ΄λκ° μ’μ 5,000κ°μ μ μ μλ₯Ό μ μ νμ¬ WGCNA λΆμμ μννμλ€. μμ μ²μ νμ μ μ μ λ°ν WGCNA λΆμμ ν΅νμ¬ 10κ°μ μ μ μ λͺ¨λμ μ°ΎμμΌλ©° μ΄ μ€ 2κ°μ λͺ¨λμ κ³ μ μ μ μ κ°μ΄ κΈμ± μ
νλ‘ μΈνμ¬ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λ μΉλ£λ₯Ό λ°μ νμ 골λ°λ Zκ°κ³Όμ μ μν μκ΄κ΄κ³λ₯Ό 보μ΄λ κ²μ νμΈνμλ€. μμ μ²μμμ λ°κ²¬λ 2κ°μ μ μ μ λͺ¨λ μ€ 199κ° μ μ μλ‘ κ΅¬μ±λ λͺ¨λμ κ΅¬μ‘°κ° μ±μΈ μ²μ νμ PBMC μ μ μ λ°νμμλ μ μ μ§λκ³ λμμ μ₯κΈ°κ°μ 경ꡬ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λ μΉλ£λ₯Ό λ°μ λ€μ 골λ°λ Zκ°κ³Όλ μ μν μκ΄κ΄κ³λ₯Ό κ°μ§λ€λ κ²μ μ μ μμλ€. μ΄λ κ² λ°κ΅΄λ λͺ¨λμ ꡬμ±νλ 199κ°μ μ μ μλ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ μ μ μ μΈνΈ λμΆ λΆμ(gene set enrichment analysis)μ μνν κ²°κ³Ό ν΄λΉ λͺ¨λμ΄ μ μ μ μ¨ν¨λ‘μ§ λͺ¨λΈμμ μΈν¬λμ¬κ²½λ‘μ λμΆλ¨μ νμΈνμλ€. λν μ΄ λͺ¨λμ νΉμ±μ μ λ°μνλ 18κ°μ νλΈ μ μ μ(ARMC5, ATP2A2, CCNK, CREBBP, EP300, EP400, GTF3C1, IPO13, MTF1, NOL8, NUP188, PCF11, RFX5, SDAD1, SETD1A, SLC25A22, UBAP2L, WDR59)λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ μ μμλ€.
κ²°λ‘ : μμμ μ±μΈ μ²μ νμ λ§μ΄ νμ‘ μ μ μ λ°νμ λ€νΈμν¬ λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λ ν¬μ¬μ λ°λ₯Έ 골λ°λ μ νμ μ μν μκ΄μ 보μ΄λ μ μ μ λͺ¨λμ λ°κ΅΄νμμΌλ©° μ΄ λͺ¨λμ μ μ μλ μ μ μ μ¨ν¨λ‘μ§ μ μΈν¬λμ¬κ²½λ‘μ μ€μνκ² κ΄μ¬ν¨μ νμΈνμλ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ°νμ§ μλ¬Όνμ κ²½λ‘λ μ€ν
λ‘μ΄λμ μν 골λ°λ κ°μμ λ³μΈμμ μ€μν μν μ ν κ²μΌλ‘ μκ°λλ€.Introduction 1
Methods 5
Results 17
Discussion 21
References 63Docto
μκ°μ , μΈμ΄μ νΌλλ°±μ ν΅ν λνν μμ΄μ νΈμ μ±κ²© νν λ° μν κ³Όμ μ λ°λ₯Έ μ±κ²©μ μ νΈλ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μ¬νκ³Όνλν μΈλ‘ μ 보νκ³Ό,2019. 8. μ΄μ€ν.λνν μμ΄μ νΈμ μ¬λ¦¬μ μ΄κ³ κ°μ±μ μΈ λ₯λ ₯μ΄ μΈκ°κ³Ό μ»΄ν¨ν°μ μμ°μ€λ¬μ΄ κ΄κ³ νμ±μ μν΄ νμλ‘ λλ€. λνν μμ΄μ νΈμ λΆμμ°μ€λ¬μ΄ ννκ³Ό λ°μμ μ¬μ©μλ€μκ² μ€νλ € λ°κ°μ μ€ μ μμΌλ©°, κ΄κ³μ λΆμ μ μΈ μν₯μ λΌμΉλ€. κ°μ± μ»΄ν¨ν
λΆμΌμμ μ£Όλ‘ κ°μ μ μ μ©ν΄ μ΄λ₯Ό ν΄κ²°νλ€λ©΄, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ±κ²©μ λΆμ¬ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ λνν μμ΄μ νΈμ μμ°μ€λ¬μ΄ νΌλλ°±κ³Ό λ°μμ νννκ³ μ νλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ λνν μμ΄μ νΈμ μ±κ²©μ μ΄λ»κ² ννν μ μμμ§μ λν΄ νꡬνλ€. μ±κ²© νν μμλ€λ‘ μ μ λ μμλ€μ μκ°μ νΌλλ°±κ³Ό μΈμ΄μ μμλ€μ΄λ€. νΌνμ κ° μ€κ³ λ°©μμΌλ‘, μ€νμ μ€μνλλ°, μ€ν°λ 1μμλ λ€λ₯Έ μκ°μ νΌλλ°±λ€μ λ°λ₯Έ λ€μ― κ°μ§ μ±κ²©μ μΈμμ μΈ‘μ νλ€. μ€ν°λ 2μμλ λ€λ₯Έ μ±λ³μ λͺ©μ리μ μΈμ΄μ μμλ€μ λ°λ₯Έ λ€μ― κ°μ§ μ±κ²© μΈμμ μΈ‘μ νλ€. λν, νΉμ μ±κ²©λ€μ΄ μ
무μνμ λ μ ν©νλ€λ κ΄μ μ μ μ©νμ¬, μ€ν°λ 3μμλ λνν μμ΄μ νΈκ° μννλ κ³Όμ λ€κ³Ό μ±κ²©λ€μ λ°λΌ μ¬μ©μλ€μ μ νΈλμ μΈμ§ν μ§μ λ₯λ ₯μ μΈ‘μ νλ€.
μ€ν°λ 1, 2μ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όμ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄ μκ°μ νΌλλ°±μ μκΉμ μκ΄μμ΄ μμ§μ μ λμ λ°λΌ μ¬μ©μλ€μ΄ μΈμνλ μ±κ²©μ΄ λ¬λΌμ§μ νμΈν μ μμλ€. 5κ°μ§ μ±κ²©λ€ μ€μ, μ°νΈμ±(agreeableness)μ μ μΈν μ±κ²©λ€μ λ°λ₯Έ μ ν©ν μΈμ΄μ μμλ€μ νμΈν μ μμλ€. μ€ν°λ 3μ μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όμ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄, λνν μμ΄μ νΈκ° μ¬νμ μν κ³Όμ λ₯Ό μ μΈν λ€λ₯Έ κ³Όμ λ€μ μνν λ, μ°½μμ±(openness)μ΄ κ°μ₯ μ νΈλκ³ , κ°μ₯ μ§μ μΌλ‘ μ¬κ²¨μ‘λ€. μ¬νμ κ³Όμ λ₯Ό μννλ λνν μμ΄μ νΈμΌ κ²½μ°μλ§ μΈν₯μ±μ΄ κ°μ₯ μ νΈλκ³ , μ§λ₯μ μΌλ‘ μ¬κ²¨μ‘λ€.
μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ€μ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄, λΉ λ₯΄κ³ , νλ°ν μμ§μμ νν μμλ€μ΄ λ λλ ·νλ©°, κΈμ μ μΈ μ±κ²©μΌλ‘ μΈμλλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λνν μμ΄μ νΈμ μ±κ²©μ λν μΈμμ΄ λͺ©μ리μ μ±λ³μ λ°λΌ λ¬λΌμ‘λ€. λν, λ€μνκ³ , ννμ μΈ μμλ€μ μ¬μ©νλ κ²μ΄ κΈμ μ μΈ μ±κ²©λ€μ νννκΈ°μ μ ν©νλ€. μ¬λλ€μ΄ λνν μμ΄μ νΈλ₯Ό μΈμν λ μ¬λλ€μ μΈμν λμ λΉμ·ν ν¨ν΄λ€μ μ μ©ν¨μ μ μ μμλ€.Conversational agents with psychological abilities could facilitate natural communication between humans and computers while conversational agents unnatural expressions and reactions could frustrate users. This research applies the concept of personality to conversational agents to implement natural feedback and reactions.
This study explores how to express conversational agents personalities. The selected cues were visual feedback and verbal cues. As a between-participants study design, Study 1 measured the perception of five personalities toward different visual feedback and Study 2 measured the perception of five personalities depending on different verbal cues with voices of different genders. Concerning that certain personalities of conversational agents were considered more suitable for certain tasks, Study 3 investigated the user preference and perceived intelligence toward conversational agents with different personalities and tasks.
The study results demonstrate that different motions of visual feedback were highly influential on the perceptions of personalities. Color was not a decisive factor. In addition, except for agreeableness, different verbal cues were perceived as different personalities. For conversational agents performing service, physical, and office tasks, openness was the most preferred and perceived as intelligent. In case of social tasks, the extravert conversational agents were the most preferred and perceived as intelligent.
Fast and active visual feedback is suitable to design conversational agents with distinct and positive personalities. In addition, perceptions of conversational agents personalities differed according to the gender of voice. Diverse and expressive cues were suitable for expressing positive personalities. Interactions between conversational agents and humans demonstrated similar patterns of perception as human-human interactions.1. Introduction 1
2. Related work 6
2.1. Expressing machines internal states in Human-Computer Interaction 6
2.2. Personality expressions of computers and interfaces 8
2.3. Combinations of diverse cues 10
2.4. The agents personality and task match 11
3. Study 1 13
3.1. Overview 13
3.2. Study 1-1 14
3.2.1. Experimental materials 14
3.2.2. Experimental setting 16
3.2.3. Results 18
3.3. Study 1-2 25
3.3.1. Experimental materials 25
3.3.2. Experimental setting 26
3.3.3. Results 28
3.4. Results 31
3.5. Discussion 32
3.6. Limitations & Future Studies 36
4. Study 2 39
4.1. Overview 39
4.2. Research questions 40
4.3. Method 41
4.3.1. Experimental materials 41
4.3.2. Experimental setting 44
4.4. Results 45
4.4.1. Result 1: Pitch levels and gender of voices 45
4.4.2. Result 2: Emotionality and Gender of voices 47
4.4.3. Result 3: Wordiness and gender of voices 53
4.4.4. Result 4: Speed and gender of voices 54
4.4.5. Result 5: Questioning and gender of voices 60
4.5. Overall results 63
4.6. Discussion 65
4.7. Limitations 67
5. Study 3 69
5.1. Overview 69
5.2. Method 70
5. Study 3 69
5.2.1. Experimental Materials 70
5.2.2. Manipulation check 73
5.2.3. Experimental Setting 74
5.3. Results 75
5.3.1. Office task 75
5.3.2. Social task 77
5.3.3. Service task 80
5.3.4. Physical task 82
5.4. Discussion 85
6. Conclusions 87
7. Discussion for overall study 91
References 93
Appendix 1. Big Five personality questionnaires 101
Appendix 2. God speed scale questionnaires 102
κ΅λ¬Έ μ΄λ‘ 103Maste
Biological response of MG-63 osteoblast on nanostructured surface of titanium for dental implant
μΉμνκ³Ό/μμ¬[νκΈ]
골 μ μ°©μ κΈ°μ΄ν μνλνΈκ° 1969λ
μ€μ¨λ΄μμ μ΅μ΄λ‘ μμ λ μ΄λ μ°μν μμκ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 보μ΄κ³ μλ€. νμ§λ§ ν°νλμλ μ체νμ±μ΄ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ 골νμ±μ μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ μ λνμ§ λͺ»νμ¬ μΉμ κΈ°κ°μ΄ κΈΈκ³ , 골μ§μ΄ λΆλν λΆμμμλ μ±κ³΅λ₯ μ΄ κ°μνλ λ¨μ μ΄ μλ€. μ΄λ¬ν κ²°μ μ ν΄κ²°νκΈ° μνμ¬ μνλνΈμ νλ©΄μ μ λλ¦¬κ³ νλ©΄νμμ λ³νμν€κ±°λ 물리μ , ννμ νλ©΄μ²λ¦¬λ₯Ό ν΅νμ¬ κ³¨κ²°ν©λ ₯μ ν₯μμν€κ³ μ νλ μ°κ΅¬κ° κΎΈμ€ν μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§κ³ μλ€.μ΄μ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μμ© μμ ν°νλμ 0.5 wt% λΆμ°μ©μ‘μμ 20 V μ μ μμΌλ‘ 60λΆκ° μκ·Ήμ°ννμ¬ νλ©΄μ λλ
ΈνλΈκ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό νμ±νμ¬ MG-63 쑰골μΈν¬μ μ΄κΈ° λΆμ°© μμμ κ΄μ°°νκ³ μ‘°κ³¨μΈν¬λ‘μ λΆνλ₯Ό λνλ΄λ μ§νμΈ alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, Type I collagenμ μ μ μ λ°νμ μμ μ¬ μ€ν©ν¨μ μ°μλ°μμΌλ‘ μ‘°μ¬νμλ€. λν μΈν¬ λ°°μ ν νλ©΄μ μ±λΆμ λΆμνμ¬ μΉΌμ μΉ¨μ°©μ κ΄μ°°νμ¬ μ°λ§ νλ©΄ λ° λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ κ±°μΉλ¦¬κΈ° νλ©΄κ³Ό λΉκ΅νμλ€.1. MG-63 쑰골μΈν¬μ μ΄κΈ° λΆμ°©μ 1μκ°κ³Ό 3μκ° νμ κ°κ° μ£Όμ¬μ μνλ―Έκ²½μΌλ‘ κ΄μ°°ν κ²°κ³Ό λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό κ°λ νλ©΄μμ MG-63 쑰골μΈν¬μ λΆμ°©μ΄ μ°λ§ νλ©΄κ³Ό λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°λ νλ©΄λ³΄λ€ νμ ν λΉ λ₯΄κ³ λκ² μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘κ³ λ°μ°©λ μμμ 보μλ€.2. 쑰골μΈν¬λ‘μ λΆνλ₯Ό λνλ΄λ μ§ν(alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, Type I Collagenκ³Ό glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase)μ λ°νμ μμ μ¬ μ€ν©ν¨μ μ°μλ°μμΌλ‘ νκ°ν κ²°κ³Ό μΈν¬ λ°°μ 1μΌ μ§Έμ alkaline phosphataseμ Type I Collagenμ΄ μΈ κ° κ΅°μμ λͺ¨λ λ°νλμμΌλ©° λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘° νλ©΄ κ΅°μμ κ°μ₯ λ§μ΄ λ°νλμλ€.3. μΈν¬ λ°°μ 9μΌ μ§Έμ osteocalinμ λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°λ νλ©΄ κ΅°κ³Ό λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘° νλ©΄ κ΅°μμ λ°νλμμΌλ©° λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘° νλ©΄ κ΅°μμ λ λλ ·νκ² λ°νλμλ€. Type I Collagenμ 3 κ° κ΅°μμ λͺ¨λ λ°νλμμΌλ©° λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘° νλ©΄ κ΅°μμ κ°μ₯ λ§μ΄ λ°νλμλ€.4. μΈν¬ λ°°μ 11μΌ μ§Έμλ alkaline phosphataseλ ν¬λ―Ένκ² λ°νλμμΌλ©° λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘° νλ©΄ κ΅°μμ λ λλ ·νκ² λ°νλ¨μ λ³Ό μ μμλ€. osteocalinμ λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘° νλ©΄ κ΅°μμλ§ λ°νλμλ€. Type I Collagenμ 3 κ° κ΅°μμ λͺ¨λ λ°νλμμΌλ©° λͺ¨λ κ΅°μμ λΉμ·ν μ λλ₯Ό 보μλ€.5. MG-63 쑰골μΈν¬λ₯Ό 11μΌκ° λ°°μνκ³ lysisν ν νλ©΄μ Energy Dispersive Spectroscopyλ‘ λΆμν κ²°κ³Ό λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘° νλ©΄ κ΅°μμλ§ μ‘°κ³¨μΈν¬ λ°°μμ κ³Ό λ¬λ¦¬ μΉΌμκ³Ό μΈμ μΉ¨μ°©μ 보μλ€. μ¦ μ‘°κ³¨μΈν¬μ μν 무기μ§μ μΉ¨μ°©μ΄ λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘° νλ©΄μμ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ‘λ€.μ΄μμ κ²°κ³Ό λλ
Έ λ¨μμ κ±°μΉ κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°λ ν°νλ νλ©΄μ μΈν¬μ μ΄κΈ° λΆμ°©μ΄ λ λΉ λ₯΄κ² μ§νλλ©° μ΄μ΄μ§λ μΈν¬ λΆνλ μ°λ§ νλ©΄μ΄λ λ§μ΄ν¬λ‘ κ±°μΉ κΈ°μ νλ©΄μμ λ³΄λ€ λ νλ°ν μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§λ€κ³ 보μ¬μ‘λ€. λν 쑰골μΈν¬ νλμ κ²°κ³ΌμΈ μΉΌμ μΉ¨μ°©λ λ μ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ§ κ²°κ³Όλ‘ λ³΄μ μΉκ³Ό μνλνΈμ© ν°νλ νλ©΄μ λλ
Έκ΅¬μ‘°λ₯Ό νμ±ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ λ§€μ ν λ λΉ λ₯Έ 골 μ μ°©μ μ»μ μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ μ¬λ£λλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]Titanium based implants have a long and successful history of application since the fist clinical application in 1969. However the titanium is not bioactive enough to form a fast and direct bond with bone, which may translate into a lack of osseointegration in poor quality bone.To improve osseointegration into bone, various surface treatments such as mechanical methods(e.g. sandblasting), chemical methods(e.g. acid etching) and coatings with biomaterial have been utilized to improve the bioactivity of implant surface and enhance osseointegration. One of recent approach to attain faster and better osseointegration is to create unique nanometer topography by anodization.The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nanotubular surface on the behavior of MG-63 osteoblasts through determination of cell attachment, gene expression and calcium deposition. In this study titanium oxide nanotubes were prepared by anodization in 0.5 wt % hydrofluoric acid solution for 60 min at 20 V.1. Osteoblast attachment was enhanced on anodized nanotubular surface compared to polished surface and micro-roughness surface.2. The expression level of bone associated genes(alkalinephosphatase, type I collagen) detected by reverse transecriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was highest on the nanotubular surface after 1 day of incubation.After 9 days of culture, the expression of osteocalcin was highest on the nanotubular surface and not appeared on the polished surface. The expression of type I collagen was highest on the nanotubular surface.After 11 days of culture, the expression of osteocalcin was appeared only on the nanotubular surface and the expression of ALP was highest on the nanotubular surfacel.3. The result of this study showed the deposition of calcium and phosphate by osteoblasts cultured on anodized titanium with nanotubular surface after 11 days.In conclusion osteoblast attachment and differentiation were promoted by unique nanotubular surface features. And osteoblasts deposited calcium onto anodized nanotubular surface. For these reasons this study suggests that faster and better osseointegration might be attained on the anodized nanotubular surface.ope
ν¨μ°½κ³΅μ μ¬μ€κ³μ μ£Όμμ κ³Ό μ λ΅
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : λμ
μλͺ
κ³Όνλν μνμ‘°κ²½Β·μ§μμμ€ν
곡νλΆ(μνμ‘°κ²½ν), 2020. 8. μ μ±μ£Ό.μ΅κ·Ό 3.1μ΄λκ³Ό λνλ―Όκ΅μμμ λΆ μ립 100μ£Όλ
μ λ§μ΄νμ¬ μ λΆμ μμΈμλ ν¨μ°½κ³΅μ μ¬μ‘°μ±μ μΆμ§νκ³ μλ€. ν¨μ°½κ³΅μμ μμΈμ μ§λ¦¬μ μ€μ¬λΆ μ©μ°μ μ리ν 3λ§ 7μ² ν μμ§ μμ ν¬κΈ°μ μ€νμ€νμ΄μ€μ΄μ, λ
립μ μ΄ 8μΈμ λ¬μμ νκ΅ μΆκ΅¬μ μ°μ€μΈ ν¨μ°½μ΄λμ₯μ΄ μμΉν μμ¬μ±κ³Ό μμ§μ±μ μ§λ 곡κ°μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ λͺλͺ μ΄ν΄μ§λ¨μ΄ 곡μ μΌλΆλ₯Ό μ¬μ μΌλ‘ μ μ νκ³ κ³΅κ³΅μ 곡μ μ΄μ©μ μ ν΄νκ³ μμΌλ©° κ·Έλ‘ μΈν΄ ν¨μ°½κ³΅μμ 곡μμΌλ‘μ μΆ©λΆν κΈ°λ₯νμ§ λͺ»νκ³ μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ ν¨μ°½κ³΅μκ³Ό κ΄λ ¨ν κ³΅κ° μ μ 주체μ μ‘΄μ¬λ₯Ό μΈμ νλ©΄μ κ·Έλ€ κ° κ΄κ³λ₯Ό λ³νν 곡κ°μ ν΄λ²μ μ°ΎμμΌ νλ€λ λ¬Έμ μμμμ λ°μ νμλ€. ν¨μ°½κ³΅μ μνμ μ‘΄μ¬νλ νμμ μ΄κ³ λ°°νμ μΈ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό κ°λ°©μ μ΄κ³ μ°κ²°λ κ²½κ³λ‘ μ¬κ΅¬μ±νμ¬ κ³΅μ μ΄ν΄κ΄κ³μ κ° κ΄κ³λ₯Ό μλ‘κ² κ΅¬μΆνκ³ κ³΅μμ 곡μ κΈ°λ₯μ ν₯μν μ μλ€. λ°λΌμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ ν¨μ°½κ³΅μ μνμ κ²½κ³μ μ€κ³μ μ£Όμμ μ λκ³ ν¨μ°½κ³΅μ μ¬μ‘°μ±μ μ§ν₯μ κ³Ό ꡬ체μ μΈ μ€κ³ λ°©μμ μ μνκ³ μ νλ€.
곡κ°μμ κ²½κ³λ κ°μ₯ κΈ°λ³Έμ μΈ μ‘°κ±΄μΌλ‘ 곡κ°μ 물리μ λ²μ, ν¬κΈ°, λμ΄λ₯Ό κ·μ νμ¬ κ³΅κ° νΉμ±κ³Ό κΈ°λ₯μ κ²°μ νλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ 곡κ°μ μ¬κ³ μμ κ²½κ³μ μλ―Έμ μν , κ²½κ³μ μ’
λ₯μ ꡬμ±μ νμ
νμ¬ κ²½κ³ λΆμμ νλ‘μ κΈΈ(λμ ), κ²½κ³λ¬Ό, κ²½κ³κ³΅κ°μ λμΆνμλ€. κΈΈ(λμ )μ μ΄λμ μν μ μ 곡κ°μΌλ‘ μΈλΆκ³΅κ°μμ κ·Έ μμ²΄λ‘ κ³΅κ°μ ꡬλΆνκΈ°λ νμ§λ§ λ¨μ΄μ§ λ μ₯μλ₯Ό μ°κ²°νλ κ΅λ₯μ μν΅μ ν΅λ‘κ° λκΈ°λ νλ€. λμ μ 체κ³μ±μ 곡μ μ 체μ μ°κ²°μ±κ³Ό κΈ΄λ°ν¨, μμ λ‘μ΄ μ΄λμ±κ³Ό μ κ·Όμ±μ κ²°μ νλ€. κ²½κ³λ¬Όμ λͺ
νν κ³΅κ° κ΅¬λΆμ νμ§νκΈ° μν΄ μ€μΉλλ 물리μ μ€μ²΄κ° μλ κ²½κ³μ΄λ€. κ²½κ³λ¬Όμ μ’
λ₯, νν, μμ§μ±μ μ λ, μ¬λ£, λ°λμ λ°λΌ 곡κ°μ κ°νκ°μ΄ λ¬λΌμ§λ€. κ²½κ³κ³΅κ°μ κ²½κ³κ° 곡κ°μΌλ‘ νμ₯λ κ²μΌλ‘ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μ±μ§μ΄ μΆ©λνκ³ μ΅ν©λ μ μλ κ°λ₯μ±κ³Ό μ μ¬μ μ₯μμ΄λ€. ν¨μ°½κ³΅μμ λ¬μκ³Ό μ¬λΉ, μ΄λμ₯, 근린곡μμμ€, λ
ΈμΈνκ΄ λ± λ§€μ° λ€μΈ΅μ μ΄κ³ λ€μν κΈ°λ₯κ³Ό μ±κ²©μ΄ νΌμ¬νλ κ³³μ΄μ§λ§ κ° κ³΅κ°μ΄ μλ‘ μ‘°νλμ§ λͺ»νκ³ κ°λ³μ μΌλ‘ μ‘΄μ¬νκ³ μλ€. ν¨μ°½κ³΅μμ 곡μ κΈ°λ₯μ μ¦μ§νκΈ° μν μλκ° μ¬λ¬ λ² μμμΌλ, λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μΌλ‘μ λ¨μΌν μ₯μ μλ―Έλ₯Ό μ€μν μ±μνλ μ΄ν΄μ§λ¨ κ° λ립μΌλ‘ λ²λ²μ΄ μ€ν¨νμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ 맡νμ ν΅ν΄ ν¨μ°½κ³΅μμ κ²½κ³ νΉμ±μ μκ°ννκ³ ν¨μ°½κ³΅μμ 곡곡μ μ΄μ©μ μ ννλ μμΈμ μ°Ύκ³ μ νμλ€. ν¨μ°½κ³΅μμ κ²½κ³ νΉμ±μ 곡μ λ€νΈμν¬μ κΈ΄λ°λ, κ²½κ³λ¬Όλ‘ μΈν λ¨μ μ μ λ, μ μ¬μ κ²½κ³κ³΅κ°μ μΈ κ°λλ‘ λλμ΄ λΆμν μ μλ€. 곡μ λ€νΈμν¬μ κΈ΄λ°λμ λΆμν κ²°κ³Ό, 곡μ μ 체λ₯Ό μμ°λ₯΄λ 체κ³μ μΈ λμ μ λΆμ¬λ λΆνμν κ²½κ³λ₯Ό λ§λ€κ³ μμΌλ©° 곡μ μ§μΆμ
μ μ ννκ³ μλ€. κ²½κ³λ¬Όλ‘ μΈν λ¨μ μ μκ°νν κ²°κ³Ό, ν¨μ°½μ΄λμ₯κ³Ό λ°±λ²κΉκ΅¬κΈ°λ
κ΄, μμ΄μ¬λ 곡μμμ κ°μ₯ λ¨μ μ μΈ κ²½κ³λ‘ μμ©νκ³ μμΌλ©° κ²½μ¬μ§, μμ§μ κ²½κ³λ¬Ό, λΉ½λΉ½ν νλΆμμ¬λ 곡μμ μμ λ‘μ΄ μ΄μ©μ μ ννλ€. λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘ 곡κ°μΌλ‘ νμ₯λμ΄ μλμ μ΄κ³ λ€μ±λ‘μ΄ κ³΅μ νλμ΄ λ²μ΄μ§ μ μλ μ μ¬μ κ²½κ³κ³΅κ°μΌλ‘ ν¨μ°½μ΄λμ₯ 건μΆκ³΅κ°, ν¨μ°½κ΄μ₯, λ°±λ²κΉκ΅¬κΈ°λ
κ΄ μ 곡κ°μ μΈ κ³³μ λ°κ΅΄νμλ€.
κ²½κ³μ λν λΆμμ λ°νμΌλ‘ μ΄λ¦° 곡μ 곡κ°μ ꡬμ±νκ³ μ μ¬μ κ²½κ³κ³΅κ°μ νμ©νλ μ€κ³ μμΉκ³Ό μ λ΅μ μ μνμλ€. μ°μ μκ³μ λ°λ₯Έ λμ κ³νκ³Ό μ§μ μλ κ³΅κ° κ΅¬μ±μ ν΅ν΄ 곡μ λ€νΈμν¬μ μ°μμ±κ³Ό 체κ³μ±μ κ°ννκ³ , λμμ μ°κ²°λλ μ§μ μ λλ € 보νμ κ·Όμ±μ μ¦μ§νλ€. λ€μμΌλ‘ λΆνμνκ² κ³Όλν κ²½κ³ μμλ μ κ±°νκ³ κ²½κ³λ¬Όμ μ¬μ§, λμ΄, λ°λ λ±μ μ‘°μ νμ¬ κ°λ°©λ 곡κ°μ μ‘°μ±νλ€. λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ λ°κ΅΄ν κ²½κ³κ³΅κ°μ μ£Όλ³ κ³΅κ°κ³Ό μ°κ³λλλ‘ νκ³ μλ―Ό λꡬλ μ½κ² μ°Έμ¬ν μ μλ 곡μ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ κΈ°ννλ€. λμ¨ν μν΅μ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό μ§ν₯ν μ€κ³λ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό ν΄μ²΄νμ¬ μλμ μ΄λ©° λ€λ³νλ κ°λ₯μ±μ μ₯μλ‘ λ§λ€λ©° λμμ μν΅νκ³ μνΈμμ©νλ 곡μμ ꡬμνλ€.
κ²½κ³λ₯Ό λ°κΎΈλ κ²μ 물리μ νκ²½λΏ μλλΌ κ³΅κ°μ μ΄μ©νκ³ μΈμ§νλ©° κ°κ°νλ λ°©μμ λ°κΎΈκ³ κ³΅κ° κ²½νμ λ³νμν¨λ€. 물리μ , μκ°μ μΌλ‘ ν¬κ³Όμ± μλ κ²½κ³λ μλ‘λ₯Ό κ΄μ°°ν μ μκ³ κ΅λ₯νλ©° μν΅ν μ μλ μ¬μ§λ₯Ό νμ±νλ€. κ²½κ³κ³΅κ°μ λ€μ±λ‘μ΄ κ³΅μ νλμ΄ λ²μ΄μ§ μ μλ κ°λ₯μ±μ μ₯μκ° λλ€. λμκ° κ³΅μμ λμ μ‘°μ§, λ§₯λ½κ³Ό λ κΈ΄λ°νκ² μ°κ²°λ λμ μΈνλΌκ° λ κ²μ΄λ€. κ²½κ³μ μ€μ μ λ μ€κ³λ 곡μμ μ΄λ£¨λ μ‘°κ°λ€μ΄ μ΄λ»κ² λ§λΏμ μμ κ²μΈκ°λ₯Ό κ²°μ ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ κ³΅μμ λμ± κ³΅κ³΅μ μΌλ‘ λ§λ λ€. ν¨μ°½κ³΅μμ λμ λ μ€μ¬μμλΆν° ν΄κ²°νλ κ²μ΄ μλλΌ λ°κΉ₯μ κ²½κ³λ₯Ό μ μμλκ°μΌλ‘μ¨ ν΄μμ μ€λ§λ¦¬λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ μ μμ κ²μ΄λ€.In recent, the Korean Government and Seoul city are planning to redesign Hyochang Park, celebrating the 100th anniversary March 1st Movement and Foundation of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Hyochang Park is a big openspace located in Yongsan, the geographic center of Seoul, and also the historical place the memorial for patriotic martyrs and the first international soccer stadium in Korea are situated. However, the stakeholders who has occupied some part of the park are still maintaining the exclusive manner to public and creating a conflict on the orientation of the park redesign. The park, accordingly, has not functioned as the one of the most public urban place. This research begin with the question that is why dont we accept the existence of stakeholders and find a spatial solution to change the relationship between them. If the closed and exclusive boundaries change to open and connecting boundaries, it can rebuild the relationship between stakeholders and enhance the publicity of the park. Thus, the research proposes the design direction and design plan focusing on boundaries of Hyochang Park.
First of all, the boundary is the most fundamental condition in a space. It determines the characteristic and function of the spaces by making physical area range, size and height of them. This research studied the meaning, function, type and composition of spatial boundaries and figured out three keyword elements making boundaries in space; path, boundary objects and liminal space. These are elements of the design as well as analytical framework in the research. Path is not only a linear space which divide one place into two but also a corridor for communication which connects distant places. Path makes pedestrian circulation, connectivity, openness, and accessibility of the park. Boundary objects have physical entities and mark the division between spaces. The type, form, verticality, material and density of the objects make difference in spatial impression. Liminal space is extended area from the boundary. It is a potential place where any different characteristics can conflict or harmonize. Meanwhile, Hyochang park has various characteristics due to the disparate facilities such as cemetery, shrine, stadium, park facilities and senior welfare center but they do not interact or harmonize with each other. The publicity of the park has been declined accordingly. Furthermore, the plan to make the park a sanctuary has failed because of the dispute between stakeholders.
Subsequently, this paper analyzes boundaries in Hyochang park with the mapping visualization and tried to find out the causes which reduce the publicity of the park. The characteristics of the boundaries can be categorized into three; path network connectivity, degree of discontinuity of boundary objects and potential liminal spaces. There is no systematic pedestrian flow. It makes unnecessary fences, walls and boundary stones and limits the access from the city to the park. On the basis of the mapping visualization about boundary objects, it is found that Hyochang stadium, Kimkoomuseum, Uiyeolsa shrine are the most disconnected obstacles. Steep slope, vertical barrier, dense underplanting also limit free use of the park. Three spaces, Hychang stadium building, Hyochan plaza, and front yard of Kimkoomuseum, are drawn as potential liminal spaces where dynamic and various activities take place.
Lastly, the research proposes design principle and strategies to reconstruct open public space and to make use of potential liminal spaces. The design which aims the embracing and communicating boundaries will make the park dynamic and enjoyable place which interacts with the urban fabric. There should be a systematic plan for pedestrian flow and space organization to enhance the connectivity of the network. It will also make the park more easily accessible from the city. Excessive boundary objects should be got rid of or become more transparent and more open to public with adjusting their material, height, density and other features. Liminal spaces should be spatially and programmatically associated with surrounding area and should be the place every citizen can participate in the public park program.
Changing the boundary not only changes the physical context but also give variety to the way people feel and experience the space. Transparent boundaries make it possible for people to observe each other, to communicate and to interact with each other. Liminal space becomes the potential place where any spontaneous public activities take place. Hyochang park with openness can be the urban infrastructure which is more interacting with the surrounding urban fabric and urban context. The design focusing on the boundary determines the way the puzzles forming the whole park are put together and makes it more public. Solving the problem of Hyochang park should begin with constructing outer boundaries not with the inner part.β
. μλ‘ 1
1. μ°κ΅¬ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό λͺ©μ 1
2. μ°κ΅¬ λμκ³Ό λ²μ 4
3. μ°κ΅¬ λ΄μ©κ³Ό λ°©λ² 6
4. κ΄λ ¨ μ°κ΅¬ λν₯ 7
β
‘. μ΄λ‘ κ³ μ°°κ³Ό μ¬λ‘μ°κ΅¬ 11
1. 곡κ°κ³Ό κ²½κ³ 11
2. κ²½κ³ κ΅¬μ±κ³Ό ν¨κ³Ό 17
3. μ¬λ‘μ°κ΅¬ 29
β
’. ν¨μ°½κ³΅μ λ³μ²κ³Ό νν© 43
1. λμμ§ κ°μ 43
2. μμ¬ 45
3. 곡κ°κ΅¬μ± 52
4. μ¬μ‘°μ± μλμ μ€ν¨ 57
5. μ’
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£. ν¨μ°½κ³΅μ κ²½κ³ νΉμ±κ³Ό λ¬Έμ μμ 61
1. 곡μ λ€νΈμν¬ 62
2. κ²½κ³λ¬Όλ‘ μΈν λ¨μ 65
3. μ μ¬μ κ²½κ³κ³΅κ° 71
4. μ’
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1. μ€κ³ λ°©ν₯κ³Ό μμΉ 80
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β
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μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 110Maste
Study on characteristics and impurity effects on Ga2O3 thin films grown by MOCVD
Ξ²-Ga2O3λ 4.9 eVμ λμ λ°΄λκ°μ κ°μ§λ μ°νλ¬Ό λ°λ체 λ¬Όμ§λ‘ μ°μν 물리μ νΉμ±μ μ΄μ©ν λ€μν μ°κ΅¬κ° μ§νλκ³ μλ€. νΉν, κ΄μμ μ μμ μν΄μ νμμ μΈ p-type νΉμ±μ μ»κΈ° μν μ°κ΅¬κ° λ§μ΄ μ§νλκ³ μμΌλ μμ§ μμ ν p-type μ νμ λν κ²°κ³Όλ λ³΄κ³ λ λ° μλ€. λ°λΌμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ Mg νΉμ Zn μμκ° ν¬ν¨λ μ ꡬ체λ₯Ό μ μνμ¬ μ κΈ°κΈμ νν μ¦μ°©λ²(MOCVD)μ μ΄μ©ν Ga2O3 λ°λ§ μ±μ₯ μ€ λΆμλ¬Όμ μ£Όμ
νλ μλ‘μ΄ λν λ°©λ²μ μκ°νλ€. λΆμλ¬Ό μ£Όμ
ν¨κ³Ό λΆμμ μμ, 600, 700, 800 κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ 900 βμ μ±μ₯ μ¨λμ λ°λ₯Έ undoped Ga2O3 λ°λ§μ μ±μ₯ μ¨λ μμΉμ λ°λΌ νλ©΄ κ±°μΉ κΈ°κ° μ¦κ°νκ³ λ€κ²°μ νκ° μ¬νλλ κ²μ νμΈνμλ€. μ΄μ λ κ°μ§ λλμ Mg(Zn) μμΈν
μ΄νΈ μμ©μ‘ μ ꡬ체λ₯Ό μ£Όμ
νμ¬ 600 βμ 900 βμ λ μ±μ₯ μ¨λμμ λΆμλ¬Ό μ£Όμ
쑰건μ λ°λ₯Έ λ°λ§μ νΉμ± λ³νλ₯Ό νμΈνμλ€. 600 β μ±μ₯ μλ£μμλ νΉμ 쑰건μ λΆμλ¬Ό μ£Όμ
μ μν΄ Ξ²-μμ΄ μλ λ€λ₯Έ μμ Ga2O3 κ° ν¨κ» μ±μ₯νλ©° 900 βμμλ undopedμμλ μ±μ₯νμ§ μμ Ξ²-Ga2O3 κ²°μ λ©΄μ΄ μ±μ₯ν¨μ νμΈνμλ€. λν 600 βμ κ²½μ° λΆμλ¬Ό μ£Όμ
μλ£μ λμ€μ λ₯κ° μ 체μ μΌλ‘ κ°μνκ³ 900 βμ κ²½μ° κ΄μ λ₯ νμ±λκ³Ό UV λ°κ΄ ν¨μ¨μ΄ ν¬κ² μ¦κ°νλ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»μ μ μμλ€.|Ξ²-Ga2O3, which is one of the oxide semiconductor having wide band gap of 4.9 eV, has much potential for various applications because of its outstanding physical properties. Since p-type conversion is essential for optoelectronic device fabrication, a number of researches were reported on p-type doping but none was completely succeeded. In this study, we demonstrated a new doping method using Mg and Zn acetate solutions and revealed their effects on Ga2O3 thin films. To optimizing growth conditions of Ga2O3 thin films having proper qualities, undoped Ga2O3 thin films were grown at various growth temperatures from 600 to 900 β by means of a customized MOCVD method. It is observed that rougher and polycrystalline surface, but larger photocurrent were measured with thin film grown at 900 β than those of thin film grown at 600 β. With the optimized growth temperatures, the intentional doping of Mg and Zn into the Ga2O3 thin films was carried out using metal acetate solutions as dopant precursors at 600 and 900 β. Enhancements of the leakage current from samples grown at 600 β and photo-current, UV emission efficiency from samples grown at 900 β by impurities were revealed.1. μ λ‘ 1
2. μ΄ λ‘ 4
2.1 μ°ν κ°λ₯¨ 4
2.1.1 Ga2O3μ λ€νμ± 4
2.1.2 Ga2O3μ 물리μ νΉμ± 6
2.1.3 Ga2O3μ μ°κ΅¬ λν₯ λ° μμ© λΆμΌ 8
2.2 μμ©μ± κΈμ μμΈν
μ΄νΈ 8
2.3 μλ°©ν₯ λ°μ΄μ΄μ€μμμ μ λ₯ μμ± 10
3. μ€ν λ°©λ² 12
3.1 MOCVD μμ€ν
12
3.2 κΈ°ν μ€λΉ 14
3.3 Ga2O3 λ°λ§ μ±μ₯ 14
3.3.1 λ²νΌμΈ΅ μ 무 λ° μ±μ₯μ¨λ λ³νμ λ°λ₯Έ undoped Ga2O3 λ°λ§ μ±μ₯ 14
3.3.2 Mg λ° Zn λΆμλ¬Ό μ£Όμ
μ ν΅ν Ga2O3 λ°λ§ μ±μ₯ 14
3.4 μ κ·Ή νμ± 18
4. Undoped Ga2O3 λ°λ§μ νΉμ± 20
4.1 Undoped Ga2O3 λ°λ§μ λν μ μ¨ λ²νΌμΈ΅μ μν₯ 20
4.2 μ±μ₯ μ¨λμ λ°λ₯Έ undoped Ga2O3 λ°λ§μ νΉμ± λ³ν 22
4.2.1 SEM λΆμ 22
4.2.2 XRD λΆμ 25
4.2.3 μ κΈ°μ νΉμ± λΆμ 27
4.2.4 600 β μ±μ₯ μλ£μ μκ΄ λ©΄μ κ³Ό κ΄μ λ₯ νμ± κ΄κ³ 31
5. Mg λ° Zn λΆμλ¬Ό μ£Όμ
μ μν Ga2O3 λ°λ§μ νΉμ± λ³ν 35
5.1 600 β μ±μ₯ Ga2O3 λ°λ§μ Mg/ Zn λΆμλ¬Όμ μν νΉμ± λ³ν 35
5.1.1 SEM λΆμ 35
5.1.2 XRD λΆμ 37
5.1.3 μ κΈ°μ νΉμ± λΆμ 39
5.2 900 β μ±μ₯ Ga2O3 λ°λ§μ Mg/ Zn λΆμλ¬Όμ μν νΉμ± λ³ν 41
5.2.1 SEM λΆμ 41
5.2.2 XRD λΆμ 43
5.2.3 μ κΈ°μ νΉμ± λΆμ 45
5.2.4 κ΄νμ νΉμ± λΆμ 47
6. κ²° λ‘ 51
κ°μ¬μ κΈ 53
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 54Maste
κ³μΈ΅μ κ΅°μ§λΆμ κΈ°λ°μ Continuous Risk Profileμ μ΄μ©ν κ³ μλλ‘ μ¬κ³ μ·¨μ½κ΅¬κ° μ μ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : 건μ€ν경곡νλΆ, 2013. 2. μ κ²½μ.Crashes that occur on freeways generally cause extensive damage and injuries. Therefore, there is a need for the development of techniques for managing and reducing the number of crashes that occur by identifying hotspots efficiently within a limited budget.
Among existing network screening methods, the Continuous Risk Profile(CRP) model well known to have performance that is superior to competing methodologies. However, to identify hotspots, the CRP model requires the use of safety performance functions which are used as a rescaling factor.
In this study, I utilized hierarchical clustering analysis to use the Continuous Risk Profile, which had great results for identifying hotspots in nations and regions in which no safety performance functions have been established.
I identified hotspots by replacing safety functions that are used as a rescaling factor in the CRP model with expected average crash frequency following groups that were obtained by hierarchical clustering analysis.
I compared the hotspots identified by the existing CRP model and the hotspots identified by the CRP model using hierarchical clustering analysis. Also, I compared the hotspots identified by the CRP model using hierarchical clustering analysis and the Sliding Moving Window method and the Peak Searching method. These comparisons indicated that the CRP model using hierarchical clustering analysis, just like the existing CRP model, was more effective at identifying hotspots on freeways than other network screening methods.Chapter1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Purpose of the Study 1
1.2. Scope of the Study 4
Chapter2. Network Screening Methods and Literature Review
2.1. Network Screening Methods 5
2.1.1. Sliding Moving Window Method 5
2.1.2. Peak Searching Method 6
2.1.3. Continuous Risk Profile 7
2.2. Literature Review 9
Chapter3. The Process of Continuous Risk Profile
3.1. Raw Data 14
3.2. Calculation of a Performance Measure per Unit Distance 16
3.3. The Application of the Weighted Moving Average 17
3.4. The Application of Rescaling Factors 18
3.4.1. The Existing Continuous Risk Profile 18
3.4.2. The Continuous Risk Profile using Hierarchical Clustering Analysis 21
3.5. Review of Reproducibility 24
3.6. The Identification of Final Hotspots 26
Chapter4. Results
4.1. Hotspots on the I-880 Northbound Freeway 27
4.1.1. Hotspots Identified by Various Network Screening Methods 27
4.1.2. Hotspots Identified by 4-Continuous Risk Profile 30
4.2. Hotspots on the I-880 Southbound Freeway 34
4.2.1. Hotspots Identified by Various Network Screening Methods 34
4.2.2. Hotspots Identified by 4-Continuous Risk Profile 37
4.3. Reanalysis of Bi-directional Collision Concentration Locations 41
4.3.1. I-880 Northbound Absolute Postmile (22.77 ~ 39.98 miles) 42
4.3.2. I-880 Southbound Absolute Postmile (10.54 ~ 30.91 miles) 43
4.3.3. Results of Reanalysis 44
Chapter5. Conclusions and Further Advancement of the Study
5.1. Conclusions and Contribution of the Study 45
5.2. Further Advancement of the Study 47
ReferencesMaste
Clinical utility of a plasma-based comprehensive genomic profiling test in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in Korea
Objectives: Plasma-based comprehensive circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) next generation sequencing (NGS) has shown utility in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of cfDNA-based NGS to identify actionable gene alterations in patients with aNSCLC. Patients and methods: This single-center non-interventional retrospective study evaluated Korean patients with biopsy-confirmed stage III/IV non-squamous aNSCLC. Tissue biopsy samples were collected at baseline, and/or at progression and analysed with Standard of Care (SOC) testing; cfDNA was analyzed by NGS in some patients concurrently. Results: aNSCLC patients with cfDNA test results (n = 405) were categorized into three groups: treatment naΓ―ve (n = 182), progressive aNSCLC after chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy (n = 157), and progressive aNSCLC after tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (n = 66). Clinically informative driver mutations were identified for 63.5% of patients which were classified as OncoKB Tiers 1 (44.2%), 2 (3.4%), tier 3 (18.9%), and 4 (33.5%). Concordance between cfDNA NGS and tissue SOC methods for concurrently collected tissue samples (n = 221) with common EGFR mutations or ALK/ROS1 fusions was 96.9%. cfDNA analysis identified tumor genomic alterations in 13 patients that were unidentified with tissue testing, enabling initiation of targeted treatment. Conclusions: In clinical practice, results of cfDNA NGS are highly concordant with those of tissue SOC testing in aNSCLC patients. Plasma analysis identified actionable alterations that were missed or not evaluated by tissue testing, enabling the initiation of targeted therapy. Results from this study add to the body of evidence in the support routine use of cfDNA NGS for patients with aNSCLC. Β© 2023 The Author(s)ope
Continuous centrifugal microfluidics (CCM) isolates heterogeneous circulating tumor cells via full automation
Understanding cancer heterogeneity is essential to finding diverse genetic mutations in metastatic cancers. Thus, it is critical to isolate all types of CTCs to identify accurate cancer information from patients. Moreover, full automation robustly capturing the full spectrum of CTCs is an urgent need for CTC diagnosis to be routine clinical practice. Methods: Here we report the full capture of heterogeneous CTC populations using fully automated, negative depletion-based continuous centrifugal microfluidics (CCM). Results: The CCM system demonstrated high performance (recovery rates exceeding 90% and WBC depletion rate of 99.9%) across a wide range of phenotypes (EpCAM(+), EpCAM(-), small-, large-sized, and cluster) and cancers (lung, breast, and bladder). Applied in 30 lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, the system isolated diverse phenotypes of CTCs in marker expression and size, implying the importance of unbiased isolation. Genetic analyses of intra-patient samples comparing cell-free DNA with CCM-isolated CTCs yielded perfect concordance, and CTC enumeration using our technique was correlated with clinical progression as well as response to EGFR inhibitors. Conclusion: Our system also introduces technical advances which assure rapid, reliable, and reproducible results, thus enabling a more comprehensive application of robust CTC analysis in clinical practice.ope
Associated Factors of Spontaneous Hemorrhage in Brain Metastases in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma
Background: Hemorrhage in brain metastases (BMs) from lung cancer is common and associated with a poor prognosis. Research on associated factors of spontaneous hemorrhage in patients with BMs is limited. This study aimed to investigate the predictive risk factors for BM hemorrhage and assess whether hemorrhage affects patient survival.
Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 159 BMs from 80 patients with lung adenocarcinoma from January 2017 to May 2022. Patients were classified into hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic groups. Patient demographics, lung cancer molecular subtype, treatment type, and tumor-node-metastasis stage were compared between the groups. Multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis and gradient boosting were performed. To determine whether BM hemorrhage can stratify overall survival after BM (OSBM), univariate survival analysis was performed.
Results: In the univariate analysis, hemorrhagic BMs were significantly larger and had a history of receiving combination therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and intracranial radiation (p < 0.05). Multivariate GEE showed that tumor size and combination therapy were independent risk factors for BM hemorrhage (p < 0.05). Gradient boosting demonstrated that the strongest predictor of BM hemorrhage was tumor size (variable importance: 49.83), followed by age (16.65) and TKI combined with intracranial radiation (13.81). There was no significant difference in OSBM between the two groups (p = 0.33).
Conclusions: Hemorrhage in BMs from lung adenocarcinomas may be associated with BM tumor size and a combination of TKI and intracranial radiotherapy. BM hemorrhage did not affect OSBM.ope