50 research outputs found

    (An) experimental study on the effects of fail chest on respiratory and circulatory function, with particular reference to the effect of tracheostomy

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/박사[ν•œκΈ€] [영문] During the past two decades, tracheostomy has been widely used in the treatment of the crushing injury of the chest, disease of the lower respiratory tract and the respiratory insufficiency following the surgery of the chest. It is generally accepted that the advantage of the tracheostomy is to maintain toilet of the airway, to reduce the respiratory dead space and to reduce the airway resistance. In the past, however, reports on experimental studies of the effect of the crushing injuries of the chest or the effect of tracheostomy performed as a treatment of flail chest were few. It is the purpose of this experiment to observe the effect of flail chest and tracheostomy on respiratory and circulatory function in animals. Twenty mongrel dogs weighing from 12 to 17kg. were used. The animal was anesthetized using pentobarbital sodium, and the pulmonary artery and the abdominal aorta were cannulated through a cutdown in the jugular vein and femoral artery, respectively. The catheterization of the pulmonary artery was done under X-ray fluoroscopy. A 17cm. long rubber tube, the inner diameter of which measured 1.6cm., was placed just above the epiglottis and the oro-nasal cavity was made air-tight by packing the cavity with gauze bandage and also by using a tight rubber face mask. The animal breathed through the tube only. The epiglottis was secured anteriorly to prevent airway obstruction during the experiment. Under this condition, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, ventillatory equivalent, pulse rate, stroke volume, cardiac index, mean pressure of abdominal aorta, total peripheral vascular resistance, O^^2 consumption, O^^2 saturation of the mixed venous blood, A-V O^^2 difference, mean pressure of the pulmonary artery and total pulmonary arterial resistance were observed. Then a long skin incision was made on the chest and approximately 5∼6cm. long segment of bone was removed subperiosteally from 8∼16 ribs of unilateral or bilateral chest, thus causing moderate or severe paradoxical motion of the chest wall. Under this condition the same observations were made as in the basal state under anesthesia. After this a tracheostomy was made near the lower end of the cervical trachea, and a tuve with a cuff was introduced to the trachea. By inflating the cuff the animal was made to breathe through the tracheostomy tube only. Under this condition the same observations were repeated. In 14 dogs, a thin rubber tube 7cm with a diameter of 0.5cm, was placed in the thoracic esophagus, and this was connected to a water manometer to observe the changes in the intrathoracic pressure indirectly. It was observed that the flail chest caused a profound decrease in the respiratory function, manifested by a significant increase in respiratory rate, decrease in tidal volume and increase in minute ventilation and ventilatory equivalent. When trachesotomy was done on the animal with a flail chest, the respiratory function improved remarkably. The respiration rate decreased markedly. Though the tidal volume decreased slightly the minute veintilation and ventilatory equivalent significantly. The intraesophageal pressure, particularly the positive pressure, dropped markedly following tracheostomy was made on the animal with a flail chest. The improved ventilatory function of the lung following tracheostomy is thought to be due to (1) the decrease in the respiratory dead space which increases the alveolar ventilation, (2) the decrease of the air-way resistance enabling the inspiratory and expiratory air to travel the respiratory tract with less effort, and (3)the decrease in the intrathoracic pressure, thus minimizing the paradoxical motion of the chest wall, which in turn relieves the harmful ventilation phenomena of flail chest such as mediastinal flutter and cross ventilation between right and left lung. In contrast to the considerable improvement in the respiratory function after tracheostomy, the changes in the circulatory function were not marked. In the animal with a flail chest, the pulse rate remained unchanged. The stroke volume and cardiac index decreased, and both the mean pressure of the abdominal aorta and the total peripheral vascular resistance dropped. The decrease of the stroke volume and cardiac index is thought to be the result of the surgical trauma, the blood loss, decrease in central blood volume and the change in respiratory state which affects the mechanisms of respiratory augmentation of the venous return to the thoracic vena cavae and the right heart. When tracheostomy was made on animals with a flail chest, both the stroke volume and cardiac index decreased further, while the mean pressure of the abdominal aorta and the total peripheral vascular resistance increased. Total peripheral vascular resistance in this experiment seems to be affected by the extensive trauma of the soft tissue of the chest sustained by surgical procedure. All these changes in circulatory function, however, were within normal range, and it was concluded that the circulatory system functioned normally despite the profound respiratory distress of the animal with flail chest and also with the improved respiratory state following tracheostomy. Oxygen consumption did not change throughout all phases of the experiment, and this seems to be due to the fact that the metabolic requirement of the peripheral tissue did not change in the various phases of the experiment. The O^^2 saturation of the arterial blood exceeded 100% in all instances, and the changes of O^^2 saturation of the mixed venous blood and A-V O^^2 difference were minor and were within normal values. These changes are secondary to the changes in cardiac output. This observation further proves that the circulatory system maintained the normal function in all the phases of the experiment. The pulmonary arterial mean pressure did not change appreciably though the blood flow through the pulmonary artery decreased with the flail chest and further decreased following tracheostomy. This stable pulmonary arterial pressure was the result of the rise in the total pulmonary arterial resistance. This change in total pulmonary arterial resistance seems to be due to the expansibility of the pulmonary vascular bed, the distensibility of the pulmonary vasculatures, the changes in lung volume and change in respiratory state.restrictio

    Stakeholder's Perception Analysis for 'Nuclear-Exit' Policy by using Q-methodology

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : ν–‰μ •λŒ€ν•™μ› ν–‰μ •ν•™κ³Ό, 2018. 2. μ •κ΄‘ν˜Έ.2011λ…„ 3μ›”, 일본 ν›„μΏ μ‹œλ§ˆμ— 원전사고가 λ°œμƒν–ˆλ‹€. 인λ₯˜κ°€ κ²½ν—˜ν•œ μ΅œμ•…μ˜ μž¬μ•™μœΌλ‘œ ν‰κ°€λ˜λŠ” ν›„μΏ μ‹œλ§ˆ μ›μ „μ‚¬κ³ λŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ, 특히 일본과 κ°€μž₯ κ·Όμ ‘ν•œ ꡭ가인 ν•œκ΅­μ— 큰 좩격을 μ„ μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 세계적인 원전사고에도 κ²¬κ³ ν–ˆλ˜ μ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „μ˜ λ―ΏμŒμ€ ν›„μΏ μ‹œλ§ˆ 원전사고 이 ν›„, 원전에 λŒ€ν•œ κ΅­λ―Όλ“€μ˜ 인식이 ν”λ“€λ¦¬λŠ” κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ•ΌκΈ°ν•œ 것이닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 인식 λ³€ν™” μ†μ—μ„œ, λŒ€ν•œλ―Όκ΅­ μ •μΉ˜μ— 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 큰 λ³€ν™”κ°€ λ°œμƒν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 2017λ…„ 보수 μ •κΆŒμ΄ νƒ„ν•΅λ˜λ©΄μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 진보 μ •κΆŒμ΄ λ“±μž₯ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 높은 μ§€μ§€μœ¨ μœ„μ—μ„œ μƒˆ μ •λΆ€λŠ”, κ΅­μ • 초기 과제둜 νƒˆ(θ„«)μ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „ 정책을 κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ μΆ”μ§„ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ΄ν•΄λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžκ°„μ˜ ν•©μ˜μ— μ‘°κΈˆμ”© μˆ˜μ •λ˜μ–΄ λ§žμΆ°κ°€λ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ ꡭ책사업과 달리 이번 νƒˆμ›μ „ 사업은, 60λ…„κ°„μ˜ μ •λΆ€ 지침을 μ „λΆ€ 무효둜 λ§Œλ“€λ©° μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©ν–₯으둜 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 첫 μ‹œμž‘μœΌλ‘œ 신고리 μ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „μ†Œμ˜ 건섀 μœ λ¬΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€κ΅­λ―Ό κ³΅λ‘ μœ„μ›νšŒλ₯Ό μ‘°μ„±ν•˜μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ μ •λΆ€μ˜ λ°©ν–₯λŒ€λ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” λ“± μ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ΅­λ‚΄ κ°ˆλ“±μ΄ μ‹¬ν™”λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μƒˆ μ •λΆ€μ˜ νƒˆμ›μ „ 정책에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄ν•΄λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–€ 견해λ₯Ό 가지고 있으며, 원전을 λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” 인식 μœ ν˜•μ€ 각기 μ–΄λ–€ νŠΉμ§•κ³Ό 상관관계가 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ΄„μœΌλ‘œμ¨, νƒˆμ›μ „ μ •μ±…μ˜ κ°ˆλ“±μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ ‘κ·Όν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. κ²°κ΅­ 성곡적인 μž…λ²•μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„  μ •μ±… μž…λ²•κ³Ό λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ΄ν•΄λ‹Ήμ‚¬μž κ°„μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜κ΄€κ³Ό 인식 체계λ₯Ό λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜μ—¬μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°, λ³Έ 논문은 ν˜„λŒ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ 정책에 μžˆμ–΄ 성곡적인 μ •μ±… μž…λ²•μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ •μ±… κ²°μ •μž(λŒ€ν†΅λ Ή) 주변을 κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 닀원적 μ „λ¬Έκ°€ 집단(Plural Elitism)이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μ„±ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. νƒˆ(θ„«)μ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „ μ •μ±…μ˜ κ°ˆλ“± 심화가 μ „λ¬Έκ°€ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½μ΄λΌλŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ˜μ‹ ν•˜μ—, μ΄λ“€μ˜ 인식을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  μœ ν˜•ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 것이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έκ³ μ—μ„œλŠ” 닀원적 μ „λ¬Έκ°€ 집단을 μ •λΆ€κΈ°κ΄€, 정계, μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ „λ¬Έκ°€(학계), 언둠계, μ‹œλ―Όλ‹¨μ²΄ 그리고 업계 μ’…μ‚¬μž(ν•œμˆ˜μ›)둜 ν•œμ •ν•œλ‹€. 즉, μƒˆ μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” νƒˆ(θ„«)μ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „μ˜ 성곡적인 μž…λ²•μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 닀원적 μ „λ¬Έκ°€ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ ν•©μ˜κ°€ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 점을 κ°€μ •ν•˜κ³ , νƒˆμ›μ „ 정책에 κ΄€ν•΄ μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ§„μ‹€ν•œ 생각과 λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ 인식을 μ•Œμ•„λ³Έλ‹€λŠ” 것이닀. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ³Έ 논문을 Q 방법둠을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Q 방법둠은 주관적인 μ˜μ—­μ„ μ •λŸ‰μ μœΌλ‘œ 뢄석할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ κ³ μ•ˆλœ μ΄λ‘ μ²΄κ³„λ‘œ μΈκ°„μ˜ μ£Όκ΄€μ„±(Subjectivity)을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 뢄석 방법이닀. 즉, ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ£Όμ œμ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 인식을 ν¬μ°©ν•˜λŠ”λ° 강점이 μžˆκΈ°μ— λ³Έκ³ μ—μ„œ ν™œμš©λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. Q 방법둠은 νƒˆμ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „ 정책에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λͺ¨λ“  μ§„μˆ λ¬ΈμΈ Q μ§„μˆ λ¬Έμ„ μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜μ—¬, μ „λ¬Έκ°€ 집단을 P ν‘œλ³ΈμœΌλ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜μ—¬, κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ κ°•μ œλ°°λΆ„μΈ Q 배뢄을 톡해 인식 μœ ν˜•μ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜λŠ” 과정을 κ±°μΉœλ‹€. 일반적인 섀문쑰사와 달리 쀑볡 μ—†λŠ” 점수 배뢄을 톡해 κ°€μΉ˜μ˜ μš°μ„ μˆœμœ„κ°€ ν™•λ¦½λ˜λ©° 이λ₯Ό 톡해 κ°€μΉ˜κ΄€μ„ 확인할 수 μžˆλ‹€. Q μ§„μˆ λ¬Έμ΄ νƒˆμ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „ 정책에 κ΄€λ ¨ν•˜μ—¬ λͺ¨λ“  담둠을 λ‹΄κ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€λŠ” μ‚¬μ „μ μœΌλ‘œ 심측적인 면접을 톡해 κ²€μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 선행연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 κ°ˆλ“±μ„ μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 3가지 μ •μ˜ 속 12가지 틀을 톡해 ꡬ쑰적으둜 μ„€κ³„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄ν•΄λ‹Ήμ‚¬μž κ°„μ˜ 인식체계λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, μ•ˆμ „ 기반 μ ‘κ·Όν˜•(제 1μœ ν˜•), μ •λΆ€ 옹호 기반 μ ‘κ·Όν˜•(제 2μœ ν˜•), 그리고 효율 기반 μ ‘κ·Όν˜•(제 3μœ ν˜•)μ΄λΌλŠ” μ„Έ 가지 인식 μœ ν˜•μ„ 찾을 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 제 1 μœ ν˜•μ€ νƒˆμ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „ 정책에 κ΄€ν•΄ μ•ˆμ „μ μΈ 츑면을 톡해 λ°”λΌλ³΄λ©΄μ„œ μ›μ „μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 원전 사고와 같은 μœ„ν—˜μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ €ν•˜λŠ” μ˜κ²¬μ„ ν‘œμΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 제 2 μœ ν˜•μ€ μ›μžλ ₯ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ΄λ‚˜ μ›μžλ ₯ κΈ°μˆ μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ²½μ œμ„±μ— 관심을 κ°–κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ§€μ§€μœ¨μ΄ 높은 μƒˆ μ •λΆ€μ˜ μ˜κ²¬μ— 적극 λ™μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” λ“± μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ μ‹œμ„ μ„ 가지고 νƒˆμ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „ 정책을 λ°”λΌλ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 3 μœ ν˜•μ€ μ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ„±λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ›μžλ ₯ 자체의 효율적이고 경제적인 츑면에 μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 제 3 μœ ν˜•μ€ λŒ€μ²΄μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ˜ ν™œμš©λ³΄λ‹€ μ›μžλ ₯ μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±κ³Ό μ›μžλ ₯ 기술의 수좜 λ“±κ³Ό 같은 μ•žμœΌλ‘œμ˜ 원전 λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ κ²½μ œμ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 긍정적인 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 제 1 μœ ν˜•κ³Ό 제 3 μœ ν˜•μ€ νƒˆμ›μžλ ₯ λ°œμ „ μ •μ±…μ˜ μ΄μŠˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ 자주 λŒ€λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” 양상을 λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. Q 방법둠을 톡해 각 μœ ν˜•μ΄ μ‚¬νšŒμ— μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ·Έ μ „λ°˜μ μΈ 양을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 것은 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€μ˜ μ„€λ¬Έμ‘°μ‚¬λ‘œ νƒˆμ›μ „ 정책에 λŒ€ν•œ μ „λ°˜μ μΈ μ—¬λ‘ μ˜ λ°©ν–₯을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€ νƒˆμ›μ „ λ°œμ „ μ •μ±…μ˜ μ΄μŠˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–΄λ– ν•œ μΈμ‹μœ ν˜•μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€, 또 각각의 μΈμ‹μœ ν˜•μ€ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 뢀뢄을 λ”μš± μ€‘μ‹œν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μžˆμ–΄ κΈ°μ‘΄ 쑰사듀을 보완할 수 μžˆλŠ” λ‹¨μ΄ˆλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  것이닀. λ˜ν•œ, 기쑴의 μžλ£Œλ“€κ³Ό μƒν˜Έ λ³΄μ™„ν•˜μ—¬ 차별적인 μ •μ±… μ „λž΅μ„ 톡해 각각의 μ΄ν•΄λ‹Ήμ‚¬μžκ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 바에 μ ‘κ·Όν•˜μ—¬ 성곡적인 μž…λ²•μ„ 이룰 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ•λŠ” κΈ°μ΄ˆμžλ£Œκ°€ 될 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ μ˜μ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€.제 1 μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 제 1 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  및 ν•„μš”μ„± 1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 1 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„±κ³Ό λͺ©μ  5 제 2 절 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λŒ€μƒ 및 방법 7 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ²”μœ„μ™€ λŒ€μƒ 7 2. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 방법 9 제 2 μž₯ 이둠적 λ…Όμ˜ 및 선행연ꡬ κ²€ν†  11 제 1 절 μ›μžλ ₯ μ •μ±…μ˜ 역사와 이둠적 λ…Όμ˜ 11 1. 원전 μ •μ±…μ˜ 역사 11 2. 원전 μ •μ±…μ˜ 이둠적 λ…Όμ˜ 19 제 2 절 μ„ ν–‰μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²€ν†  22 1. ν›„μΏ μ‹œλ§ˆ 이후, 원전에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 22 2. Q 방법둠을 μ΄μš©ν•œ μ„ ν–‰ 연ꡬ 26 3. 원전 정책에 ν™œμš©λœ Q 방법둠 27 제 3 μž₯ 연ꡬ 방법 29 제 1 절 Q λ°©λ²•λ‘ μ˜ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό 의의 29 제 2 절 연ꡬ 섀계 34 1. Q μ§„μˆ λ¬Έ 섀계 34 2. Q μ§„μˆ λ¬Έ μˆ˜μ§‘ 36 3. P μƒ˜ν”Œμ˜ μ„€μ • 42 4. Q λΆ„λ₯˜ 45 5. 자료의 처리 및 뢄석 47 제 4 μž₯ 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 및 해석 48 제 1 절 μœ ν˜• 뢄석 48 제 2 절 μœ ν˜• 해석 55 1. 제 1 μœ ν˜•- μ•ˆμ „ 기반 μ ‘κ·Όν˜• 55 2. 제 2 μœ ν˜•- μ •λΆ€ 옹호 기반 μ ‘κ·Όν˜• 57 3. 제 3 μœ ν˜•- 효율 기반 μ ‘κ·Όν˜• 59 제 5 μž₯ κ³„λŸ‰μ  Q λΆ„μ„μ˜ ν•œκ³„μ™€ μˆ¨κ²¨μ§„ 인식틀 61 제 1 절 뢄야별 견해차이 61 1. κ²½μ œμ„± 및 μ‚°μ—…Β·μΈμž¬ 수좜 61 2. μ „λ ₯ μˆ˜κΈ‰ 및 μžμ› μˆ˜κΈ‰ 62 3. μ•ˆμ „μ„± 및 ν™˜κ²½μ„± 64 4. 외ꡐ·ꡰ사 및 μ •μΉ˜ 이념 65 5. 지역 κ°ˆλ“± 및 ν•΅ 폐기물 66 6. μ •μ±… 변동 및 ν•΅ λ§ˆν”Όμ•„ 67 제 2 절 곡톡 의견 71 제 6 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  72 제 1 절 κ²°λ‘  및 ν•œκ³„ 72 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 75 Abstract 81Maste
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