41 research outputs found

    Transfer RNA-mediated enhancement of RSK/MSK signaling and its connection to tumorigenesis

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 2. ์ตœ์‘์น .Transfer RNA (tRNA) is essential RNA for protein synthesis, transporting amino acids to the ribosome. tRNA has been known for house-keeping RNA for a long time, however, recent studies suggest that tRNA can be a multi-functional molecule that controls various cellular events including translation initiation and cell apoptosis. In various cancer cell lines and tissues, although increased expression of tRNA was observed, the function of the overexpressed tRNA was unclear. We hypothesized that tRNA would play a pro-oncogenic role during tumorigenesis, therefore we overexpressed tRNA in 293T cells and investigated the effect of tRNA overexpression on cell proliferation and survival. Interestingly, 293T cells with high expression level of tRNA, especially tRNALeu, showed increased resistance to cell death and enhanced phosphorylation of 90-kDa S6 kinase under amino acid starvation condition. Phosphorylation of 90-kDa S6 kinase was reduced by anti-tRNALeu RNA, p38MAPK inhibitor and ERK inhibitor, but not by treatment of mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin. RSK1 (Ribosomal S6 kinase 1) and MSK2 (Mitogen-and stress-activated protein kinase 2) were identified as the tRNALeu-responsive effectors among the tested 7 candidate proteins categorized as 90-kDa S6 kinase. Considering that RSK1 and MSK2 are downstream regulators of p38MAPK and ERK and play an important role in hormonal cancer such as estrogen-responsive breast cancer, we analyzed the expression level of tRNALeu in breast cancer cell lines and its responsiveness to รŸ-estradiol. Estrogen receptor (ER) positive MCF7 cell line showed the highest expression levels of tRNALeu isotypes compared with ER negative cell lines and its tRNALeu expression was induced by รŸ-estradiol treatment. We also investigated the protein binding partner of tRNALeu under amino acid starvation condition using SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by/with amino acids in cell culture) mass spectrometry and identified EBP1 (ErbB3-binding protein), which is the upstream regulator of RSK/MSK signal pathway. These results indicate that tRNALeu can be induced by estrogen and enhance EGFR signaling via binding with EBP1, subsequently activating RSK/MSK to increase survival of breast cancer cells under amino acid starvation condition. This study also suggests a possibility that tRNA can work as a new cellular regulator beyond translation and its novel function in tumorigenesis.ABSTRACT 01 CONTENTS 04 LIST OF FIGURES 06 โ… . INTRODUCTION 07 โ…ก. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 1.Materials 10 2.Cell culture 10 3.Establishment of Tet-On stable cell line 11 4.Inhibitor treatment 12 5.Thymidine incorporation assay 12 6.Methionine incorporation assay 13 7.1-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blot 13 8.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR 15 9.Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) 15 10. RNA interference 16 11.SILAC Mass spectrometry 17 12.Anchorage independent transformation assay 19 13. Incucyte (Live Cell Kinetic Imaging System) 19 โ…ข. RESULTS 21 1. tRNALeu increases cell survival 21 2. tRNALeu increases phosphorylation of 90-kDa S6 kinase in amino acid starvation condition 22 3. Phosphorylation of 90-kDa S6 kinase by tRNALeu is independent to mTOR pathway 23 4. tRNALeu is overexpressed in breast cancer cell and induced by ฮฒ-estradiol treatment 24 5. tRNALeu mediates RSK/MSK signaling by binding EBP1 25 6. tRNALeu promotes cell transformation 26 โ…ฃ. DISCUSSION 40 โ…ฅ. REFERENCES 44 โ…ฆ. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 46Maste

    ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ง€๋ฆฌ๊ณผ ์ž์› ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต,2000.Maste

    The Effects of Presentation Methods and Visualization Tendency on Academic Achievement and Satisfaction for Learning Chinese Characters in WBI

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œก๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2012. 2. ๋ฐ•์„ฑ์ต.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์ž์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ์™€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ์‚ฝํ™”๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ƒ์œ„ 50% ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ•˜์œ„ 50% ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์€ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋„ท์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž, ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ A, B ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ธ 184๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2011๋…„ 9์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „์ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ์ž ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 9์›” 14์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 23์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ•™์Šตํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ, ์‚ฝํ™”๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ•™์Šตํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ•™์Šตํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ํ•œ์ž๊ต์žฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 20๊ฐœ ํ•œ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 9์›” 26์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 30์ผ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์ฐจ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ 6๊ฐœ ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฑ„์ ํ•œ ํ›„, 7๋ช…์˜ ๋ถˆ์ฐธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์‹คํžˆ ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ด 177๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์›๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„(One-Way ANOVA), ์ด์›๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„(Two-Way ANOVA) ๋ฐ ์‰ํŽ˜๊ฒ€์ฆ(Scheffฤ— test)์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(F=.401, p>.05). ๋‘˜์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(F=13.827, p.05). ์…‹์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(F=7.491, p.05). ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(F=41.358, p.05). ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(F=3.970, p>.05). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ์œ ํ˜•์ด ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์™€ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์›น๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•œ์žํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ํ•™์Šต๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•™์Šต๋‚ด์šฉ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹คํ—˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋” ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of presentation methods and visualization tendency on academic achievement and satisfaction for learning Chinese characters in web-based instruction. There are three kinds of presentation methods instruction involved in this study: test, illustration, and animation programs. The students are divided into two groups, the upper 50% visualization tendency groups and lower 50% visualization tendency groups. Research questions are as follows. First, is there significant interaction effect between presentation methods and visualization tendency on satisfaction for learning Chinese characters in web-based instruction? Fifth, is there significant difference in satisfaction among groups provided with different presentation methodss? Sixth, is there significant interaction effect between presentation methods and visualization tendency on satisfaction for learning Chinese characters in web-based instruction. In order to verify these research questions, experimental study was conducted. The experiment was performed with 184 primary school students. Instruments developed and used to find effects of the treatment were web-based Chinese learning program, pretest, visualization tendency test, academic achievement and satisfaction test. From 1 to 9 in September, 2011, 184 students were asked to answer the pretest questionnaire and visualization tendency test. The pretest was used to verify the homogeneity of academic achievement level before the lesson among groups. From 14 to 23 in September, 2011, all students were randomly divided into three groups and each group studied about different material web-based presentation (i.e. test, illustration, animation) forms. Every program included 20 Chinese characters. From 36 to 30 in September, 2011, the satisfaction and academic achievement were tested. All of the test results were analyzed by using One-Way ANOVA, Two-Way ANOVA and Scheffฤ— test. The results were as follows. First, there is no significant interaction effect between presentation methods and visualization tendency on academic achievement for learning Chinese characters in web-based instruction (F=.401, p>.05). Second, there is significant difference in academic achievement among groups provided with different presentation methods(F=13.827, p.05). Third, there is significant difference in academic achievement among groups between upper 50% visualization tendency groups and lower 50% visualization tendency groups(F=7.491, p.05).Fifth, there is significant difference in satisfaction among groups provided with different presentation methods(F=41.358, p.05). Sixth, there is no significant interaction effect between presentation methods and visualization tendency on satisfaction for learning Chinese characters in web-based instruction(F=3.970, p>.05). The results of this study implicate that variety of presentation methods are needed with consideration of visualization tendency when designing instruction for the Chinese characters in web-based learning. The results suggest that visualization tendency be significantly considered in Chinese character instructional design for effective learning.Maste
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