4 research outputs found

    κ·Έλž˜ν”„ μœ„μ—μ„œ ν–‰ν•΄μ§€λŠ” μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„

    Get PDF
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : λ¬Όλ¦¬Β·μ²œλ¬Έν•™λΆ€(물리학전곡), 2013. 2. 강병남.λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ ν˜‘λ ₯이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 기제λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ„κ΅¬λ‘œ μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ™”λ‹€. μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ ν˜‘λ ₯을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 가섀듀이 μ œμ‹œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 성곡적이라 ν‰κ°€λ˜λŠ” κ°€μ„€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 진화 κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 곡간 ꡬ쑰의 쑰합이닀. 첫 번째 μž₯μ—μ„œ 곡간 ꡬ쑰 μœ„μ˜ 진화적 μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„μ„ κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ² λ‹€. κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ 두 νŒŒνŠΈμ—μ„œ 두 가지 세뢀적인 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 곡간 ꡬ쑰 μœ„μ˜ 진화적 μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 두 번째 μž₯은 큰 세상 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œ μž‘μ€ 세상 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‘œ λ³€ν™”κ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ μœ„μ—μ„œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ이닀. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 특히 ν˜‘λ ₯ μ „λž΅μ„ μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„μžλ“€μ΄ μ΄λ£¨λŠ” 집단에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. ν—ˆλΈŒλ“€ κ°„μ˜ 연결이 λ§Žμ€ μž‘μ€ 세상 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ ν˜‘λ ₯자 집단이 μƒμ„±λ˜λ©° 전체적인 ν˜‘λ ₯ μˆ˜μ€€λ„ λ†’λ‹€. 반면, 큰 세상 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 크기λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ ν˜‘λ ₯자 집단이 ν˜•μ„±λ˜λ©°, ν˜‘λ ₯자 λΉ„μœ¨μ€ μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 높지 μ•Šλ‹€. 큰 세상 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—μ„œ μž‘μ€ 세상 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‘œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€λ©΄μ„œ ν˜‘λ ₯자 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 크기 뢄포λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , μ „μ΄μ μ—μ„œλŠ” 크기 뢄포가 λ©±ν•¨μˆ˜ 꼴을 λ”°λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” 점을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„Έ 번째 μž₯μ—μ„œλŠ” 진화적 μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„μ— ν˜Όν•© μ „λž΅μ„ λ„μž…ν–ˆλ‹€. μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„μ—μ„œ ν˜Όν•© μ „λž΅μ€ ν–‰μœ„μžμ˜ ν˜‘λ ₯ ν™•λ₯ λ‘œμ¨ ν‘œν˜„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. 적용 μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œμ„œ, 레귀러 κ·Έλž˜ν”„ μœ„μ—μ„œ 두 가지 ν˜Όν•© μ „λž΅λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ” μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„μ—μ„œ 진화적 μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ„ μ‘°μ‚¬ν–ˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ₯Έ μ „λž΅μ˜ μΉ¨μž…μ„ ν—ˆμš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ „λž΅μ„ μ§„ν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•ˆμ •ν•œ μ „λž΅μ΄λΌκ³  ν•œλ‹€. 결정둠적인 κ²Œμž„ 법칙 ν•˜μ—μ„œλŠ” 항상 μ§„ν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•ˆμ •ν•œ μ „λž΅μ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 점을 ν™•μΈν–ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ „λž΅μ„ 가진 집단은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ „λž΅μ˜ μΉ¨μž… μ‹œλ„μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  본래의 ν˜‘λ ₯ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ μœ μ§€ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. μ£„μˆ˜μ˜ λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ κ²Œμž„μ— ν˜Όν•© μ „λž΅μ„ λ„μž…ν•œ 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 보닀 ν˜„μ‹€μ— κ°€κΉŒμš΄ κ²Œμž„μ˜ κΈ°μ΄ˆκ°€ 될 수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀.Prisoner's dilemma(PD) game has been used widely in various disciplines as a tool to understand the mechanisms to evoke the cooperation although a player's favorable choice is not cooperative. Among a variety of explanations for the emergence of cooperation, the combination of evolutionary process and spatial structure is one of the successful hypotheses. In the first chapter, we review the spatial evolutionary PD games shortly. In the next two parts, we study the spatial evolutionary PD games in two detailed aspects. In the second chapter, we study the PD games on several scale-free networks bridging between large-world and small-world types. Especially, we focus on the clusters of permanent cooperators. In small-world networks where the hubs are interconnected, one cooperator cluster is formed, and overall cooperation level is relatively high. On the other hand, in large-world networks where the hubs are separated, the clusters of cooperators with diverse sizes are formed, and the fraction of cooperators is not high. We investigate the cluster size distribution, changing networks from large-world ones to small-world ones, and find that the cluster size follows a power law at the transition point. In the third chapter, we introduce mixed strategies into spatial evolutionary PD games. The probability of cooperation is used to represent the mixed strategies. As an application, we investigate the evolutionary stability in PD games with two mixed strategies on several types of regular graphs. A strategy which doesn't allow the invasion of other strategy is called an evolutionarily stable strategy. We find that under the deterministic game rules, there always exist evolutionarily stable strategies. These strategies can maintain the cooperation level against the invasion of other strategies. The introduction of mixed strategies in PD games can be the basis of more realistic PD games.Abstract i Contents iii List of Figures vii List of Tables xiii 1. Introduction to spatial evolutionary prisoners dilemma games 1 1.1 Prisoners dilemma 1 1.2 Spatial evolutionary prisoners dilemma game 4 1.3 Spatial evolutionary prisoners dilemma game on scale-free networks 5 1.4 Rules for spatial evolutionary PD games 6 1.4.1 Typical processes of games 6 1.4.2 Payoff matrix 8 1.4.3 Fitness 9 1.4.4 Synchronous update vsasynchronous update 9 1.4.5 Selection of candidate players for updating strategies 10 1.4.6 Selection of a neighbor for a reference 10 1.4.7 Adoption probability 11 2. Prisoners dilemma games on hierarchical model 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Hierarchical network model 14 2.2.1 Construction rule 14 2.2.2 Network characteristics 15 2.3 Rules for evolutionary prisoners dilemma games 16 2.4 Simulation results and discussions 17 2.4.1 Results on hierarchical networks 17 2.4.2 Results on rewired hierarchical networks 24 2.4.3 Results on the WWW network 27 2.5 Summary 30 3. Evolutionary stability in the spatial evolutionary PD games with mixed-strategies 33 3.1 Introduction to mixed strategies 33 3.1.1 Payoffs in mixed-strategy PD games 35 3.2 Evolutionary stability in PD game with mixed strategies 36 3.3 Rules of games 38 3.4 Fitnesses of players 40 3.4.1 Fitnesses in regular graphs 41 3.5 Evolutionary stability on complete graphs 42 3.6 Evolutionary stability on regular graph with degree 2 42 3.6.1 Comparison between fitnesses of two players with different strategies 43 3.6.2 Simulation results and discussions 47 3.7 Evolutionary stability on regular graph with degree 3 50 3.7.1 Comparison between fitnesses of two players with different strategies 50 3.7.2 Simulation results and discussions 50 3.8 Evolutionary stability on regular graph with degree 4 59 3.8.1 Comparison between fitnesses of two players with different strategies 59 3.8.2 Simulation results and discussions 59 3.9 Discussions 71 3.10 Summary 73 4. Conclusion 77 Appendices 81 Appendix A. Propagation of strategies on cycle graph 83 A.1 Propagation of strategies under RuleI 83 A.1.1 Section 1,2,3,4 at b=3 83 A.1.2 Section 5,6,7,8 at b=3 84 A.2 Propagation of strategies under Rule II 84 A.2.1 Section 1,2,3,4 at b=3 86 A.2.2 Section 5,6,7 at b=3 86 A.2.3 Section 8 at b=3 88 Appendix B. More detailed results on mixed-strategy PD games on honeycomb lattice 89 B.1 Propagation of strategies on honeycomb lattice under Rule I 89 B.2 Propagation of strategies on honeycomb lattice under Rule II 90 Appendix C. More detailed results on mixed-strategy PD games on square lattice 97 C.1 Propagation of strategies on square lattice under Rule I 97 C.2 Propagation of strategies on square lattice under Rule II 98 Appendix D. More detailed results on mixed-strategy PD games on random graphs with degree 3 103 D.1 Size dependency of fraction of B-type players on random regular graphs with degree 3 under Rule I 103 D.2 Size dependency of fraction of B-type players on random regular graphs with degree 3 under Rule II 104 Appendix E. More detailed results on mixed-strategy PD games on random graphs with degree 4 107 E.1 Size dependency of fraction of B-type players on random regular graphs with degree 4 under Rule I 107 E.2 Size dependency of fraction of B-type players on random regular graphs with degree 4 under Rule II 108 Bibliography 113 Abstract in Korean 119Docto

    A Study on the Shift from Passive Representation to Active Representation: A Focus on Critical Mass and the Effect of Discretion on Active Representation

    No full text
    λŒ€ν‘œκ΄€λ£Œμ œμ˜ 이둠적 μœ μš©μ„±κ³Ό μ œλ„μ  νš¨κ³Όμ„±μ€ 적극적 λŒ€ν‘œμ„±μ΄ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•  λ•Œ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ ν™•λ³΄λœλ‹€. λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 인ꡬ톡계학적 λŒ€ν‘œμ„±μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œκ΄€λ£Œμ œλ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” 맀우 μ œν•œμ μΌ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 였히렀 κ³΅μ •κ²½μŸμ˜ 훼손과 역차별 λ…ΌμŸμ˜ 빌미λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­μ˜ μ€‘μ•™λΆ€μ²˜ μ—¬μ„± 곡무원을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ μ†Œκ·Ήμ €κ±° λŒ€ν‘œμ„±κ³Ό 적극적 λŒ€ν‘œμ„±μ„ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜κ³  μ–‘μž κ°„μ˜ 관계 μ „ν™˜μ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 특히 μ€‘μ•™μ •λΆ€λΆ€μ²˜μ˜ 여성곡무원을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ†Œκ·Ήμ  λŒ€ν‘œμ„±κ³Ό 적극적 λŒ€ν‘œμ„±μ˜ 관계 μ „ν™˜μ„ 싀증 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. Many previous studies on representative bureaucracy have examined passive representation and active representation. Building on previous studies this study attempts to show how passive representation shifts to active representation of female interests. It is argued that passive representation reflecting demograpic composition is very limited in represnting interests of minority groups, particularly in organization like bureaucracy with a strong conventional cultural tradition. Active representation is central to true representation of the voices of a minority group.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•œκ΅­μ—°κ΅¬μž¬λ‹¨μ„ 톡해 κ΅μœ‘κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ λΆ€μ˜ μ„Έκ³„μˆ˜μ€€ μ—°κ΅¬μ€‘μ‹¬λŒ€ν•™μœ‘μ„±μ‚¬μ—…(WCU)μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 지원받아 μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ‹ μ²­κ³Όμ œλ²ˆν˜Έ R32-2008-000-20002-0
    corecore