편측 대구치 상실부의 임플란트 회복 치료 전후의 주관적 객관적 저작 효율 변화

Dept. of Dental Science/박사The tooth loss may compromise the chewing function, ultimately leading to decreased quality of life. For this reason, restoration of a lost tooth has been considered an important field in dentistry. Recently, dental implant has become widely available, serving as an important option for replacement of a missing tooth. In this study, I explored a combination of subjective and objective evaluations of chewing efficiency as an alternative, more reliable quantitative means for the determination of the success of the dental implant for the lost molar tooth in one side. Specifically, I analyzed survey questionnaires on the Food Intake Ability (FIA) for 30 different food groups for subjective evaluation of chewing efficiencies, and then determined scores of the Key Food Intake Ability (KFIA) for chewing five hard foods. For objective evaluation of chewing efficiencies, the Mixing Ability Index was used. The participants were subject to dental examination before dental implant restoration. They were also asked to answer self-questionnaires and chew wax samples ten times before and after the completion of implant restoration treatment and I then collected the chewed wax samples for image analyses. The conclusions drawn in this study are the following:1. The dental implant treatment for the lost molar tooth in one side was found to improve both subjective and objective evaluation scores: the subjective evaluation scores, FIA and KFIA, increased by 7.4%** and 11.2%**, respectively, whereas the objective evaluation score did so by 8.6%. This improvement was statistically significant (**p<0.0001).2. I compared changes in chewing efficiency according to gender of patients. FIA, KFIA and MAI of male patients increased by 9.2%*, 13.6%* and 8.4%*, respectively. In comparison, FIA, KFIA and MAI increased by 7.3%*, 11.2%* and 8.4%*, respectively, for female patients. The statistical analyses indicate the lack of a significant difference in changes of chewing efficiency between male and female patients(*p<0.05, **p<0.0001).3. I compared FIA, KFIA and MAI scores according to age of patients. For patients at the age of 20-40, FIA and KFIA increased by 2.4%* and 6.2%**, respectively. The FIA and KFIA scores increased by 6.4%* and 10.0%**, respectively for patients at the age of 40-50. Similar statistical improvements were also found with patients over the age of 60 (i.e., 12.2%** and 16.2%* increases in FIA and KFIA, respectively). In contrast, a significant increase in the MAI score, which is an objective evaluation score of chewing efficiency, was found with only a patient group at the age of 40-50 (*p<0.005, **p<0.0001).4. I compared changes in chewing efficiency according to locations where tooth losses occurred. For other locations than upper left as principal sites of tooth losses, I found no significant improvement in subjective evaluation scores, FIA and KFIA, after the treatment. In comparison, FIA and KFIA significantly increased by 6.0%** and 9.2%**, respectively, after the treatment when the tooth loss occurred in upper left. An objective evaluation score, MAI, significantly increased by 7.4%* for upper right 13.4%* for lower right and 3.9%** for upper left. Changes in these scores after treatment for the loss of a tooth in lower left were found to be statistically insignificant (*p<0.005, **p<0.0001).5. I compared changes in chewing efficiency according to arch where the lost tooth belongs to. I found no significant differences in these scores for upper arch after treatment.6. I compared changes in chewing efficiency according to tested food groups and found that chewing efficiencies were improved by 10.6%* for food groups with high hardness, 5.6%* for those with medium hardness and 2.4%* for those with low hardness (*p<0.005).7. I compared changes in FIA, KFIA and MAI scores for patient groups having different chewing efficiencies judged based on baseline MAI scores prior to implantation. For patients with relatively low chewing efficiency prior to treatment, FIA, KFIA and MAI increased by 9.4%**, 12.4%** and 14.0%**, respectively. In contrast, relatively small improvements were observed with patients having relatively high chewing efficiency prior to treatment; FIA, KFIA and MAI scores increased by 5.6%**, 10.2%**, and 3.4%, respectively. Differences in chewing efficiency changes between these two patient groups were statistically significant (**p<0.0001).8. I explored correlations among chewing efficiencies evaluated subjectively and objectively through comparative analyses between FIA and MAI, and between KFIA and MAI. I found that FIA and KFIA (i.e., subjective evaluation scores) were inversely correlated with MAI (i.e., an objective evaluation score) (P<0.05).In short, results from my study described here demonstrate that changes in chewing efficiency after dental implant restoration treatment were directly reflected by statistical improvement in subjective evaluation scores, which may also be indicative of increased quality of life. In addition, I found that FIA measurements based on self-questionnaire survey and MAI measurements using wax cubes enabled facile, clinical assessment of chewing efficiency of patients, thus allowing for reliable evaluation of outcomes of treatment. Altogether, my study presented here suggests that reliable and accurate assessments of a patient''s condition based on the objective and subjective evaluation scores can provide an important guideline for future treatments and managements.ope

집적 회로에서 알루미늄, 구리 배선 및 플립칩 SnPb의 electromigration 거동

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :재료공학부,2003.Maste

OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises as an Instrument Addressing Human Rights Abuses Committed by Multinational Enterprises

다국적기업에 의한 인권침해 문제를 해결하는 것이 우리 시대의 중요한 과제로 부상했다. 이와 관련하여 가장 관심을 받는 규범 중의 하나가 OECD 다국적기업가이드라인(이하 가이드라인)이다. 본고는 이 점을 염두에 두면서 가이드라인의 발전과정을 살펴봄으로써, 현행 가이드라인을 이해하고 그것의 미래를 가늠해 보려는 시도이다. 그리고 근본적으로는 가이드라인이 과연 어떤 의미에서 중요한 기업인권 규범인지, 가이드라인의 효과성을 극대화하기 위해서 무엇이 필요한지에 대해서 대답하고자 한다. 최초의 가이드라인인 1976년 가이드라인은 노동권 이외의 기업인권 이슈에 대해서는 침묵했다. 인권규범으로서의 면모가 본격적으로 등장한 것은 2000년 가이드라인에 이르러서였다. 이 가이드라인은 인권에 관한 일반조항을 담았으며 다국적기업이 개도국에서 야기하는 인권침해와 사업관계로 인한 인권침해를 규제대상에 포함시켰고, 국내연락사무소(이하 NCP)로 하여금 실제 분쟁을 해결하는 구체적 사안절차를 도입했다. 이로 인해 가이드라인은 본격적인 기업인권 규범으로 거듭날 수 있었다. 하지만 동시에 이후의 적용과정에서 여러 문제점들이 노정되기도 했다. 이때 제기된 문제점들은 2011년 개정을 통해서 상당히 해소됐다. 그리고 이때 유엔기업인권 프레임워크의 내용을 전폭적으로 반영하여 인권에 관한 독립된 장을 만들었다. 이로써 가이드라인은 현재 국제공법질서 내에서 다국적기업에게 인권책임을 부과하는 가장 발달한 인권규범이 됐다. 본고는 가이드라인 발전과정에서의 가장 주목할 만한 지점으로 NCP가 다국적기업의 인권침해 여부에 대한 판정기능을 갖게 된 점 그리고 그것이 점점 강화되어 온 점을 지적한다. 그리고 이러한 판정기능이야 말로 우리가 가이드라인에 주목하는 가장 중요한 측면이라고 주장한다. 따라서 향후에도 가이드라인은 이런 방향으로 진화를 거듭하는 것이 마땅하며, 우리나라에서 전개되고 있는 NCP개혁 논의도 이런 방향에서 추진되어야 한다고 본다.It is one of the most urgent challenges of our times to address human rights abuses committed by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Considering that OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (hereinafter the Guidelines) are one of the most important instruments in tackling the issues, this paper tries to clarify the meanings of the current Guidelines and to peep at its future by reviewing its past developmental process, and eventually to answer on what ground the Guidelines merit our attention and what additional measures are needed for further development of the Guidelines. The first Guidelines, enacted in 1976, had nothing to do with general human rights issues except for labor rights. It was not until the amendment of the Guidelines in 2000 that the term human rights was inserted into the Guidelines. In this amendment the Guidelines also expanded its jurisdiction to include not only the human rights violations caused by MNEs in non-member (or non-adhering) countries but also the violations caused by other business entities with which MNEs had business relations

수직 구조 낸드 플래시 메모리 내 수직 채널 적용 목적으로의 Si1-xGex 결정화 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 재료공학부, 2015. 2. 윤의준.Recently, the three-dimensional vertical NAND (VNAND) flash memory structure is developed to overcome the scaling limit and degree of integration issues of conventional two-dimensional planar NAND flash memory. The solid phase crystallization is used as a crystallization technique for vertical channel in VNAND. However, the solid phase crystallized film has fatal limitations related to the electrical properties when used as a channel material due to the high density of grain boundaries and intra-grain defects in the microstructure. Especially, it is expected that the string current degradation as the number of cell layers is increased for higher bit densities in the next-generation VNAND. Therefore, having a high quality poly-crystalline channel that is large-grained and less-defective microstructure is very important for next-generation VNAND as well as devices currently in use. In this study, the Si1-xGex/Si bi-layer structure is proposed in order to obtain the high quality poly-crystalline Si channel microstructure. This bi-layer structure is simple, easy and directly applicable to the VNAND process. The bi-layer shows Si1-xGex surface nucleation and induces equiaxial grains that leads to large-grained and less-defective microstructure in the Si channel layer. Furthermore, the Si1-xGex lateral growth method is proposed based on the crystallization behavior of Si1-xGex bi-layer in order to obtain even large grains in the Si channel layer. The Ge/Si bi-layer is introduced to maximize the lateral growth effect. It was confirmed that the Ge layers are crystallized through the lateral growth only without any nucleation. After Si growth, the laterally grown grains are shown through the Ge and Si layers. These results mean that the very large Si grains over film thickness can be obtained after the Ge nucleation layer stripping. Accordingly, using a bi-layer as a channel structure is expected to improve the electrical properties of each cells and to minimize the degradation of string current in VNAND. Additionally, the poly-crystalline Ge single layer is proposed as a vertical channel structure in VNAND. The secondary grain growth which shows the very larger grains over film thicknesses is applied as a crystallization technique. The grains three or four time larger than adjacent grains and over film thickness are detected after annealing near VNAND thermal budget. Besides, the two-step annealing was proposed combining different grain growth kinetics in order to enlarge the grain size in a given thermal budget. The two-step annealed films showed greatly increased hole mobility compare to conventional single-step annealing and expected microstructural evolution was also discussed.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scaling of NAND flash memory 1 1.2 Emergence of vertical NAND flash memory 2 1.3 Vertical channel formation in VNAND. 8 1.4 Technical Issues for vertical channel in VNAND. 14 1.5 Thesis Contents and Organization. 19 2 Crystallization Techniques for Vertical Channel in VNAND 21 2.1 Solid Phase Crystallization 21 2.1.1 Crystallization of amorphous Si 21 2.1.2 Thermodynamics of Si SPC 25 2.1.3 Microstructure of solid phase crystallized Si film 28 2.1.4 Si SPC techniques for VNAND process. 33 2.1.5 Si1-xGex/Si bi-layer structure for vertical channel in VNAND 39 2.2 Grain Growth 41 2.2.1 Poly-crystalline semiconductor film. 41 2.2.2 Normal grain growth. 44 2.2.3 Secondary grain growth. 45 2.2.4 Ge SEDSGG for vertical channel in VNAND 48 3 Solid Phase Crystallization of Si1-xGex/Si Bi-Layer 50 3.1 Crystallization Behavior of Si1-Gex/Si Bi-Layer. 50 3.1.1 Introduction. 50 3.1.2 Experimental details 51 3.1.3 Results and discussions. 52 3.1.4 Summary. 64 3.2 Lateral Growth for Large-Grained Si Channel Layer. 65 3.2.1 Introduction. 65 3.2.2 Experimental details 68 3.2.3 Results and discussions. 69 3.2.4 Summary. 82 3.3 Technical Issues and Future Work. 83 3.3.1 Si, Ge intermixing. 83 3.3.2 Surface roughness of Si channel layer after Si1-xGex layer stripping 83 3.3.3 Surface nucleation in a Si1-xGex/Si bi-layer. 84 4 Grain Growth of Poly-Crystalline Ge. 87 4.1 Introduction. 87 4.2 Experimental Details. 88 4.3 Results and Discussions 92 4.3.1 High temperature annealing of poly-crystalline Ge 92 4.3.2 Annealing near VNAND thermal budget 98 4.3.3 Two-step annealing 104 4.3.4 Carrier mobility of poly-crystalline Ge films 113 4.4 Summary 115 5 Conclusions 116 Bibliography. 119 국 문 초 록. 131 연 구 실 적. 134Docto

Current network subscription status of Korea's dental clinic and its satisfaction rate

치의학과/석사[한글]의료 환경은 빠르게 변화하고 있다. 치과의사 수는 이미 적정선을 넘어 개업의들 간의 치열한 경쟁을 피할 수 없고, 정부에서는 의료의 산업화를 선언하였다. 대기업들은 의료사업에 진출할 방법을 모색하고 있으며, 각종 특구 내에서는 유명 외국 병원의 진출이 확정되었다. 개업가에서는 기존의 단독 개원의 한계를 벗고 이러한 환경의 변화 속에 적응하고자 공동개원이라는 새로운 모델을 탄생시켰다. 그러나 공동개원은 시행착오를 겪으며 시들해져 갔고, 개원가에서는 네트워크 치과 의료기관이라는 좀 더 거대하고 체계적인 새로운 모델을 탄생시켰다. 그러나 강력한 브랜드 이미지와 잘 갖춰진 시스템을 강점으로 내세우는 치과 네트워크가 참여 병의원들의 기대치를 어느 정도 만족시키고 있는가의 실정조사는 아직 발표된 것이 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 우리나라에서 전국적인 네트워크 망을 형성하고 있는 대형 치과 네트워크 3곳의 참여 의사들을 대상으로 네트워크 의료기관의 가입 전 기대치와 가입 후 만족도를 비교 조사하였다.조사 결과 대다수의 네트워크 가입 치과 병의원은 공동 개원의 노하우나 정보를 얻게 된 점에서는 만족하고 있었으나 다른 대부분의 항목에서 불만족하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 참여 의사들은 현재 보다는 앞으로 변화될 의료 환경에 네트워크 치과 의료기관이 경쟁력이 있기를 기대하고 있다.따라서 치과 네트워크 본사는 좀 더 체계화된 경영 시스템과 마케팅 환경을 제공하여 가입 치과 병의원들의 만족도를 높여야 할 것이다.나아가 네트워크의 효과를 충분히 내기 위해서는 현재의 프랜차이즈 형태를 벗어나 전략적 제휴로의 변화가 필요하리라 사료된다. [영문]Condition of current dental environment is quickly changing. Intensive competition among many dentists in business is not avoidable due to industrialize the dental business. Large corporations are grouping to expand their business to dental business and it is already decided well-known foreign hospitals will branch out in certain special districts. In order to adjust to the quickly changing business environment, instead of old fashioned of independence establishment, new openers created a new partner establishment. However, trial and error weaken the partner establishment and created a more vast and organized model, network dental clinic. But under the strong brand imagined well-equipped system, it is currently not yet known that how much they satisfy the expectation of dentists participating in networked dental clinic. Therefore, this research studied three dental network group currently subscribed to large nationally networked dental clinic and compared the expectations before subscribing to networked dental clinic and satisfactions after.According to the study, most of subscribed dentists are satisfied with gaining information about partner establishment but unsatisfied with rest of other categories. However, Subscribed dentists are looking forward to have competitiveness of networked dental clinic with upcoming changes in dental environment.Therefore, by provide more clinic management system and marketing environment, dental network headquarters will have to increase the satisfactory rateIn order to make network more effective, it is considered to have strategic alliance changes away from current franchise type.ope

온산 지역의 지권 환경 변화에 관한 광물학적 연구

Thesis (master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :지질과학과 지질학전공,1998.Maste

Business Lawyer`s Professional Responsibility with regard to the Material Violation of Law in the Corporation in the U.S. and its Implications in the Korean Context

In 2007 a lawyer named Kim Yong Chul, Former Chief Legal Officer in Samsung Group, disclosed a series of alleged violations of laws committed by the Group authorities and his involvement thereof during his term of office, which stirred up a heated controversy over the role and ethics of business lawyers among lawyers and scholars in Korea. This article tries to find out what is the right way in which business lawyers should behave themselves when they come to know the material violation of law committed by the constituents of an organization they represent. By tracing the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) and the Part 205 of Code of Federal Regulation and the amendment of the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct (hereinafter the Rules), this article shows the scope of the issues and their conclusions, which are expected to give us useful implications in amending the Korean Bar Association (KBA) Ethics Code of Lawyer (KBA Code) Right after the collapse of the Enron, the U.S Congress enacted SOX, to restore integrity to the U.S. capital market by promoting corporate responsibility, accountability and transparency, section 307 of which is dealing with the rules of professional responsibility for attorneys, giving a mandate for the Security and Exchange Committee (SEC) to work out rules to regulate lawyers appearing and practicing before the SEC. The SECs Standard of Professional Conduct (17 C.F.R. 205) requires the attorney who knows the evidence of material violation of law to report the evidence to the chief legal officer (mandatory reporting up)...이 연구는 2008년도 서강대학교 교내연구비 지원에 의한 연구임(200810035.01)

리파아제를 이용한 광학적으로 순수한 exo-Brevicomin의 합성

Maste