A Minimalist approach to English Possessive Case

In English, possessive case appears in two positions. One is the prenominal position, as in (1a. b), and the other is the subject position of the gerund, especially, the POSS(ESSIVE)-ING, CONSTRUCTION, as in (1c). (1) a. John's book b. the enemy's destruction of the city c. John's refusing the offer. Since Chomsky (1981) presented the overall framework of the Principles-and-Parameters theory, there have been some attempts to account for English possessive Case. First of all, Chomsky (1986a) proposes two kinds of Case: structural Case and inherent Case. Possessive Case, in his framework, belongs to inherent Case which must observe the uniformity condition. But his proposal leaves many problems, conceptually and empirically. Abney (1986) and Fukui & Speas (1986) suggest many arguments for analyzing noun phrases as DP's. Within DP-analysis, possessive Case is assigned by the functional category D (= 's)

An Integrative Review on the Contents and Effectiveness of Depression and Anxiety Interventions applied to Unmarried Mothers Living in Residential Facilities

Purpose: The purposes of this study was to review the literature on intervention for treating anxiety and depression among unmarried mothers living in facilities, and to understand core that could promote the development of more effective interventions. Methods: Key words in English and Korean were used to search through eight electronic databases- PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, RISS, DBpia, NDSL, and the National Assembly Library. Results: Ten studies were ultimately selected for the integrative review and were evaluated in terms of contextual and methodological quality. The studies consisted of seven quasi-experimental studies and three case report studies. The selected studies utilized music, art, forest therapy, dancing, education, and play programs to change mothers perceptions, emotions, and behavior and to improve their relationships with their babies or others. Conclusion: It is important to consider mothers self-awareness and emotional expression, and to improve their relationships with their babies or others as core elements when developing intervention programs for anxiety and/or depression among unmarried mothers living in residential facilities

An Integrative Review of Interventions to Improve Parenting Competencies of Unmarried Mothers Living in Residential Facilities in Korea

Purpose: To understand the core elements and the effects of interventions on the improvement of parenting capabilities of unmarried mothers living in residential facilities, this study reviewed the literatures related to this concept. Methods: Five electronic databases (KISS, KMbase, KoreaMed, NDSL, and RISS) were searched, and eight studies were ultimately selected for the integrative review. Results: The interventions were categorized into two types: psychological intervention and sociocultural intervention. The core elements of the psychological interventions included cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and relational contents. Sociocultural aspects included raising personal skills for finding social support resources. Various studies showed the effects of intervention on efficacy, attachment, or parenting behavior. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, health promotion programs to improve maternal parenting competency for unmarried mothers living in residential facilities need to be developed and applied.이 성과는 정부(과학기술정보통신부)의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임(No. NRF-2019R1A2B5B010705192). This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(No. NRF-2019R1A2B5B010705192)

Stressors and Stress Responses of Unmarried Mothers Based on Betty Neuman's Systems Model: An Integrative Review

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the structure of variables in studies related to unmarried mothers (UMs) based on Neuman's systems model, and the stressors and stress responses of UMs. Methods: Whittemore and Knafl’s methodology for integrative reviews was applied. The literature was searched using five electronic databases (KISS, KMbase, KoreaMed, NDSL, and RISS) and a total of 99 variables were collected from 15 studies published between 2009 and 2019. Results: The main stressors for UMs were a sense of loss and burden caused by childbirth and childrearing. The main stress responses were parenting stress and depression, respectively. Within the basic structure of variables related to UMs, self-esteem played a crucial role by helping UMs adapt to their situation. Meanwhile, social support of UMs was significantly correlated with parenting stress, depression, and self-esteem. Conclusion: In order to understand UMs' stress, is necessary to explore their sense of loss, burden, and self-esteem. Furthermore, it is important to assess the level of parenting stress and depression of UMs and to provide effective interventions to alleviate these stressors. The results of this study provide useful knowledge that can be applied to nursing assessment and interventions for stress management in UMs.Y

Effects of an oral adsorbent on oxidative stress and fibronectin expression in experimental diabetic nephropathy

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that AST-120 (Kremezin((R))), a well-known oral adsorbent, inhibits the progression of diabetic (DM) and non-DM chronic kidney disease along with a decrease in oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to investigate whether AST-120 could reduce oxidative stress and ameliorate the development of nephropathy in experimental DM rats with normal renal function. METHODS: Rats were injected with diluent (C, n = 16) or 65 mg/kg streptozotocin intraperitoneally (DM, n = 16), and eight rats from each group were treated with chow containing 5% AST-120. After 3 months, plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and total malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, 24-h urinary albumin excretion, and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion were determined by ELISA. Glomerular endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (gp91phox, p47phox and p22phox), and fibronectin (FN) mRNA and protein expressions were determined by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. In addition, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) staining was performed to detect glomerular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. RESULTS: Compared to the C group, 24-h urinary albumin excretion was significantly higher in the DM group (P < 0.01), and AST-120 treatment significantly reduced albuminuria in DM rats (P < 0.05). Glomerular eNOS, gp91phox, p47phox and FN expression were significantly increased in DM rats compared to C rats, and these increases in DM glomeruli were significantly abrogated by AST-120 treatment (P < 0.05). The increases in plasma AOPP and MDA levels as well as renal oxidative stress in DM rats, assessed by DCF-DA staining and urinary 8-OHdG excretion rates, were also significantly attenuated by AST-120 treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the renoprotective effects of AST-120 in DM nephropathy seem to be associated with the amelioration of enhanced oxidative stress and FN expression under diabetic conditions.ope

Differential Gene Expression According to the Size ofGlomeruli in Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy

Purpose: Although a few gene-profiling studies with whole renal tissue have been described in experimental diabetic nephropathy, there is only one microarray study using diabetic glomeruli. Furthermore, hypertrophic glomeruli have not been explored. The purpose of this study is to elucidate gene expression profiles of hypertrophic glomeruli in early diabetic nephropathy. Methods: Forty-male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with diluent (N=20) or streptozotocin intraperitoneally (DM, N=20) and were sacrificed at 6- and 12-week. Glomeruli were isolated by sieving technique. Glomeruli from 125 and 75 m sieves were classified into large (hypertrophic, DM-LG) and small glomeruli (DM-SG), respectively. After RNA extraction, hybridization was performed on the Rat cDNA 5K chip in triplicate, and slides were analyzed. The significant genes were selected using significant analysis of microarray. Results: At 6-week, hierarchical clustering revealed that gene expression profiles of DM-LG were different from those of DM-SG, whereas DM-SG and C glomeruli showed similar gene expression pattern. In contrast, gene expression profiles at 12-week were similar between DM-LG and DM-SG, whereas C glomeruli showed different gene expression pattern from DM glomeruli. At 6-week, a total of 207 genes showed greater than 1.5-fold differential expression. 149 genes were upregulated, whereas 58 were downregulated in DM-LG. On the other hand, differential gene expression greater than 1.4 - fold was observed in 37 genes at 12-week, upregulated in 26 and downregulated in 11. Conclusion: These results suggest that the gene expression profiles of DM-LG are different from DM-SG, and the gene expression patterns change with the progression of diabetic nephropathy.ope

The Effect of Emotion Coaching Group Program for Mothers of preschoolers with Smart Devices Overdependence

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 간호대학 간호학과, 2022.2. 김성재.스마트기기 과의존은 학령전기 아동의 전반적 발달에 악영향을 미치기 때문에 이에 대한 전문적인 관심이 필요하다. 학령전기 아동의 스마트기기 과의존에 영향을 미치는 변수들은 어머니의 정서지능과 양육행동, 학령전기 아동의 애착 등으로 보고되었다. 감정코칭 집단프로그램은 어머니의 정서지능과 양육행동을 개선함으로써 학령전기 아동의 애착을 증진하고, 나아가 스마트기기 과의존 감소에 기여할 수 있다. 본 연구는 스마트기기에 과의존된 학령전기 아동을 양육하는 어머니에게 감정코칭 집단프로그램을 제공하고 그 효과를 확인하고자 시행되었다. 집단프로그램의 효과평가는 동시 내재적 혼합연구 방법을 이용하였다. 양적연구는 비동등성 대조군 사전-사후 설계 방법을 이용하여 감정코칭 집단프로그램이 어머니의 정서지능, 양육행동 그리고 학령전기 아동의 애착 및 스마트기기 과의존에 미치는 효과를 평가하였으며, 분석방법은 일반화 추정 방정식(generalized estimate equation)을 이용하였다. 질적연구는 서술적 연구 설계 방법으로 포커스 그룹 면담과 회기별 집단프로그램 평가로 자료를 수집하였고, 내용분석(content analysis)을 적용하여 분석하였다. 연구 기간은 2019년 7월~2021년 3월까지였으며, 연구 참여자는 스마트기기 과의존된 3세에서 6세에 해당하는 학령전기 아동의 어머니로 실험군 25명, 대조군 26명으로 총 51명이다. 연구기간 동안 실험군에게는 주 1회, 회기당 120분, 총 8회기의 감정코칭 집단프로그램이 제공되었고 대조군은 별도의 중재가 제공되지 않았다. 양적자료의 분석결과, 실험군에서 대조군 참여자에 비해 어머니의 정서지능(χ2=14.99, p=.001), 긍정적 양육행동(χ2=9.32, p=.009), 학령전기 아동의 불안정애착(χ2=9.49, p=.009) 및 스마트기기 과의존(χ2=14.48, p=.001) 점수의 시간에 따른 변화량에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 반면, 어머니의 부정적 양육행동(χ2=4.79, p=.091), 학령전기 아동의 안정애착(χ2=2.46, p=.292) 점수의 시간에 따른 변화량에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 모수치 추정 결과, 어머니의 긍정적 양육행동에 대한 처치효과는 사후조사 시점에서는 유의하였으나(p=.007), 추후조사 시점에서는 유의하지 않았다(p=.376). 포커스 그룹 면담과 회기별 집단프로그램 평가를 통해 수집한 질적자료를 분석한 결과 총 5개의 주제와 12개의 하위주제가 도출되었다. 5개의 주제는 ‘정서적 어려움 없는 바람직한 양육에 대한 희망’, ‘성찰함으로써 어루만지게 된 감정’, ‘따뜻하고 권위 있는 양육’, ‘심리적 안정감과 책임감 있는 행동으로 변화하는 아이’, ‘달라진 우리 집 풍경’이었다. 본 연구에서 제공한 감정코칭 집단프로그램이 스마트기기에 과의존된 학령전기 아동을 양육하는 어머니의 정서지능과 양육행동, 학령전기 아동의 애착 및 스마트기기 과의존 감소에 도움이 되는 중재임을 확인하였다. 이 집단프로그램은 임상 및 지역사회 실무현장에서 유용하게 적용할 수 있고, 본 연구의 과정과 결과는 스마트기기 과의존 관련 교육과 연구에 근거기반의 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.With the development of information and communication technology, preschoolers are exposed to smart devices, and their overdependence on smart devices is rapidly increasing. This negatively affects their development. This study aimed to prepare and provide an effective emotion coaching group program for mothers of preschoolers to reduce preschoolers’ overdependence on smart devices. The program was recreated based on a literature review, which showed that mothers’ emotional intelligence and parenting behaviors were associated with preschoolers’ attachment with their mothers and reduction of their overdependence on smart devices. A concurrent embedded mixed-method design was applied to evaluate the effects of the program. Further, a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was applied to verify its quantitative effects. The data were collected through pre-, post-, and follow-up tests and analyzed using a generalized estimate equation. The outcome variables were mothers’ emotional intelligence, mothers’ parenting behavior, preschoolers’ attachment, and preschoolers’ overdependence on smart devices. In addition, a descriptive study design was applied to evaluate the experiences of the program participants as well as the changes in the preschoolers’ as a result of the changes in their mother. A qualitative analysis method was used for content analysis. The study analyzed the data of 51 mothers (25 in the experimental group, 26 in the control group) of children aged 3–6 years. For qualitative analysis, 12 participants from among the experimental group were asked to attend a focus group interview, and the results were analyzed through the content analysis method along with a program evaluation paper. The experimental group participated in the program 8 times, once a week, 120 minutes each, and the control group did not participate in the program. The results of the quantitative research showed significant differences, across the program, between the experimental and the control groups in terms of changes in maternal emotional intelligence (χ2=14.99, p=.001), maternal positive parenting behavior (χ2=9.32, p=.009), preschoolers’ unstable attachment to their mothers (χ2=9.49, p=.009), and preschoolers’ overdependence on smart devices (χ2=14.48, p=.001). However, there were no significant changes between the two groups regarding maternal negative parenting behavior (χ2=4.79, p=.091) and preschoolers’ stable attachment (χ2=2.46, p=.292). The results of the qualitative research derived 5 themes and 12 sub-themes for the experiences of mothers who participated in the program. These included “hope for desirable parenting without emotional difficulties,” “feelings touched by reflection,” “warm but authoritative parenting,” “children who became responsible by gaining psychological stability,” and “changed view of my home.” Based on the results, it was concluded that the emotional coaching group program is effective in improving the emotional intelligence and parenting behavior of mothers raising preschoolers and further improves preschoolers' attachment to their mothers and overdependence on smart devices. The program can be useful in local community practice, and the study process and results can be used as evidence-based data for education and research related to overdependence.I. 서론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 1 2. 연구의 목적 3 3. 용어의 정의 4 II. 문헌고찰 6 1. 학령전기 아동의 스마트기기 과의존 6 2. 어머니의 정서지능 18 3. 어머니의 양육행동 22 4. 학령전기 아동의 애착 24 5. 감정코칭 27 III. 이론적 기틀 및 연구 가설 34 1. 본 연구의 이론적 기틀 34 2. 양적연구 가설 37 3. 질적연구 문제 38 IV. 연구 방법 39 1. 연구설계 39 2. 연구대상 41 3. 연구도구 43 4. 감정코칭 집단프로그램 구성 47 5. 감정코칭 집단프로그램 적용 50 6. 연구자 준비 56 7. 연구진행 및 자료수집 절차 57 8. 윤리적 고려 65 IV. 연구 결과 66 1. 감정코칭 집단프로그램의 양적 효과평가 66 2. 감정코칭 집단프로그램의 질적 효과평가 90 V. 논의 109 1. 감정코칭 집단프로그램의 효과 109 2. 연구의 의의 122 3. 연구의 제한점 124 VI. 결론 및 제언 125 1. 결론 125 2. 제언 127 참고문헌 128 부록 146 Abstract 182박

A minimalist approach to there-constructions there 구문에 대한 최소 이론적 접근

Thesis (doctoral)--서울대학교 대학원 :영어영문학과 영어학전공,1995.Docto

영어의 통합 격이론

지배─결속 이론(government and binding theory) 내의 격이론(Case theory)는 Chomsky의 LGB에서 체계화되고 그 후 Knowledge of Language(1986)에서는 더 풍부하고 정교한 이론으로 발전해 왔다. 그러나 Chomsky(1986)의 격이론에는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 그 문제점들을 제시하고 고유격(Inherent Case)와 구조격(Structural Case)로 이원화 되어 있는 격체계를 통합하여 구조격으로 일원화시킴으로써 격이론을 보다 더 일관되게 하고 체계화시킴과 동시에 Chomsky(1986)에서 문제점으로 남아있던 것들을 해결해 보고자 한다.이 연구는 대우재단의 1988년 박사과정 연구지원 장학금에 의하여 이루어진것

Existential There-Sentences and List There-Sentences

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the syntactic phenomena of existential there-sentences and list there-sentences within the minimalist framework. We argue that list there-sentences must be distinguished from existential there-sentences has the accusative Case feature while the existential verb be does not. So a postverbal pronoun bearing accusative Case in a list there-sentences is checked off its Case feature by the verb be. Second, the expletive there in a list there-sentences does not bear any feature relevant to definiteness. This assumption while only an indefinite postverbal noun phrase is allowed in existential there-sentences. Finally, the number agreement phenomenon appearing in list there-sentences is accounted for by assuming that the ellipsis of there and be occurs in list there-sentences