60 research outputs found

    Radiotherapy as an immune checkpoint blockade combination strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma

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    In the immune oncology era, the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against most solid cancers is well known. In hepatocellular carcinoma, the recent success of combination therapy with targeting agents has accelerated the search for novel combination strategies. Radiotherapy (RT), an attractive modality, can be combined with ICIs, which act as strong modulators of the tumor immune microenvironment. Herein, we discuss immune modulation caused by radiation and the current trials of RT-ICI combination treatment as well as future perspectives.ope

    Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Dose Scheme and Application of New Techniques Are Associated to a Lower Incidence of Radiation Pneumonitis in Breast Cancer Patients

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    Purpose: Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is one of the most severe toxicities experienced by patients with breast cancer after radiotherapy (RT). RT fractionation schemes and techniques for breast cancer have undergone numerous changes over the past decades. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of RP as a function of such changes in patients with breast cancer undergoing RT and to identify dosimetric markers that predict the risk of this adverse event. Methods and Materials: We identified 1,847 women with breast cancer who received adjuvant RT at our institution between 2015 and 2017. The RT technique was individually tailored based on each patient's clinicopathological features. Deep inspiration breath hold technique or prone positioning were used for patients who underwent left whole-breast irradiation for cardiac sparing, while those requiring regional lymph node irradiation underwent volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Results: Of 1,847 patients who received RT, 21.2% received the conventional dose scheme, while 78.8% received the hypofractionated dose scheme (mostly 40 Gy in 15 fractions). The median follow-up period was 14.5 months, and the overall RP rate was 2.1%. The irradiated organ at risk was corrected concerning biologically equivalent dose. The ipsilateral lung V30 in equivalent dose in 2 Gy (EQD2) was the most significant dosimetric factor associated with RP development. Administering RT using VMAT, and hypofractionated dose scheme significantly reduced ipsilateral lung V30. Conclusions: Application of new RT techniques and hypofractionated scheme significantly reduce the ipsilateral lung dose. Our data demonstrated that ipsilateral lung V30 in EQD2 is the most relevant dosimetric predictor of RP in patients with breast cancer.ope

    Prognostic Significance of Sarcopenia in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer Patients

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    Background: Sarcopenia, systemic inflammation, and low muscularity significantly impact the survival of cancer patients. However, few studies have investigated how sarcopenia and systemic inflammation affect the prognosis of biliary tract cancer with distant metastasis. In this study, we investigated the association between sarcopenia with systemic inflammation and prognosis of metastatic biliary tract cancer. Materials and Methods: Data collected from 353 metastatic biliary tract cancer patients from 2007 to 2016 were analyzed. To evaluate the skeletal muscle mass, computed tomography images at the upper level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) were used. Sarcopenia was defined using the Japan Society of Hepatology guideline; L3 muscle index 3 were categorized into the inflammatory category. The overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) were analyzed. Subgroup analysis was performed on those who received gemcitabine/cisplatin (GP) chemotherapy and depending on the presence of sarcopenia and inflammation. Results: Patients with sarcopenia showed lesser 1-year OS than those without (25.5 vs. 38.2%, p = 0.019). The patients with high NLR (NLR > 3) were associated with a shorter OS than were those with a low NLR (NLR โ‰ค 3) (21.0 vs. 52.8%, p < 0.001). Based on these results, we categorized the patients into three groups; sarcopenia accompanied by high NLR, no sarcopenia and low NLR, and either sarcopenia or high NLR. The OS of patients was well-stratified according to this grouping (1-year OS; 18.3 vs. 30.3 vs. 55.8%, p < 0.001). Concordant with OS results, the PFS was well-stratified based on the presence of either sarcopenia or high NLR (Sarcopenia; 9.5 vs. 19.4%, p < 0.001, NLR; 10.0 vs. 23.4%, p < 0.001). The PFS was significantly associated with high NLR and sarcopenia (1-year PFS; 7.8 vs. 13.0 vs. 27.9%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Sarcopenia with inflammation was associated with inferior OS and PFS. In addition, sarcopenia accompanied by inflammation was associated with poor prognosis. Conservative treatments such as nutritional support, exercise, and pharmacologic intervention could help metastatic biliary tract cancer patients to overcome sarcopenia and the inflammatory status.ope

    Association between Skeletal Muscle Loss and the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

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    There are no means to predict patient response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC); the impact of skeletal muscle loss on the response to NAC remains undefined. We investigated the association between response to chemotherapy and skeletal muscle loss in breast cancer patients. Patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer who were treated with NAC, surgery, and radiotherapy were analyzed. We quantified skeletal muscle loss using pre-NAC and post-NAC computed tomography scans. The response to treatment was determined using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. We included 246 patients in this study (median follow-up, 28.85 months). The median age was 48 years old (interquartile range 42-54) and 115 patients were less than 48 years old (46.7%). Patients showing a complete or partial response were categorized into the responder group (208 patients); the rest were categorized into the non-responder group (38 patients). The skeletal muscle mass cut-off value was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve; it showed areas under the curve of 0.732 and 0.885 for the pre-NAC and post-NAC skeletal muscle index (p < 0.001 for both), respectively. Skeletal muscle loss and cancer stage were significantly associated with poor response to NAC in locally advanced breast cancer patients. Accurately measuring muscle loss to guide treatment and delaying muscle loss through various interventions would help enhance the response to NAC and improve clinical outcomes.ope

    ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ‘ํˆฌ์ž์—…์ฒด ๊ธฐ์—…๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ : ์‚ฌ์—…์„œ๋น„์Šค์—…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ,2001.Docto

    Current advances and future issues in optogenetics: Potential research and therapeutic tool for the field of dentistry

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ํ•œ์Šนํ˜„, ์ •์ง€ํ›ˆ.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  Optogenetics ๋ž€ ํŠน์ •ํŒŒ์žฅ, ํ˜น์€ ๋‹คํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋น›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด Opsin ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ (chromophore-containing photochemical actuator) ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ์„ธํฌ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ, ํ˜น์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํšŒ๋กœ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. Optogenetics ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์—ด์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” optogenetics ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ตœ์‹  optogenetics์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ optogene ๊ณผ optogene์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜์˜ํ•™์— ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1980๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ Pubmed์—์„œ optogenetics, opsin, optogene, neural network, neural circuit, brain, rhodopsin ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ‚ค์›Œ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰, ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  Optogenetics ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” photochemical actuator ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ Type I, II opsin ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚จ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ฒด๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์„ coding ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ transfection ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ targeting, retrograde, anterograde ๋“ฑ์˜ targeting ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋งŒ์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ทนํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Optogenetics์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‡Œ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ •์‹ , ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ transfection ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” optogene ์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์น˜์˜ํ•™์—์„œ optogenetics ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋น„์ •ํ˜•์ , ๋‚œ์น˜์„ฑ์ธ ์•ˆ๋ฉด์‹ ๊ฒฝํ†ต๋“ค์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ 1 II. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฅ 7 III. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฅ 8 IV. ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ โ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 31 VI. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ โ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 37Maste

    (The) effect of transforming growth factor-ฮฒ and interferon-ฮณ on collagen lattice contraction b

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ํ™”์ƒํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚œ ํ›„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋น„ํ›„์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜ํ”์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ” ๊ตฌ์ถ•์€ ํ‰ํ•œ ์™ธ์–‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™์„ ์ œํ•œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ›„์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜ํ”์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ” ๊ตฌ์ถ•์€ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ด ์ ๊ณ  ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ์œ„ ์ •์ƒ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ด ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์•„์ง ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์—ผ์ฆ์„ธํฌ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋œ cytokine์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์ฃผ์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์ƒ๋‚ด๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์น˜์œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์น˜์œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฃผ์œ„ ๊ธฐ์งˆํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ cytosine์ด ์ค‘๊ฐœ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ cytokine์€ ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘, ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ์žฌํŽธ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ” ํ˜•์„ฑ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ›„์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜ํ”์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ”๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ƒ์ˆ˜์ถ•์€ ์ฐฝ์ƒ ํ›„ ์•ฝ 2-3์ฃผ ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ, ์ธ์ฒด ํ™”์ƒ์˜ ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง๋‚ด ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜์ถ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์™€ cytokine์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ธ transforming growth factor(TGF)-ฮฒ ๋ฐ interferon-ฮณ๊ฐ€ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜์ถ•์— ์–ด๋–ค ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ๊ธฐํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ํ™˜์•„์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ์ง„ํ”ผ, ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ” ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘, ๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž์— ์‹ฌ์€ ํ›„ TGP-ฮฒ์™€ interferon-ฮณ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์ƒํ›„ 7์ผ์งธ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์ง„ํ”ผ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ™”์ƒํ›„ 21์ผ์งธ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜ํ”์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์ง„ํผ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ •๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. TGP-ฮฒ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์— ์ •์ƒ ์ง„ํผ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋ฐ˜ํ” ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,interferon-ฮณ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7์ผ์งธ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์™€ 21์ผ ์งธ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์—์„œ TGF-ฮฒ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Interferon-ฮณ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” 7์ผ์งธ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 10,000 lU/ml๋†๋„์—์„œ๋งŒ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, 21์ผ์งธ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋Š” 1,000 lU/ml, 10,000 lU/ml๋†๋„์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ต์›์งˆ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋‚ด ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 6์ผ์งธ TGF-ฮฒ๋‚˜ interferon-ฮณ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ธ์ฒด ํ™”์ƒํ›„ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ™”์ƒํ›„ 7์ผ์งธ์™€ 21์ผ์งธ์— ๊ต์›์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–‘์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™”์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ด TGF-ฮฒ์™€ interfron-ฮณ ๋“ฑ์˜ cytokine์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™”์ƒํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํ›„์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜ํ”์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ” ๊ตฌ์ถ•์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— interferon-ฮณ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Hypertrophic scar and scar contracture are major factors limiting complete recovery from thermal injury. Those can restrict social activities of patients because of disfigurement and limited body function depending on the anatomic area. The exact causes of excessive scar formation rather than normal wound healing, have not been determined yet clearly. Histologically, involved area is clearly demarcated from unaffected skin by inelastic, hard tissues composed of excessive collagen deposition. Fibroblasts, primary synthetic element in wound healing, move into wound space by chemotactic effect of cytokines which released from inflammatory cells and activated platelets during early phase of wound healing. It has been well 7own that fibroblast in wound area modifies its, phenotypic expression by progression of healing process. As extrcellular environment changes, cytokines mediate these phenotypic modulation. Wound healing encompasses complicated tissue reactions to tissue injury. During this process, cytokines involve in cell infiltration, cell proliferation, deposition of matrix and scar formation. Transforming growth factor-ฮฒ, well known as a wound mediator, can affect many stages of healing including inflammatory process, production and remodeling of matrix. Wound contraction which directly related to the scar contracture, begins at 2-3 weeks after injury by action of specialized fibroblast. A research about wound contraction in vitro can be performed using collagen lattice model established by Bell et at(1979) which is well accepted as an equivalent of the wound contraction in vivo. In this study, 1 found that the ability of fibroblasts from human burn granulation tissue to contract a collagen lattice is different from that of normal dermal fibroblasts and scar fibroblasts. Contraction by fibroblasts derived from granulation tissue was age dependent. While cells from the 7th day granulation tissue appeared to have less ability to contract a collagen lattice, cells from 21s1 day hale more ability than normal dermal fibroblasts. Contractions of collagen lattice by scar fibroblasts were not different from contraction by normal dermal fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor-ฮฒ enhanced collagen lattice contractions of normal dermal fibroblasts, granulation tissue fibroblasts and scar fibroblasts at 0.5 ng/ml, 1.0 ng/ml, 5.0 ng/ml dose dependently. On the other hand, interferon-ฮณ decreased the collagen lattice contraction partially. In normal dermal fibroblasts and scar fibroblasts, interferon-ฮณ decreased the contraction at all concentration(100 lU/ml, 1,000 lU/ml, 10,000lU/ml) with dose dependency. In the 21st day granulation tissue fibroblasts, interferon-ฮณ decreased contraction of collagen lattice only in 1,000 lU/ml and 10,000 lU/ml concentration. In the 7th day granulation tissue fibroblasts, no significant decrease in contractions of collagen lattice was noted even at 10,000 IU/ml of interferon-ฮณ. There was no differences in cell count in collagen lattice cultures in control, 5.0 ng/ml TGP-ฮฒ,and 10,000 lU/ml interferon-ฮณ on the 6th day. In conclusion, fibroblasts from granulation tissue have different contractile ability according to the age of granulation tissue. Transforming growth factor- ฮฒ and interferon- ฮณ can modulate wound contraction in human burn granulation tissue and interferfm- ฮณ restrict bum wound contraction Therefore interferon- ฮณ can be used to prevent or treat scar contractures and hypertrophic scars.restrictio

    A comparison of Korean and US middle school science textbooks - Focusing on text structure, vocabulary, analogy, and questions of inquiry in the unit of cell -

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„ค ์ข…์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์™€ ํ•œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ ๋‹จ์›์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ (1) ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, (2) ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ „๋ฌธ์–ดํœ˜์™€ ์ผ์ƒ์–ดํœ˜์˜ ๋น„์œจ, (3) ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋น„์œ ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์–‘์ƒ, (4) ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘ํƒœ์™€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๋ฌธ ์–ดํœ˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋ฏธํกํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ ์œ ํ˜•๋„ ์ฒดํ—˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์ฒดํ—˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋„ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ถ‡๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํƒ๊ตฌํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. This study aims to compare four Korean first-year middle school science textbooks with one US counterpart published by Glencoe. The five middle school science textbooks were compared to each other, focusing on how these textbooks deal with the topic of cell from the following four features: text content and structure, vocabulary focusing on the ratio of common vs. scientific words, the usage of analogy to explain cell, and types of inquiry questions and openness of inquiry tasks. Overall the four Korean textbooks seem to be different from the US one in these four aspects. Particularity, the content of the four Korean textbooks were organized under the theme of phtosynthesis while rather equally dealing with four loosely connected topics: cell, microscope, and plant and animal cells. On the other hand, the US textbook primarily covers the topic of cell, while dealing with the rest of them marginally. Also, the four Korean textbooks tend to use a higher proportion of scientific terms over common words. With respect to using analogy in the text, two Korean textbooks used analogy only at the beginning of the unit as an advanced organizer, even though one Korean textbook never used any type of analogy at all in the text. The US textbook, however, extensively and consistently uses pizza shop to explain cell and its internal structure. Finally, even though Korean textbooks used more non-experiential questions over experiential questions, theres is no significant difference in the degree of openness of inquiry task in the unit

    ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ํ•™์ˆ  ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ์˜์–ด์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์œ„์ƒ

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    ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์–ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์˜์–ด๊ณต์šฉํ™”์ฝ˜์ด ์ €1 ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๋ค๋“ค๋„ ์˜์–ด๊ณต์šฉํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ธ ์—ฝ์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ต์œก๋ถ€ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์˜์–ด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ•™๊ต, ์‚ฌ์„คํ•™์›, ๊ธฐ์—…, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ต์œก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ์œ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ macro-level ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, meso-level ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์–ด๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐ์ง๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋ผ ์ „์ฒด ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค
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