235 research outputs found
DNA ์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ ์์ ์ ์ฌ์ข ๊ฒฐ์์ RPRD1A์ ํ์คํค H3 45๋ฒ Threonine์๊ธฐ ์ธ์ฐํ์์ ๊ด๊ณ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ ๋ถ์์ํ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ ์ฝ ์ ๊ณต, 2017. 2. ์คํ๋.Core histones undergo diverse post-translational modifications to regulate the transcription process. On our previous report, we showed that AKT1 phosphorylates 45th threonine of histone H3 (H3T45) under DNA damage conditions. It enhances transcription by facilitating transcriptional termination. However, the precise mechanism of phosphorylated H3T45 (p-H3T45) -enhanced transcriptional termination is not yet understood. In this study, we show that human orthologs of yeast transcription termination factor Rtt103, RPRD1A and RPRD1B, interact with AKT1. RPRD1A, not RPRD1B, harbors well-conserved AKT phosphorylation site on its carboxy-terminal coiled-coil structure (Serine 285). Under the DNA damage conditions, RPRD1A knockdown had no effect on H3T45 phosphorylation, but caused impaired CDKN1A transcriptional induction. AKT1 mediated phosphorylation of H3T45 and RPRD1A-S285 both increased their binding affinity. Finally, S285A mutation impaired RNA polymerase II (Pol II) dissociation from the chromatin, resulting improper transcriptional termination and reduced transcription efficiency. Taken together, we suggest a novel mechanistic insight that RPRD1A transmits H3T45 phosphorylation signal to transcriptional termination.I. INTRODUCTION 1
1-1. C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and transcrip-tional termination 2
1-2. Function of RPRDs (regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA do-main-containing protein) in transcriptional termination and malignancy 6
1-3. AKT activation under the DNA damage conditions and contribution to transcriptional termination 10
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 14
2-1. Cell culture and transient expression 15
2-2. DNA constructs and purification of recombinant proteins 15
2-3. Antibodies 16
2-4. Lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown of RPRD1A 16
2-5. AKT kinase assay 17
2-6. Western blot assay 17
2-7. ChIP (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation) assay 18
2-8. qRT โPCR (Quantitative real-time PCR) analysis of relative mRNA levels and ChIP products 19
2-9. Statistics 19
III. RESULTS 22
3-1. AKT interacts with RPRD1A and phosphorylates 285th Serine 23
3-2. Phosphorylated 285thserine of RPRD1A induces CDKN1A transcription under the DNA damage 32
3-3. Phosphorylation of RPRD1A S285 and histone H3-T45 by AKT1 enhances binding affinity to each other 39
3-4. Ser285 of RPRD1A is critical to transcription termination complex formation at TTS 44
IV. DISCUSSION 47
V. REFERENCES 51
โ
ฅ. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 59Maste
๋์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์ ์ ํ์ฉํ LNG-FSRU ํ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ค๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
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ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ํํ์๋ฌผ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2015. 2. ํ์ข
ํ.์ต๊ทผ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ ์ฒ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค์ ์์์ ๋ง์ถฐ ์กํ ์ฒ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค(LNG) ๊ณต๊ธ ์์ค์ ์์๊ฐ ๋์์ง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํนํ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ก์ ๊ณต๊ธ ์์ค๋ณด๋ค ๊ณต์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ, ๋น์ฉ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ ํด์ ๋ถ์ ์ ์ ์ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ ์ค๋น(FSRU)์ ๋ํ ๊ด์ฌ์ด ํ๋๋๊ณ ์๋ค. LNG-FSRU๋ ๊ทธ ์ค๊ณ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์ก์ ์ฒ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค ํฐ๋ฏธ๋์ด๋ ์ฒ์ฐ๊ฐ์ค ์์ก์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์ ์ฌํ์ง๋ง ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณต์ ์ค๊ณ์์ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ง ์๋ ํด์ ์ํฉ์ ์ค๊ณ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ LNG-FSRU์ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์ค๊ณ์ ์์ ํ ์ด์ ์ ์ํด์๋ ๋์ ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํ์ํ ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ์ผ์ ์ค์น๊ฐ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ํ์ฉํ LNG-FSRU์ ํ์ฌ์ด๋ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ค๊ณ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ์๋ค. ๋จผ์ ๊ณต์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ํตํด LNG-FSRU์ ๊ณต์ ์ ๋ํ ํด์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ํ LNG-FSRU์ ๊ณต์ ๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ฐจ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ํํ ๋์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๋ชจ๋ธ, ๊ทธ ์ค์์๋ ๊ณต์ ์ ํต์ฌ์ด ๋๋ ์ฌ์กํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ์์ธ ๋ชจ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค. ์์ธ๋ฌ LNG-FSRU ๋ฐฐ๊ด ๋ด์ ์์
์๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์ถ์ ์ด๋ค ์ง์ ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๋ ๋ณ์ ์๋ ์์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.
์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ํ ๋ถ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ํด์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ณต์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ ์๋ ์์ธ์ ์ ๋ํ์์ ์ฅ์น ๋ด ์ ์
, ํ๋ํธ ์ค์น ๊ฐ๋ฅ ์์ญ ์ ํ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฅ์น ๋ฌด๊ฒ์ ๋ํ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์์ธ๋ค์ด ๊ณต์ ์ค๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ง๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ ๋๋ก LNG-FSRU ํ์ฌ์ด๋์ ์ต์ ๊ณต์ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค. ๋์งธ, ์ค๊ณํ LNG-FSRU์ ๊ณต์ ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ์ํํ์๋ค. ํนํ LNG-FSRU ๊ณต์ ๋ด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ชจ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ํดํ ์ฆ๋ฐ๊ฐ์ค ์ฌ์กํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ์์ธ ๋ชจ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ฌ๋ก๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ์ ํ๋๋ก ์ฌ์กํ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ๋ชจ์ฌํ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก LNG-FSRU์ ๋ฐฐ๊ด์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ผ์๊ฐ ์๋ ์ด๋ ์ง์ ์ ์ ํํ๋๋ผ๋ ํด๋น ์ง์ ์ ๊ณต์ ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์๋ํ๋ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ํตํด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋ณ์ ์์ธก์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์กด๋ณด๋ค 1/10 ์ดํ๋ก ์ค์ผ ์ ์์๋ค.Abstract
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1. Research motivation
1.2. Research objectives
1.3. Outline of the thesis
Chapter 2 : Topside process design of LNG-FSRU
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Theoretical backgrounds
2.2.1. LNG-FSRU
2.2.2. Traditional process design procedures
2.2.3. Process design for offshore plant topside
2.3. Basis of design for LNG-FSRU
2.3.1. Design specification
2.3.2. Target specification
2.4. LNG-FSRU Topside process design
2.4.1. Basic process scheme
2.4.2. Detailed design of topside process
2.4.3. Vaporizator selection
2.4.4. Heat and material balance sheet
2.5. Result and discussion
Chapter 3 : Dynamic Simulation of LNG-FSRU topside process
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Theoretical backgrounds
3.2.1. BOG Recondenser
3.2.2. Prior researches about recondenser modeling
3.3. Proposed modeling methodology
3.3.1. General dynamic simulation of a BOG recondenser
3.3.2. Building the flash ratio function
3.4. Case study : Data preprocessing
3.4.1. Noise filtering
3.4.2. Raw data selection
3.5. Case study : Advanced dynamic modeling for BOG recondenser
3.5.1. Model building
3.5.2. Model validation
3.5.3. HYSYS non-equilibrium solving method
3.6. Result and discussion
Chapter 4 : Automatic simulation-based soft sensor generation for LNG-FSRU
4.1. Introduction
4.2. LNG terminal
4.3. Methodology
4.3.1. Quantization of target location information
4.3.2. Model boundary selection
4.3.3. Degree of freedom calculation for the LNG pipeline
4.3.4. Simulation of the target model with minimizing error
4.4. Case study
4.4.1. Case study 1
4.4.2. Case study 2
4.5. Result and discussion
Chapter 5 : Conclusion and Future Works
5.1. Conclusion
5.2. Future worksDocto
์์ ๋ณํ์๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ์์ถ๊ฐ๋ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ฑด์คํ๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 8. ์กฐ์ฌ์ด.์ฐจ๋, ์ ๋ฐ, ํญ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๋, ํญ๋ฐ, ์ง์ง, ์ฐ๋๋ฏธ ๋ฑ ๊ทน๋จ์ํฉ ํ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ์ํ์ ๋นํด ๋์ ๋ณํ์๋๋ก ํ์ค์ ๋ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ทน๋จ์ํฉ ํ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ธ ์ค๊ณ์ ์ ํํ ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ํด์๋ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฃํน์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํด์ผ๋ง ํ๋ค.
ํํธ, ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ๋ ๋ณํ์๋ ์์กดํน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก์, ๋ณํ๋ฅ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ถ๊ฐ๋, ์ธ์ฅ๊ฐ๋, ์๊ณ๋ณํ๋ฅ ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฃํน์ฑ์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ณํํ๋ค. ํนํ, ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ์ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋๋ ๋ณํ๋ฅ ์๋๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ์ง๋๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ํ์ค์ฌํ์๊ฐ์ด ์งง์์ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๊ท ์ด ์ง์ ์ด ์ด๋ ค์์ง๋ค๋ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ทน ์ ์์ ์๊ฐ ๊ด์ฑํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ฉฐ ๋ณํ์ ์ ํญํ๋ค๋ ์ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ์์ถ๊ฐ๋์ ๋ํ ๋ณํ์๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๊ฐ ๋๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ง๊ธ๊น์ง ๋ง์ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๊ฐ ์ ์๋์ด ์์ผ๋, ์ ์๋ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ค์ ๊ณตํต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ง ๋ณํ๋ฅ ์๋์ ์ํ ํจ์๋ก ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋, ๋ณํ๋ฅ ๊ฐ์๋, ์ํธ์ ํ์ ๋ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ๋ ๋ฑ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ฌผ์ฑ ์คํ ์ ์คํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ค ์ ์๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ์๋ค์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ์ฌ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์ ์คํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅ ์๋์์ ๋๋ฆฌ ๋ถ์ฐ๋์ด ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์ ์คํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์๋ ์ถ๋ฐฉํฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฒฝ๋ฐฉํฅ ๊ด์ฑํจ๊ณผ์ ์ํ ๊ฐ๋์ฆ์ง์ด ํฌํจ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณํ์๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๊ด์ฑํจ๊ณผ๋ ์ด๋๋ฐฉ์ ์์์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๊ณ ์๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ค๋ณตํ์ฌ ๊ด์ฑํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉฐ ๋น๋ณด์์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ ํํ์ฑ์ฒด ์ํธ์ ๋ํ split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) ์คํ์ ํด์์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ด์ฑํจ๊ณผ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์ฃผ์ ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ฃผ์ ๋ณ์๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ ๊ฒ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ฅผ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ SHPB ์คํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ๋น์ ํ ํ๊ท๋ถ์์ ์ํํ์ฌ ์ ์ํ์๊ณ , ๊ฒ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ด์ฑํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ํ์ฌ ์์ ๋ณํ์๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ํ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ ์ํ ์์ ๋ณํ์๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ํ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์์ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ ์ํ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ฅผ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธSHPB ์คํ ์ ํ์์ํด์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ฆ ํด์์ ์ํํ์๊ณ , ์ ์ํ ๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ณ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋์ ์ ํ๋๋ก ๋์ ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์์ธกํ ์ ์์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋์ ์ฌ๋ฃ์คํ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ด์ฑํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ ์ฉํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ์ฌ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ๋ฑ ์๋ฉํธ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๋ด์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ฑ๋ฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉํญ์ฑ๋ฅ ํ๊ฐ์๋ ํ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ทน๋จ์ํฉ ํ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ธก ๋ฐ ์์ ์ฑ ํ๊ฐ, ์ค๊ณ์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ฒ ํ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค.Structures under extreme events like collision of car, ship, and aircraft, explosion, earthquake, tsunami, etc. are loaded at higher deformation rate than that under quasi-static state. Therefore, in order to design economically and analyze accurately concrete structures under extreme events, dynamic material properties of structures should be investigated.
Meanwhile, concrete is the material having the rate dependent property, which is that material properties like compressive and tensile strength, critical strain, etc. are changed along strain rate. Especially, concrete compressive strength becomes higher as strain rate is increased. It is caused by two reasons. First, loading duration of extreme events is too short to propagate cracks. Second, water in voids induces the inertia effects to resist deformation. This phenomenon is called as the rate effect on concrete compressive strength, and dynamic increase factor (DIF) has been used widely to consider the rate effect in analysis and design of concrete structures.
Various DIFs have been suggested until now, but the DIFs have common problems. First of all, DIF has been assumed as a function of only strain rate, so other variables like static strength, strain acceleration, specimen shape, density, etc., which can influence on results of dynamic material test, were not considered. Therefore, the test data of DIF was spread widely at a strain rate point. Furthermore, the test data of DIF includes the axial and radial inertia effects, but the inertia effects were misinterpreted as the rate effect. However, the inertia effects are already covered in the equation of motion, so unconservative results can be derived by considering repetitively the inertia effects in a constitutive equation with DIF.
In this study, analytical model of split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test for a linear elastic specimen was investigated to find out important variables causing the inertia effects in dynamic material test. Then, apparent DIF was suggested with the key factors by conducting nonlinear regression analysis for concrete SHPB test results. Finally, DIF considering the pure rate effect was suggested by correcting the inertia effects in apparent DIF. In order to verify proposed DIF, finite element analyses for concrete SHPB tests with proposed and representative DIFs were performed, and it was confirmed that proposed DIF predicts apparent dynamic strength of specimens with high accuracy.
Methodology correcting the inertia effects in results of dynamic material test in this study can be extended for evaluations of impact and explosion resistance performances of cementitious material like fiber reinforced concrete, etc. Furthermore, it is expected that the proposed DIF can be applied to design, evaluation of safety, and behavior analysis for concrete structures under extreme events.LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
NOTATIONS xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Research Background 1
1.2. Research Objectives and Scope 7
1.3. Outline 8
2. Theoretical Background 9
2.1. Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Test 9
2.1.1. Principle of SHPB test 9
2.1.2. Pulse shaped SHPB test 13
2.2. Previous Studies 17
2.2.1. Apparent DIF 17
2.2.2. Numerical studies 18
2.2.2.1 Li and Meng (2003) 18
2.2.2.2 Kim et al. (2010) 19
2.2.2.3 Magallanes et al. (2010) 21
2.2.3. Experimental studies 22
2.2.3.1 Zhang et al. (2009) 22
2.2.3.2 Hao et al. (2013) 23
2.2.4. Analytical studies 24
2.2.4.1 Davies and Hunter (1963) 24
2.2.4.2 Gorham (1989) 25
2.2.4.3 Forrestal et al. (2007) 26
2.2.5. Summary and limitations of previous studies 26
3. Suggestion of DIF Considering Pure Rate Effect 28
3.1. Important Variables Influencing Apparent DIF 28
3.1.1. Analytical model of SHPB test 28
3.1.2. Rate effect and inertia effects in apparent DIF 32
3.2. Concrete SHPB Test 35
3.2.1. Specimen preparation 36
3.2.2. SHPB test procedure 38
3.2.3 Concrete SHPB test results 44
3.3 Suggestion for DIF Considering the Pure Rate Effect 51
4. Verification of Proposed DIF 54
4.1 Verification Analyses Modeling 54
4.2 Verification Results and Discussion 57
4.2.1 Verification results 57
4.2.2 Discussion on verification 60
4.2.2.1 ACI 349-13 60
4.2.2.2 ACI 370R-14 61
4.2.2.3 fib MC2010 and UFC 3-340-02 62
5. Conclusions 63
Reference 65
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 70Maste
๋น ํฌ์คํฐ ์ ํฉ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ด๋์ญ GaN pHEMT ์ ๋ ฅ์ฆํญ๊ธฐ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ ๊ธฐยท์ปดํจํฐ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 2. ์๊ด์.In this thesis, a study on broadband GaN pHEMT power amplifier (PA) using non-Foster matching is presented.
A watt-level PA with multi-octave bandwidth is required for broadband applications such as jamming system for electronic warfare (EW). To guarantee the high power operation, GaN device is suitable due to its high power density and high voltage operation. Therefore, in this thesis, the high PAs are fabricated through a GaN device. For broadband operation, a new wideband PA structure with high gain and high efficiency is proposed. The new broadband PA using non-Foster circuit (NFC) is referred to as a negative impedance matched power amplifier (NMPA).
The bandwidth limitation from high-Q interstage matching is overcome through the use of negative capacitor, which is realized with a negative impedance converter (NIC) using the cross-coupled GaN FETs. However, since the negative impedance transducer also has a frequency limit, the following design strategy has been established. For high power operation over the entire bandwidth, the natural interstage matching is optimized for the upper sub-frequency band and the lower sub-frequency band is compensated by the negative capacitance (NC) presented by NFC. For this strategy, detailed analysis is performed to understand the frequency limitation of NIC approach, which shows that high-frequency limit comes from the self-resonance and the low-frequency limit from the power handling capability.
Besides, to overcome the frequency and power limits of NFC, a cascaded stage negative impedance converter (CSNIC) structure is proposed with improved positive loop gain. In addition, the cause of the NIC loss at the high frequency is also analyzed and solved using CSNIC.
Two NMPAs with NIC and a NMPA with CSNIC are fabricated with commercial 0.25-ฮผm GaN pHEMT process. The implemented PA with 2ร combining shows the output powers of 35.7-37.5 dBm with the power added efficiencies (PAEs) of 13-21% from 6 to 18 GHz. The 4ร combining PA achieves over 5 W output power from 7 to 17 GHz. The NMPA with CSNIC shows the output powers of 7.6-10.4 W with the PAEs of 16-23% from 7 to 18 GHz. At frequencies, where NFC is optimized for interstage matching, the power improvement by 1.2 dBm and PAE improvement by 5.7% have been achieved. The NFC boosts the efficiencies and power below 12 GHz to achieve broadband performance without using any lossy matching or negative feedback. This work also demonstrates that the CSNIC overcomes the frequency and power capability limit of the conventional NIC.
To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of NIC-based broadband amplifiers with Watt-level output power. The NMPA can provide a new perspective in designing the broadband PAs.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Outline of This Thesis 6
Chapter 2. A 6-18 GHz GaN pHEMT Power Amplifier Using Non-Foster Matching 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Interstage Matching with NFC 11
2.3 Non-Foster Circuit 15
2.4 The limitation of Non-Foster Circuit 17
2.4.1 High Frequency Limit 17
2.4.2 Low Frequency Limit 19
2.5 Measurement Results 22
2.5.1 PA with 2ร Combining 22
2.5.2 Noise Performance of NIC 25
2.5.2 Comparison Table 26
2.6 Conclusion 27
Chapter 3. A Broadband NMPA with Higher Output Power and Detailed Analysis for NFC 28
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Two-stage GaN PA with NFC 31
3.2.1 Overall Design Procedure of NMPA 31
3.3 Detailed Analysis for NFC 33
3.3.1 Topologies of the NFC 33
3.3.2 Frequency Limitation and Equivalent circuit of the NFC 36
3.3.3 Detailed NFC Design for Broadband PAs 38
3.4 Measurement Results 44
3.4.1 Parallel Combined PA with 4ร Combining 46
3.4.2 Comparison Table 49
3.5 Conclusion 51
Chapter 4. A Broadband GaN pHEMT Power Amplifier Using Cascaded Stage Negative Impedance Converter 52
4.1 Introduction 52
4.1.1 Cause of losing non-Foster operation 53
4.1.2 NFC conditions for obtaining broadband NC 54
4.2 Cascaded Stage Negative Impedance Converter 55
4.2.1 Operation Principle and Circuit Design 55
4.2.2 Loss Compensation of NFC 60
4.3 Measurement Results 71
4.3.1 NMPA with CSNIC 71
4.3.2 Frequency Limit of CSNIC 77
4.3.3 Noise performance of CSNIC 81
4.3.4 Comparison Table 82
4.5 Conclusion 84
Chapter 5. Conclusion 85
Bibliography 87
Abstract in Korean 93Docto
VRML์ ์ด์ฉํ๋ 3์ฐจ์ ์ตํฉ ์์์ ๊ฐ์ํ์ ์์น ์ธก์ ๊ตฌํ : ๊ฐ์ง๊ณผ ๋์กธ์ค ํ์
Dept. of Medical Science/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
๊ฐ์ ํ์ค ๊ตฌํ ์ธ์ด(Virtual Reality Modeling, Language, VRML)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ 3์ฐจ์ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ World Wide Web (WWW)์์ ์ง๊ด์ ์ธ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ ์ ์๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ์ค ํ๋์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํด๋ถํ์ ๋จ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ MR ์์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํต์ํ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ VRML ์ตํฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ํํ๋ ๊ฒ, ํด๋ถํ์ ๋จ๋ฉด์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ MR ์์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ํ์ฐ ๊ฐ์กฐ MRI์ ๊ด๊ณ๋๋ VRML ์ตํฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ค์ ์คํํ๋ ๊ฒ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ WWW์์ 3D ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ค์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์์น ์ธก์ ์ ์ฑ์ทจํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. T1-๊ฐ์กฐ MR, ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ๋ฐ์๊ฐ๊ธฐ SPECT ์์๋ค์ด ํ ๋ช
์ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ํ๋๋์๋ค. ๋ํ T1-๊ฐ์กฐ MR๊ณผ ํ์ฐ ๊ฐ์กฐ MR ์์๋ค์ด ํ ๋ช
์ ๋์กธ์ค ํ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ป์ด์ก๋ค. MRI์ ์ ํฉ๋๋ ์ฐจ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ SPECT(SISCOM)๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ์์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ ํ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. SISCOM ์ง์์ง๋ค, ํ์ฐ ์ด์๋ถ์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ํด๋ถํ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ค์ด ๋ถํ ๋์๊ณ marching cube ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์ํด์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ผ๋ก VRML ํ๋ฉด๋ค๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํํ๋์๋ค. 3D ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์ด ์ด์ ์ VRML ํ๋ฉด๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋์๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ๋๊ตฌ๋ค์ด Java script routine๋ค๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์ฝ์
๋์๊ณ ๊ฐ์ง ํ์์ ๋ฐ์ ์ง์์ง๋ค๊ณผ ํ์ฐ ๊ฐ์กฐ MRI ์ด์๋ถ์๋ค์ด 3D ์ธก์ ๋๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์์ธก๋์๋ค. ์ด ์๋ก์ด VRML ์์ฉ์ ๋ํ ์ฅ์ ๊ณผ ์ฝ์ ๋ค์ด ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ค์ํ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ๋
ผ์๋์ด์ง๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]Three-dimensional (3D) display using Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) as a portable file format is an effective way of sharing intuitive information on the World Wide Web (WWW). The aim of this study was to visualize VRML-fused models related to nuclear medicine with anatomic planar MR images, to realize VRML-fused models related to diffusion-weighted MRI with anatomic planar MR images, and to achieve their spatial localization using a 3D measurement tool over the WWW. T1-weighted MR, ictal and interictal SPECT images were obtained from one epileptic patient. T1-weighted MR and diffusion-weighted MR images were acquired from one stroke patient. Subtraction ictal SPECT co-registered to MRI (SISCOM) was used as a method to produce advanced images of the epileptic patient. The SISCOM foci, diffusion abnormalities, and three anatomic compartments were digitally segmented and geometrically rendered to the VRML surfaces by a marching cube algorithm, respectively. A 3D measurement tool was developed and then merged with the previous VRML surfaces. User interface tools were embedded with the Java script routines, and the rectangular positions of the epileptic seizure foci and diffusion-weighted MRI abnormalities were estimated using the 3D measurement tool. The strengths and weakness of this new VRML application with the various aspects of this modeling technique are discussed.restrictio
CABIN1 ํฉํ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋์ฒด calcineurin ์ต์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ตํฉ๊ณผํ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ์ ๋ถ์์ํ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ด์ค์ ์ฝํ๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์คํ๋.The C-terminal fragment of calcineurin binding protein-1 (CABIN1) interacts with calcineurin and represses the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). However, the specific sequences and mechanisms through which it binds to calcineurin are unclear. This study determined that decameric peptide (CABIN1 residues 2146 to 2155) is minimally required for binding to calcineurin. This peptide contains a unique โPPTPโ C-terminal sequence and a โPxIxITโ N-terminal motif. Furthermore, p38 MAPK phosphorylated the threonine residue of the โPPTPโ sequence under physiological conditions, dramatically enhancing the peptideโs binding affinity to calcineurin. Therefore, the CABIN1 peptide inhibited the calcineurin-NFAT pathway and the activation of T cells more efficiently than the VIVIT peptide without affecting calcineurinโs phosphatase activity. The CABIN1 peptide could thus be a more potent calcineurin inhibitor and provide therapeutic opportunities for various diseases caused by the calcineurin-NFAT pathway.CABIN1 ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์ค ๋ง๋จ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ calcineurin๊ณผ ์ํธ์์ฉํ์ฌ T์ธํฌ ํ์ฑํ์ ํ์์ ์ธ NFAT์ ์ ์ฌํ์ฑ์ ์ต์ ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง calcineurin๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ๋ ์ ํํ ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ฐ ์์ด๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์์ง ๋ฐํ์ง์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ CABIN1์ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์ค ๋ง๋จ ์กฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ calcineurin์ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ์์ด ์ต์ํ CABIN1์ 2146๋ฒ๋ถํฐ 2155๋ฒ๊น์ง 10๊ฐ ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ์ฐ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์
์ฆํ์๋ค. ์ด ํฉํ์ด๋๋ ์๋ฏธ๋
ธ ๋ง๋จ์ โPxIxITโ ๋ชจํฐํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ , ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์ค ๋ง๋จ์ ๊ณ ์ ํ โPPTPโ ์์ด์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ์์ p38 MAPK๋ โPPTPโ์์ด์ ํธ๋ ์ค๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐํ ์ํค๊ณ , ์ด๋ CABIN1 ํฉํ์ด๋์ calcineurin์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐํฉ๋ ฅ์ ์๋นํ ํฅ์์ํจ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ก ์ธํด CABIN1 ํฉํ์ด๋๋ calcineurin์ ํ์ธ์ฐํ ํจ์ํ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด์ VIVIT ํฉํ์ด๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก calcineurin-NFAT ๊ฒฝ๋ก์ T ์ธํฌ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ต์ ํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก, CABIN1 ํฉํ์ด๋๋ ๋์ฒด calcineurin ์ต์ ์ ๋ก์ ํฐ ์ ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๊ณ , calcineurin-NFAT ๊ฒฝ๋ก์ ์ํด ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ ๋ค์ํ ์ง๋ณ์ ๋ํ ์๋ก์ด ์น๋ฃ๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.โ
. INTRODUCTION 1
โ
ก. MATERIALS AND METHODS 11
โ
ข. RESULTS 25
โ
ฃ. DISCUSSION 71
โ
ค. REFERENCES 79
โ
ฅ. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 90๋ฐ
ํด๋ฆฌ์ํธ๋ ์ด๋ฏผ์ ๋์ ๋ ์นดํ ๋๋ ์ ์ฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ๊ณต๊ธ์ํจ์
Thesis (doctoral)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :ํํ๊ณผ ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ๊ณต,1997.Docto
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