21 research outputs found

    A Severe Retropharyngeal Hematoma after Stellate Ganglion Block: A case report

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    A 73-year-old man with sudden sensory neural hearing loss received a stellate ganglion block. Two hours after the block, the patient complained of newly developed neck discomfort. After an additional two hours, the neck swelled up gradually and neck pain and dyspnea developed. A plain radiograph of neck revealed narrowing of the upper airway; a tracheostomy was performed and the dyspnea was improved. On the next day, the pain site extended to the right scapula and a CT image revealed a huge retropharyngeal hematoma. Hematoma evacuation and bleeder ligation were then performed and the patient was discharged on the fourth day after admission without any complications. A practitioner should always remember to educate the patients about possible complications and undertake intensive observation when performing procedures, even in patients who do not initially present with a compromised airwayope

    Design of Artificial Drawing Artist Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2022. 8. ์žฅ๋ณ‘ํƒ.๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰์€ ๋ฏธ์  ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ˆ™๊ณ  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋™์›ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ž๋™ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ •๊ตํ•จ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ฑ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰์— ์‘์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. Stroke-based rendering (SBR)์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ถ“ํ„ฐ์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋‚˜ ์ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ SBR์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ์˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘ํƒœ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋งž์ถฐ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” SBR ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํŽœ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ํŽœ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ƒ‰์˜ ํŽœ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ, ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํฌ-์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ… ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ์—์ด์ „ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด, ์˜ํ™”, ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜, ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ, ๊ณต์—ฐ ๋ฐ ์ „์‹œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์‚ฐ์—…์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.People easily draw to express their thoughts, while drawing requires some level of aesthetic sense or even pondering ability. We can find drawing is a high-intellectual behavior when we recall the fact that drawing is common in people but not in animals. For that reason, hand-crafted algorithms devised for automated drawing have limitations representing the subtle pattern of diverse drawing styles. However, several recent artworks have engaged deep learning techniques, filling the gap between computational automation and aesthetic sense. Stroke-based rendering (SBR), one of the computer graphics-based drawing tasks, is a task placing ``stroke" such as brush touches and stipples on the digital canvas to complete target drawings. In this article, total 4 kinds of reinforcement learning algorithms for each style of SBR scenarios are presented. Those scenarios are divided into pen drawings and high-level drawings: pen drawing denotes doodle-like drawings drawn with single-colored pen, while high-level drawing denotes painting-like drawings drawn with diverse realistic strokes or some parts of magazines. This article can be a useful reference to artificial drawing agents using deep reinforcement learning, and the proposed methods can be utilized to various art industries such as drawing software, movies, animations, toys, shows, exhibitions, and so on.์ดˆ๋ก 1 1. ์„œ๋ก  7 2. ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 2.1. ๊ณ ์ „์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 2.2. ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 2.3. ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•™์Šต 11 3. ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ 13 3.1. ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 13 3.2. ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™ 13 3.3. ๋ณด์ƒ 14 3.4. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” 15 4. ํŽœ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‘์šฉ 17 4.1. ํŽœ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ 17 4.1.1. ๋ฌธ์ œ 17 4.1.2. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 17 4.1.3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 20 4.2. ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ 22 4.2.1. ๋ฌธ์ œ 22 4.2.2. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 4.2.3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 5. ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ๋“œ๋กœ์ž‰ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‘์šฉ 30 5.1. ์ŠคํŠธ๋กœํฌ-์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ํŽ˜์ธํŒ… 30 5.1.1. ๋ฌธ์ œ 30 5.1.2. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 5.1.3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 32 5.2. ์ฝœ๋ผ์ฃผ 36 5.2.1. ๋ฌธ์ œ 36 5.2.2. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 36 5.2.3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39 6. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 43 6.1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  43 6.2. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 44 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 45 Abstract 48์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

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    ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์œค๋ฆฌํ•™ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ณ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์š”์‚ฌ์ด ์‹ค์šฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋…์—์„œ๋„ ์ž˜ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์—์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ƒ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต ์†์—์„œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ์น  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด, ํƒœ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์œก์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜ ์‚ฐ์—…(์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™, ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ์˜์•ฝ์‚ฐ์—…)์˜ ์œก์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„ํš๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ถ€์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ, ๊ณ ๋น„์šฉ, ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹คํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํšจ๊ณผ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ํŠน๋ณ„๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ธˆ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์žฌ์›์กฐ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ 4์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ์กด์ค‘์˜ ์›์น™์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ์„ค์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ, ํ™˜์ž, ํˆฌ์ž์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์ค‘๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ฐœ์„ค ํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ , ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์˜ ์ง์—…์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ฝ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•…ํ–‰๊ธˆ์ง€์˜ ์›์น™์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ง•์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ณผ์ž‰์ง„๋ฃŒ, ํƒˆ์„ธ๋“ฑ์˜ โ€˜์•…ํ–‰โ€™์„ ๋” ์กฐ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ „๋จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  โ€˜์•…ํ–‰โ€™์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์•…ํ–‰๊ธˆ์ง€์˜ ์›์น™์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์˜ ์›์น™์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด โ€˜์ ๊ทน์  ์„ ํ–‰์˜ ์›์น™โ€™์€ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ œ๋„์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ž์›์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. โ€˜ํšจ์šฉ์›์น™โ€™์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด โ€˜ํšจ์šฉโ€™์€ ์ ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋†’์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž์œ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์ด์œค์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉํˆฌ์ž…์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ โ€˜ํšจ์šฉโ€™์ด ๋†’์•„ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋„์ž…์„ ๋กค์ฆˆ์˜ ์ •์˜์˜ ์›์น™์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๋ฉด โ€˜์ฐจ๋“ฑ์˜ ์›์น™โ€™์„ ์ ์šฉ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์€ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์šด์˜๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ž์›์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ, ๊ณ ๋น„์šฉ, ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹คํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํšจ๊ณผ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‹œ์žฅ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž์˜ ํ•œ์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๊ท ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•จ ์ด๋ž€ ๊ณต์ •ํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜„์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๊ท ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๊ท ๋“ฑํ•จ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ž๋กœ ์ด์œค์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ ์†Œ์ž์ž์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜๋ฆฌ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ธ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๊ธˆํ™•๋ณด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋‚˜, ๊ณ ๋น„์šฉยท๊ณ ๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‹œ๋„์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ˜•์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์€ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฐจํ›„์—๋„ ๊ฑด์žฌํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์ด๋ฉฐ(ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ1์กฐ) ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฒœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ” ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค.(ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ119์กฐ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์‚ฌ์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ) ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜์—ญ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.(ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ10์กฐ ํ–‰๋ณต์ถ”๊ตฌ๊ถŒ, 15์กฐ ์ง์—…์˜ ์ž์œ ) ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ยท ํ•„์š”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์–ด ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋œ๋‹ค. (ํ—Œ๋ฒ• ์ œ36์กฐ 3ํ•ญ ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ถŒ, 31์กฐ~36์กฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์›๋ฆฌ) ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์˜์—ญ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ 99ํ—Œ๋ฐ”76, 2000ํ—Œ๋งˆ505(๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ) ์š”์–‘๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ง€์ •์ œ ์‹ฌํŒ์—์„œ ์˜€๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์ธ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐœ์„คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ30์กฐ 2ํ•ญ) ๋˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์˜ ์žฌ๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ค€์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์—… ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ต์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ์„ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ถ€๊ณผ ์›์น™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฒ•์ธ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์ธ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ™” ์‹œ์ผœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์„ธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒˆ์„ธ์™€ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ณต์ต์„ฑ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์„ธ์ œ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค [์˜๋ฌธ]In the past, the emphasis of medical field was put on factors such as publicism, egalitarianism and approach, establishing 'equal state control' rather than market or competitive principles. But, it doesn't make sense that medical field becomes standardized downwardly, preventing the field itself from becoming standardized upwardly, due to the cause of egalitarian-oriented medical supply. Accordingly, it needs to take public measures against the downwardly-standardized medical field trend, implementing upwardly-standardized medical system. The necessity of such upwardly-standardized medical field trend is plainly reflected in policy lines and ideas that the pragmatism-driven government pursues in recent years. It is meaningless to discuss whether liberalism will come before egalitarian or vice versa. Instead, it needs to make policies in the process of growing development in accordance with the changing current. It is expected to induce national wealth by developing health and medical industry, create industrial employment foundation, and provide high-cost and advanced services will have positive effects on wealth division. Also, recycling structure in public medical field would possibly be built, by financing specifications of profits from the extensive health and medical industry scope in the form of special charge amount. Competition, efficiency and market principles are required for growing medical field. Obviously, it is difficult to expect cost and efficiency will be formed following the created cost and services, owing to competition between demander and supplier appearing when buys and sells medical equipment in some store, in the aspect of medical field characteristics. But, it is deemed to offer the scope of multi-choices to medical consumers, promoting medical field-related advertisements and strengthening rights of choices among the general consumers, so that they can give an access to much information, and then introducing private insurance system as the payment form. Also, introducing the profit-corporation supplier agency will enable competitiveness to become enhanced as the commercial law-related firm, thanks to massive capital inputs. And, it will help make transparent management and taxation and developing competitive agency and industry, as well as providing low cost and good-quality services to medical consumers or patients. This application of the extensive market principles will give birth to competitive medical agency besides state-leading non-profit medical agency. And, based on it, medical field will be fostered and expanded, with the result of the reinforced health and medical industry field, such as life engineering, medical equipment and pharmaceutical industry. And, subsequently, medical hub will be built. The situation in profit-corporation medical agency overseas shows that special medical services and old-aged medical care services are run to a considerable degree. If profit-corporation is introduced in South Korea, added-value services and non-regulation medical services will be created. A wide range of medical advertisements necessary for medical information, and private medical insurance must be introduced with various payment forms, and medical care agency selecting system has to be facilitated for a better institutional climate. And, strengthening public medical facilities and run them by degrees is requiredope

    ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ ์• ๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™์ž‘๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ–‰๋™๋ชจ๋ธ

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    Thesis(doctor`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2007.Docto

    Sonographic estimation of needle depth for cervical epidural blocks.

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    BACKGROUND: Cervical epidural steroid injections are often used to treat acute and chronic pain syndromes involving the face, neck, and upper extremities. Ultrasound has evolved as a valuable tool for performing neuraxial blocks, providing useful prepuncture information on the structure. Our goal was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of ultrasound by comparing skin to dura distance from ultrasound with the actual skin to epidural depth. METHODS: We enrolled 50 patients undergoing cervical epidural blocks at the pain clinic. Ultrasound images with transverse and longitudinal median views of the C6/7 area were taken. The epidural needle was inserted, reproducing the direction of the ultrasound beam on the longitudinal median view. Measured distances from skin to dura on each ultrasound view were compared with the actual needle depth. Additionally, we examined ultrasound visibility, the number of puncture attempts, and any complications related to the procedure. RESULTS: Concordance correlation coefficients between the measured distances on ultrasound and actual needle depth were 0.9272 and 0.9268 on transverse and longitudinal median view, respectively. The cervical epidural block was successfully performed on 48 patients (96%). There were two incidents (4%) of dural puncture. No bloody taps, postprocedure complications, or hemodynamic instability related to cervical epidural blocks occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound provides very accurate information on the skin to dura distance for epidural blocks in the cervical spine. Knowledge of skin to dura distance and a preview of spinal anatomy before puncture can more safely identify the epidural spaceope

    The changes in aspect of the montage shown in Lee Seung Hunโ€™s poem

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    Numerical Analysis of Steam-methane Reforming Reactio for Hydrogen Generation using Catalytic Combustion

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    A steam reformer is a chemical reactor to produce high purity hydrogen from fossil fuel. In the steam reformer, since endothermic steam reforming is heated by exothermic combustion of fossil fuel, the heat transfer between two reaction zones dominates conversion of fossil fuel to hydrogen. Steam Reforming is complex chemical reaction, mass and heat transfer due to the exothermic methane/air combustion reaction and the endothermic steam reforming reaction. Typically, a steam reformer employs burner to supply appropriate heat for endothermic steam reforming reaction which reduces system efficiency. In this study, the heat of steam reforming reaction is provided by anode-off gas combustion of stationary fuel cell. This paper presents a optimization of heat transfer effect and average temperature of cross-section using two-dimensional models of a coaxial cylindrical reactor, and analysis three-dimensional models of a coaxial cylindrical steam reformer with chemical reaction. Numerical analysis needs to dominant chemical reaction that are assumed as a Steam Reforming (SR) reaction, a Water-Gas Shift (WGS) reaction, and a Direct Steam Reforming(DSR) reaction. The major parameters of analysis are temperature, fuel conversion and heat flux in the coaxial reactor.N
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