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    ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์— ์„  ์Œ์•…

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๋Œ€ํ•™ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์˜คํฌ์ˆ™.This thesis suggests a new genre term โ€˜digital minimal musicโ€™ to describe a certain form of music currently emerging from digital culture and examines its aspects and aesthetic characters in depth. Digital minimal music is a novel style of minimalist music that appeared from the digital culture of the late 1990s. This musical genre is characterized by its uses of the sounds caused by technological failures, such as noise, bug, and malfunction, and those electronically synthesized and recorded, while minimalizing the use of any musical parameters. The emergence of digital minimal music was coincident with the computer and internet-based music production in the late twentieth century where the conventions of music production, once considered as the domain of experts, began to be shared by ordinary people and personalized. As a genre of electronic music, the production of digital minimal music is based on such techniques as granular synthesis, field recording, improvisation recording, and software development. Producers of this genre may be considered avant-garde electronic musicians but they could also have a variety of identities encompassing the composers of IDM, a sub-genre of electronic dance music, sound artists, and even academic composers. In the early discussion organized by the members of the mailing list being the predecessor of โ€˜.microsound.orgโ€™ and some critics and music scholars, digital minimal music in the late 1990s was referred to by various names such as โ€˜microsound,โ€™ โ€˜glitch,โ€™ and โ€˜lowercase,โ€™ and it began to be consumed by listeners at that time through the online music sales platforms, such as โ€˜bandcamp.โ€™ The cases of musicians working only on digital minimal music were very rare but some musical works released from the late 1990s to the early 2000s by the following musicians under such labels as Mille Plateaux, Trente Oiseaux, 12k, LINE, Sรคhkรถ, Raster-music, Mego, and Touch can be categorized as digital minimal music: Ryoji Ikeda(b.1966), Mika Vainio(1963โˆผ2017), Taylor Deupree(b.1971), Yasunao Tone(b.1935), and Richard Chartier(b.1971). The most distinctive feature of digital minimal music is its extremely minimalized musical appearance. It can be composed of pure sine waves with no data about timbre, miniscule segments of sounds shorter than one minutes, or the noises of โ€˜ti-ticโ€™ sounds that fill a long duration of a musical piece as sparsely as possible. It often uses some persisting sounds but with the minimum perceivable volume so that recognizing the change in sounds over time is difficult. It also uses โ€˜repetition as failureโ€™ that does not signal any intention of the composer. The works on these distinctive aspects of sounds were made possible as the digital environments enabled more detailed examinations and manipulations on such musical parameters of volume, duration, and density. This genreโ€™s choice of sonic materials from technological malfunctions and computer errors and persistent white noise with no remarkable structural change also reflects that it is based on the digital environments. In this respect, the aesthetic characters of digital minimal music emphasize its โ€˜non-representationalโ€™ feature, โ€˜sonic objecthood,โ€™ โ€˜repetition that evokes a machine,โ€™ and โ€˜silence.โ€™ These characters not only satisfy the meaning of the adjective โ€˜minimalโ€™ with its formal appearance but also inherit the styles of analog minimal music developed from the 1960s to 1990s, and even embrace the discussion about the minimalism in fine art. It does not mean each musical work in this genre should enfold all of these four aesthetic features. Under the same generic category, digital minimal music pieces share some of these features with each other. Non-representation means that the distinction between the subject of representation (humans) and the object to be represented (things or phenomena) disappears in music alongside the deconstruction of any textural structure of signifier/signified for sense-making. Non-representation is the most common feature that can be found in most digital minimal music. โ€˜Sonic objecthoodโ€™ in digital minimal music is a musical application of the โ€˜objecthoodโ€™ previously discussed in the context of minimalist fine art. Sonic objecthood comes to the fore in digital minimal music in the following cases; when the usefulness of sounds is removed as they are relocated to the context outside of their original purposes, a single process created by computer software becomes a musical sound in itself, and something โ€˜digitalโ€™ with no substantial existence is abruptly reincarnated as sonic phenomena. โ€˜Repetition that evokes a machineโ€™ is the feature of digital minimal music that is based on the โ€˜repetition as failure.โ€™ This feature functions to reveal the operational logic and essence of digital technologies by making audible the incompleteness of digital media behind its transparency. This feature also creates the โ€˜pleasure of listeningโ€™ as it swings between โ€˜obsessive repetitionโ€™ and โ€˜musical repetition.โ€™ This means, despite its tuneless character, the repeated malfunctioning sounds in digital minimal music are easily convertible into the pleasurable range. In this genre, its three aspects of restricted musical elements, formless appearance, and repetitions are combined to create certain audible objects, whose โ€˜sonic patternsโ€™ can be aesthetically appreciated โ€˜despite their non-aesthetic features.โ€™ The aesthetics of โ€˜silenceโ€™ in digital minimal music involves its uses of extremely low volumes, sparse distributions of sonic materials, silently persisting drone sounds, and changeless musical textures. Listening to these sounds, listeners could imagine โ€˜empty spaceโ€™ and, through the contrast of this to the digital environments full of sounds, images, and information, they could experience the meaning of โ€˜silence.โ€™ Listeners need to focus especially on the appearance and disappearance of detailed sounds and the volume changes in the musical works to recognize these tiny changes as the massive movements. This effort on the listenersโ€™ side is to construct an โ€˜imaginary landscapeโ€™ according to their own intentions and concentration, which could serve as the new shelter into which they withdraw from the contemporary media environments. It is noteworthy that these distinctive aspects and aesthetic features of digital minimal music can be understood as what succeeds to the analog minimal music developed from the 1960s to 1990s. In terms of its minimal use of musical parameters, this genre has a direct link with the early minimal music. In addition, the use of โ€˜repetition as failureโ€™ is akin to the โ€˜pulse-based minimal musicโ€™ while its emphasis on โ€˜silenceโ€™ is comparable to the โ€˜drone-based minimal music.โ€™ Furthermore, its suggestion of the โ€˜concentrated listeningโ€™ seems related to the listening method and aesthetics that Steve Reich suggested in his writing โ€œMusic as a Gradual process.โ€ On the other hand, while the early minimal music from the 1960s to the mid-1970s was developed in downtown New York initially as a counter-cultural practice to the older generation from European tradition and the complexity of serial music, digital minimal music relatively lacks these sociocultural characters and political identity that its predecessor had. There is no offline base for this new genre and no established composers it should resist against. Therefore, digital minimal musicโ€™s omission of the predecessorโ€™s sociocultural characters has made its inheritance of the extremely minimalist musical appearances, the unique method of listening, and other aesthetic features more focused on presenting the abstractness of โ€˜sound per se.โ€™ At the same time, the technological achievements, such as the creation of pure sine waves, machine-mediated composition with least human interventions, and the new domains of minimal volumes and fields of sounds that have been approachable through the visualization of musical sounds, have enabled digital minimal music to move forward further to the truly minimalist agenda. On the other hand, the new genreโ€™s focus on the โ€˜sonic objecthoodโ€™ has expressed a stronger connection to minimalist fine art than the early minimal music had to the art. The connection of the analog minimal music to minimalist fine arts was discussed mainly in terms of the relationship between repeated patterns in music and superficial aspects of fine arts. However, the concept of โ€˜sonic objecthoodโ€™ in digital minimal music is to make music hardly distinctive from โ€˜computer noiseโ€™ and โ€˜sound of the siren,โ€™ and this approach is reminiscent of how minimalist arts pursuit for abstractness culminated in their rejection of any artistic forms and expressions, which eventually turned their works into just pieces of wood. Put it differently, through digital minimal music, โ€˜musicโ€™ eventually reached its extreme where listeners encounter with such questions: โ€œIs this really music?โ€ โ€œWhy should we call this music?โ€ Music also arrives at the โ€˜true endโ€™ of abstractness and modernism the minimalist arts reached in the 1960s. This end, which the analog minimal music also once mistakenly believed it finally touched, is where machines are existing as pure sounds and obsessively moving freely from any intentions of others. They are forming a strange and uncannily tranquil landscape. Digital minimal music also signals the pure โ€˜beginningโ€™ of numberless musical works relocated to the strange field called digital. The sounds this genre presents are the sonic objets yet organized, something raw yet confined in musical grammars and signifier/signified structures. This is the end of the world, which the minimal music in the past was never achievable, but the digital minimal music now displays at the start point of the new world called โ€˜digital culture,โ€™ by ceasing to be a deliverer of any meanings but letting objects become pure sounds unbridled from any linguistic mediations.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ โ€˜๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…โ€™(Digital Minimal Music)์ด๋ผ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธํ•™์„ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฌธํ™” ์•ˆ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ์•…์€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ, ๋ฒ„๊ทธ, ์˜ค์ž‘๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์†Œ์Œ, ์ „์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋…น์Œ๋œ ์Œํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์ฐฝ์ž‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์Œ์•…์ œ์ž‘ ๊ด€์Šต์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋‰ผ๋ผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ํ•„๋“œ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋”ฉ, ์ฆ‰ํฅ์—ฐ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…น์Œ, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ณ„๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ „์ž์Œ์•…์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฐฉ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋“œ ์ „์ž์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์žฅ๋ฅด์ธ IDM ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€, ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ ๋“ฑ ํด๋ž˜์‹ ์Œ์•…์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ ๋‹ท๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ(.microsound.org)์˜ ์ „์‹ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ผ๋ง ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€์™€ ์Œ์•…ํ•™์ž์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ(microsound), ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์น˜(glitch), ๋กœ์›Œ์ผ€์ด์Šค(lowercase) ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ช…์นญ์œผ๋กœ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”๋์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐด๋“œ์บ ํ”„(bandcamp) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์Œ์›ํŒ๋งค ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒญ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…๋งŒ์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฃŒ์ง€ ์ด์ผ€๋‹ค(Ryoji Ikeda, b.1966), ๋ฏธ์นด ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ˆ์˜ค(Mika Vainio, 1963โˆผ2017), ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋“€ํ”„๋ฆฌ(Taylor Deupree, b.1971) ์•ผ์ˆ˜๋‚˜์˜ค ํ† ๋„ค(Yasunao Tone, b.1935), ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ ์นด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์—(Richard Chartier, b.1971) ๋“ฑ์ด ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ผํ† (Mille Plateaux), ํŠธ๋ž‘ํŠธ ์™€์กฐ(Trente Oiseaux), 12k, ๋ผ์ธ(LINE), ์‚ฌ์ฝ”(Sรคhkรถ), ๋ ˆ์Šคํ„ฐ-๋ฎค์ง(raster-music), ๋ฉ”๊ณ (mego), ํ„ฐ์น˜(touch) ๋“ฑ์—์„œ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ๋งโˆผ2000๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ง“๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์†์„ฑ์€ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋œ ์Œ์•…์  ์™ธํ˜•์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ ์Œ์ƒ‰์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ •ํ˜„ํŒŒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, 1์ดˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์งง์€ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— โ€˜ํ‹ฐํ‹ฑโ€™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์งง์€ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋งŒ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์†์Œ, ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” โ€˜์˜ค์ž‘๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตโ€™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์Œ๋Ÿ‰ยท์Œ๊ธธ์ดยท์Œ์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋“ฑ ์Œ์•…์  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์—…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์Œ, ์งœ์ž„์ƒˆ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—†์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰ ์†Œ์Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ โ€˜๋น„์žฌํ˜„โ€™(non-representation), โ€˜์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ฑโ€™(sonic objecthood), โ€˜๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณตโ€™(repetition that evokes a machine), โ€˜์นจ๋ฌตโ€™(silence)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ•™์  ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ์Œ์•…์ด โ€˜๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ํ•˜๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์™ธํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, 1960โˆผ1990๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™์„ ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™์€ ์Œ์•… ์•ˆ์— โ€˜์žฌํ˜„์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด(์‚ฌ๋žŒ)โ€™์™€ โ€˜์žฌํ˜„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ(์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋”ฐ์œ„)โ€™์ด ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜๊ณ , ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ‘œ/๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•… ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ โ€˜์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ฑโ€™์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ โ€˜์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ฑโ€™ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์Œ์•…์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ, ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋  ๋•Œ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜•์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” โ€˜๋””์ง€ํ„ธโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ˜„ํ˜„(้กฏ็พ)ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด โ€˜์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ฑโ€™์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. โ€˜๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณตโ€™์€ โ€˜์˜ค์ž‘๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตโ€™์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฏธํ•™์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ํญ๋กœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งค์ฒด์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ์•ˆ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•จ์„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ฒญํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— โ€˜๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์Œ์•…์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตโ€™ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“ค๋ฉฐ โ€˜์ฒญ์ทจ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€โ€™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜ค์ž‘๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„, ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ์ทจ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์Œ์•… ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ œํ•œ, ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์„ฑ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ โ€˜๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ โ€™ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์˜ค๋ธŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. โ€˜์นจ๋ฌตโ€™์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™์€ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณผ๋ฅจ, ๊ฐ„ํ—์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์งง์€ ์Œ์†Œ์žฌ, ๊ณ ์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์Œ, ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•œ ์งœ์ž„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉฐ โ€˜๋น„์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„โ€™์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์†Œ๋ฆฌยท์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ยท์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ โ€˜์นจ๋ฌตโ€™์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฒญ์ž๋Š” ์Œ์•… ์•ˆ์— ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ฉธ, ์Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์•ˆ์— ์ฒญ์ž์˜ ์˜์ง€์™€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” โ€˜์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝโ€™์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋„ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ˆ์‹์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 1960โˆผ1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ ์Œ์•…์  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ โ€˜์˜ค์ž‘๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตโ€™์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ โ€˜ํŽ„์Šค ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…โ€™(pulse-based minimal music)๊ณผ, โ€˜์นจ๋ฌตโ€™์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ โ€˜๋“œ๋ก  ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…โ€™(drone-based minimal music)๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์นจ๋ฌต์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™ ์† โ€˜์ง‘์ค‘๋œ ์ฒญ์ทจโ€™๋Š” ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ผ์ดํžˆ(Steve Reich)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธ€ โ€˜์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์Œ์•…โ€™(Music as a gradual process, 1969)์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋˜ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์ฒญ์ทจ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธํ•™๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‰ด์š• ๋‹ค์šดํƒ€์šด์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์ „ํ†ต ๋ฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์Œ์•… ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์—๋Š” ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์—๋Š” ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์ด ํˆฌ์Ÿํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์„ ๋ฐฐ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์Œ์•…์  ์™ธํ˜•, ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์ฒญ์ทจ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฏธํ•™์€ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๋ˆ„๋ฝํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ โ€˜์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒดโ€™๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์— ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ์ž‘๊ณก ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ๊ฐœ์ž…, ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์Œ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธธ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ตœ์†Œ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, โ€˜์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ํ•œ ์Œ์•…โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…์ œ์— ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ โ€˜์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ฑโ€™์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•œ์ธต ๋” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์Œ์•… ์•ˆ์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋“ฑ ๋ฏธ์ˆ  ์™ธํ˜•์˜ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ โ€˜์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ฑโ€™์€ ์ด ์Œ์•…์„ โ€˜์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆโ€™๋‚˜ โ€˜์‚ฌ์ด๋ Œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌโ€™์™€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ด ๊ทธ ์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ โ€˜๋‚˜๋ฌดํ† ๋ง‰โ€™์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ โ€˜์Œ์•…โ€™์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ์•ผ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ, ๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ทน๋‹จ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ€๋ ค ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉฐ, โ€œ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์Œ์•…์ด ๋งž์„๊นŒ?โ€, โ€œ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด์งธ์„œ ์Œ์•…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋งž๋‹ฟ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์ด 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ ‘์†ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ถ”์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ โ€˜์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋โ€™์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์† ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋‹น๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž˜๋ชป ์ƒ์ƒ๋๋˜ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์ง€์™€๋„ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”, ๊ธฐ์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ ์š”ํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ฏ์„  ์žฅ(ๅ ด) ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ โ€˜์‹œ์ž‘โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์กฐํ•ฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๋ธŒ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์Œ์•… ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ‘œ/๊ธฐ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‚ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋์ด์ž ์‹œ์ž‘์„, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด โ€˜๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฌธํ™”โ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ž๋กœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„, ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ๋œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 6 3. ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 9 II. ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ: ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•… 24 1. ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ 26 1) ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์ (A), ์ •์น˜์ (B) ์†์„ฑ 29 2) ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™์ (C), ์™ธํ˜•์ (D) ์†์„ฑ 41 2. ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” 49 1) ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ 50 2) ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 57 3. ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์Œ์•…์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ 64 1) ๋ผ์ผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ๋ฌธํ™”์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 65 2) ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•… ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™(C)์ด ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ์ด๋…ธ์˜ ์•ฐ๋น„์–ธํŠธ ์Œ์•… 68 3) ๋‰ด์š• ๋‹ค์šดํƒ€์šด ์Œ์•… ์”ฌ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 75 4. ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•„๋‚ ๋กœ๊ทธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•… 87 III. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์Œ์•…์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 97 1. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 97 2. ์Œ์•…์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅ์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 103 1) 1980๋…„๋Œ€: ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‹ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ด์ €, MIDI, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ 103 2) 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜: ์Œ์•…์ œ์ž‘ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋ฃธ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 107 3) ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” 109 3. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์•ˆ์—์„œ '๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…'์˜ ์ „์œ  ๋ฐ ์ฒญ์ทจ 111 1) ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•… 112 2) ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง๋œ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•… 115 4. ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ ์Œ์•…ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•… 123 IV. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ 125 1. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ช…์นญ์˜ ํ˜ผ์žฌ 125 1) ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ 128 2) ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์น˜ 133 3) ๋กœ์›Œ์ผ€์ด์Šค 136 2. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์šฉ์–ด '๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…'์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ 142 3. ์Œ์•…์  ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 147 1) ์Œ์•…์  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” 149 2) ์˜ค์ž‘๋™์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต 158 3) ์ฃผ์š” ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 161 4. ์ฃผ์š” ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ 172 1) ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋ฐœ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์Œ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ 173 2) ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ 195 V. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™ 201 1. ๋น„์žฌํ˜„(non-representation) 202 1) ์žฌํ˜„ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ 203 2) ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ 207 2. ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ฑ(sonic objecthood) 213 1) ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ 216 2) ํ˜•์‹, ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์ด ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ 217 3) ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ˜„ํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋งค์ฒด 222 4) ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ 226 3. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต(repetition that evokes a machine) 230 1) ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต 231 2) ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 237 3) ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ณผ ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜ 242 4) ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ฒญํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ํ›„๋ฉด 245 4. ์นจ๋ฌต(silence) 258 1) ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฌธํ™” ์† ์นจ๋ฌต 250 2) ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์ฒญ์ทจ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ 252 3) ์ƒ์ƒ์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ 255 4) ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฌธํ™” ์† ์นจ๋ฌต์˜ ํšจ์šฉ 261 VI. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 263 1. ๋ฏธ์นด ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ˆ์˜ค์˜ (1997) 265 1) ์Œ์•…์  ๊ถค์  266 2) ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์˜จ์ฝ”(1997) 269 3) ๋ถ„์„ 271 2. ๋ฃŒ์ง€ ์ด์ผ€๋‹ค์˜ (2005) 285 1) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 286 2) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งคํ‹ฑ์Šค ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ผ๋ถ€์ธ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐํ”Œ๋ ‰์Šค(2005) 291 3) ๋ถ„์„ 296 3. ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๋“€ํ”„๋ฆฌ์˜ (1999) 311 1) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 311 2) ์Œ๋ฐ˜ ์ŠคํŽ™.(Spec., 1999) 313 3) ๋ถ„์„ 314 4. ์•ผ์ˆ˜๋‚˜์˜ค ํ† ๋„ค์˜ ์†์ƒ๋œ ์Œ์•…๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค(1997, 2011) 322 1) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 322 2) ์†์ƒ๋œ ์Œ์•…๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ 326 5. ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ ์นด๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์—์˜ (2003) 341 1) ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 342 2) ๋ถ„์„ 344 VII. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋œ ์Œ์•…์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ 361 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 367 ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ: ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์Œ์•… ๋ฐ ์Œ๋ฐ˜ 396 Abstract 404Docto

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    Game Theoretic Train Trajectory Control for Autonomous Train Operation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ํ™์„ฑํ•„.๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ ์žฌ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘์–ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ด์ฐจ ์žฌ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณต์žก๋„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์šดํ–‰์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ด€์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์—ด์ฐจ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ด์ฐจ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์Šน๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ์žฌ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์žฌ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์šดํ–‰๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด์ฐจ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „์ •๋ณด ์ˆœ์ฐจ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจํ˜•ํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์žฌ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚ด์‰ฌ ๊ท ํ˜•์—์„œ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ „๋žต์ด ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ณฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์™„ํ™”๋œ Coarse Correlated Equilibrium์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ์šดํ–‰๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ์˜ Coarse Correlated Equilibrium์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด No External Regret ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํ•ด์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.The train rescheduling problem has been modeled by system optimization model. However, the system optimization model of the train rescheduling problem is inadequate for real urban railway operation due to the limitations of computational complexity. In recent years, train based train control system has been studied due to limitations of existing control system in urban railways. This paper introduces a train-oriented train rescheduling problem. The train-oriented train rescheduling problem is modeled by imperfect information sequential game of trains. In the rescheduling problem of the urban railway, all trains constitute one system, so in this game, the overall strategy can be determined by Coarse Correleated Equlibrium(CCE), which is relaxed the assumption that the overall strategy in the Nash Equilibrium is given by the product of each user's strategy. Then, we obtain CCE by regret minimization based algorithm. Finally, we provide quality of obtained equilibrium by solving system optimization model.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2์žฅ ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 5 ์ œ 3์žฅ ๋„์‹œ์ฒ ๋„ ์—ด์ฐจ ์žฌ์Šค์ผ€์ค„๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•ํ™” 15 ์ œ 4์žฅ ํ•ด๋ฒ• 24 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 33 ์ œ 6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  36Maste

    (-)-Lepadiformine์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste

    ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ 3 ์ฐจ์› ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ๊น€ํ˜ธ์˜.In the present thesis, we have fabricated nanoscale 3D structure with nanofibers which are generated by specilized electrohydrodynamic jets that are invented in this work, focused electrospinning method and electomechanical pulling method. To control the chaotic motion of the nanofiber in conventioanl process condition, we completely change the process for stable jetting and fine printing resolution. The behavior of the nanofiber significantly relies on the distance between the tip and the collector, we reduced the distance greatly in to few millimeter scale and few tens of micrometer scale according to the collecting plate shape and the pattern. When we use the sharp tip and the micropattened metal collecting substrate with the distance tip and the collector in few millimeter scale, the electrical field strongly focuses the nanofiber into the center of the metal part, thus it can form automatically the hollow cylindrical structure on the tip and the straight wall-like structure on the micro-metal line. When we reduce the distance between the tip and the plate in a few tens of micrometer scale, the jet is pulled by the movement of the collecting plate as the fiber attached on the surface by the electrostatic attractive force. Using this slow and stable method of fiber generation, we can construct 3D structure with nanofiber. And also we have shown that simply theoretical analasys of the moment and the force applied on the nanofiber can estimate the resultant dimension of the stacking structure of nanofiber. First we have fabricated hollow cylindical structure on a sharp electrode tip by reducing the tip and the plate distance in the order of few millimeter scale and stabilizing the jet in a controlled fashion using pendant droplet at the end of metal nozzle. The sharp tip induces strongly focused electric field in the direction of the tip center which confines the charged nanofiber in center. The pendant drop forms a natural micro-sized capillary hole which eject slow nanojet by electrostatic repulsive force. When the nozzle situated on top of the sharp electrode tip, the nanofiber spontaneously forms a cylindrical wall with a uniform radius. A scaling law is given based on the balance of the electrostatic compression force and the elastic resistance to predict the coil radius and frequency as the functions of relevant physical parameters. The structures formed by the nanofibers can be used in diverse fields of nanotechnology, for example, as nanomagnets, bioscaffolds, and nanochannels. Next, we show that the electrified nanojet, which tends to become unstable as traveling in the air due to the Coulombic repulsion, can be stably focused onto a microline of metal electrode. To control the whipping instability of the electrified nanojets, we use a conducting microline on an insulating plate as a ground that focuses the electrical field. On the conducting line, the polymer nanojet is spontaneously stacked successively to form a wall-like structure. We rationalize the length of the wall by balancing the tension in the polymer fiber with the electrostatic interaction of the fiber with the metal ground. We also show that the length of nanowalls can be controlled by translating the substrate. Besides, we have tested the possibility of fabrication of aany desired shape we have tested with various metalic micro-patterned shapes, which are circular, wavy, and letter-like structure. These results shows the pros and cons of this fabrication method utilizing the microscale pattern. This novel three-dimensional printing scheme can be applied for the development of various three-dimensional nanoscale objects including bioscaffolds, nanofilters, nanorobots, and nanoelectrodes. Next, we have shown that it is possible to print nanoscale fiber directly on the substrate by utilizing the combination of mechanical pulling force at the bottom and electrostatic repulsion at the end of the nozzle. This electro-mechanical pulling method could be realized by reducing the distance between the tip and the plate greatly to the few tens of micrometer scale, using nonmetal glass plate as a collecting surface with weak negative voltage, and applying no pneumatic pressure to supply the polymer solution. Thus the resultant nanofiber is pulled from the tip of the nozzle according to the speed of the plate. Using this printing method, we have constructed 3D square and Letter-like structures SNUwhich show the possibility of direct 3D printing of nanofibers. These results can be applied to maskless fabrication of nano/micro structures, cost-effective direct mask printing in the photolithography, and printing electrical circuit and connections using conductive material. This thesis provided three novel methods to fabricate 3D structure with nanofiber in a controlled fashion. To realize each method for producing an ordered 3D structure, we have found many useful information about the focused electrojetting process. Thus this thesis will not only helpful in understanding of near-field electrohydrodynamic jet process, but also provide practical technique to fabricate directly nano/micro scale structure using nanofibers.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Backgrounds & motivations 2 2 Nanopottery: Coiling of Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Experimental Section 8 2.3 Results 9 2.4 Estimation of Solvent Evaporation on the Nanofiber 10 2.5 Estimation of Nanopottery Radius 13 2.6 Conclusions 15 3 Toward Nanoscale Three-Dimensional Printing: Nanowalls Built of Electrospun Nanofibers 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Experimental Section 19 3.3 Fabrication of Straight Nanowalls on a Stationary Substrate 21 3.3.1 Stable formation of Nanowall 21 3.3.2 Estimation of Nanowall Length 23 3.3.3 Unstable formation of Nanowall 26 3.4 Fabrication of Straight Nanowalls on a Moving Substrate 29 3.5 Fabrication of Wavy Nanowalls 30 3.6 Fabrication of Circular Nanowalls 32 3.7 Fabrication of Letter-like Nanowalls 34 3.8 Conclusions 37 4 Direct printing of nanobers by mechano-electrospinning 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Experimental Section 40 4.3 The behavior of the jet 42 4.4 Direct printing of a nanofiber 46 4.5 Direct printing of 3D square structure 49 4.6 Direct printing of 3D letter-like structure SNU 49 4.7 Conclusions 53 5 Concluding remarks 55 5.1 Conclusions 55 5.2 Future work 58 References 59 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 64Docto

    A Comparative Study of Yeoyonggukjeon and The Rape of the Lock

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    Drop impact on micro-wettability patterned surfaces

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2010.2.Maste

    The Actual Nature of the Understanding and Enjoyment of Gososeol (ๅคๅฐ่ชช) as Seen through the Documentary Records of Foreigners of the Early 20th Century : focusing on the article Korean Fiction in The Korea Review (1902)

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    ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ณ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ์œ ํ†ต, ์†Œ๋น„ ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๋‹ค. ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜, ์•„์ง ๋ณต์›, ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ทจ๊ธ‰ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ, ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์†Œ์„ค ๋…์„œ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์–ด๋ฌธ์ƒ ํ™œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”, ์ง„์ „๋œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚œ์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์“ด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœํ•ญ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ, ์™ธ๊ต๊ด€, ๊ธฐ์ž, ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌผ์ด ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์€๋ฐ๋‹ค ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌผ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•ด ๋†“์€ ์ž ๋ฃŒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ(ํŠนํžˆ ์„œ์–‘์ธ)์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ์ดํ•ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์™œ๊ณก, ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ์„  ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ง€ํ‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์˜์‹์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธด์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2012๋…„ ์ •๋ถ€(๊ต์œก๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ€)์˜ ์žฌ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF-2012S1A5A8023534
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