26 research outputs found

    Regulation of inflammasome signaling pathway by antimicrobial peptide LL-37

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    Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are compounds serving as natural antibiotics. LL-37, the member of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides, is known to be mainly produced by epithelial cells and crucial role in innate immune response from the first line of host defense after bacterial infection. LL-37 increases or decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-ฮฒ, IL-6 or IL-1ฮฒ. However, the role of LL-37 in the immune system is not yet clearly understood. Recent studies have proposed that LL-37 is excessively produced in chronic skin diseases such as rosacea and psoriasis. But, the pathogenesis of rosacea has not been studied in detail yet. In this study, I examined the role of LL-37 in the innate immune responses. Here, I demonstrated that LL-37 induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation. I also had found that the mechanism of LL-37-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). In addition, inhibition of potassium efflux and reduction of intracellular calcium levels failed to trigger the activation of caspase-1 and IL-1ฮฒ secretion from BMDMs. I had also shown that internalized LL-37 caused lysosomal leakage and cathepsin B-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in BMDMs. Subsequently, I examined the potential effect of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex in rosacea mice model, which induced by LL-37 injection. Interestingly, I observed that the lesion and the release of IL-1ฮฒ were markedly reduced in Nlrp3-deficient mice, but not in wild type mice. Taken together, I suggest that LL-37-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of rosacea.open์„

    ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์œ„์‚ฐ์—… ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ „๊ณต,2004.Maste

    (A)Study on a nation-wide recall system

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ,2005.Maste

    ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ด์ „์ด ์ง์›์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ต์œกํ•™์ˆ ์ •๋ณด์›์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ)

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊ธˆํ˜„์„ญ.๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „์€ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ฆ์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ง์›์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ตฌํ˜์‹ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ „ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ต์œกํ•™์ˆ ์ •๋ณด์› ์ง์›์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง์›์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „์ด ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ง์›์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„, ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ถ„์„, ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„, ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท ๋ถ„์„, ๋…๋ฆฝํ‘œ๋ณธt๊ฒ€์ •, ๋Œ€์‘ํ‘œ๋ณธt๊ฒ€์ •, ์ผ์›๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„, ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„, ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ ํญ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „ ํ›„ ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž… ์ค‘ ์ •์„œ์  ๋ชฐ์ž…๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ๋ชฐ์ž…์„ ๋†’์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์ •์„œ์  ๋ชฐ์ž…์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ง์—์˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ์กฐ์ง์— ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ์ง€์†์  ๋ชฐ์ž…์„ ๋†’์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ •์„œ์  ๋ชฐ์ž…๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ๋ชฐ์ž…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ •์„œ์  ๋ชฐ์ž…์—๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง์›์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ์ง์›์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์–ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์กฐ์ง๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ณด์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ต์œกํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์— ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›์ด๋‚˜ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด์žฌ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฐฐ์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์กฐ์ง๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™ํ˜ธํšŒ ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ™”โ€ค์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ„์˜ T/F๋‚˜ ํ˜‘์˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด๊ณต์œ ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”โ€คํŽธ์˜์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์„ฑ, ํ˜์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ๊ต์œกํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ๋“ฑ์ด ์—ญํ• ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐโ€คํ•™โ€ค์—ฐ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋กœ ์ด์ „์ง€์—ญ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „ ์ ๊ธฐ์™„๋ฃŒ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋งค๋ชฐ๋˜์–ด ์ง์›์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํฌ์ƒ์„ ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ฏ์„  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ง์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ, ํ™๋ณด ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์ด ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์ด์ „ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ง€์›์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์ง๋ฌด๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ ์ด ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  5 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐœ์š” 5 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „์˜ ์ถ”์ง„๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 2. ํ˜์‹ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 14 3. ํ˜์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑด์„ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ 15 4. ๋Œ€๊ตฌ ์‹ ์„œํ˜์‹ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 16 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  17 1. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 17 2. ์ด์ „๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง์› ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 18 3. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 4. ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž… ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 22 ์ œ 3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 36 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 36 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 38 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 38 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 39 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • 41 1. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ •์˜ 41 2. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 41 ์ œ 4์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 46 ์ œ 4์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 47 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ 47 1. ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 47 2. ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 48 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 53 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„โ€คํ‰๊ท ๋น„๊ตโ€ค์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 54 1. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ 54 2. ํ•˜์œ„๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’ ๋น„๊ต 55 3. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 68 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 72 1. ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 72 2. ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ณ„ ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 74 ์ œ 4์ ˆ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 81 1. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „ ํ›„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 81 2. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์ด์ „ ์ „๊ณผ ํ›„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์š”์ธ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…๊ณผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 87 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  93 ์ œ 1์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 93 ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 96 ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 98 100 107 117Maste

    Prognosis according to surgical treatment in Hepatolithiasis

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ฐ„๋‚ด ๋‹ด์„์ฆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ํ”ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋„๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ด์„์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‚ด ๋†์–‘, ๋‹ด๋„ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚œ์น˜์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์™ธ๊ณผ์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‚ด ๋‹ด์„์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ด์„์„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” 1990๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1994๋…„ 12์›” 31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๊ฐ„๋‚ด ๋‹ด์„์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰๋ฐ›์€ 63์˜ˆ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ(33์˜ˆ), ๋น„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ(30์˜ˆ)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด, ์ง„๋‹จ์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ์„œ์˜ ๋‹ด์„, ๋‹ด๋„, ๊ฐ„์‹ค์งˆ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์œ ๋ฌด, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋‹ด์„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ, ๋ฌด๋ณ‘ ์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๋‚ด ๋‹ด์„์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ด์„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ, ๋ฌด๋ณ‘ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ  ๋“ฑ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” SPSS**(R) Base 7.0 far Windows**TM ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ Chisquare test๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ณ‘ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ SPSS**(R) Base 7.0 far Windowsw**TM ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ Kaplan-Meier survival analysis๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€์€ 0.05๋กœ ์„ค์ • ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‚จ๋…€ ์„ฑ๋น„๋Š” 1:3.5์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 24์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 72์„ธ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 48์„ธ์˜€๊ณ  40๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 19๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ถ„ํฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค 2. ๊ฐ„๋‹ด๋„๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์›์‹œ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋‹ด์„์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 31์˜ˆ๋กœ 49.2%์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ๋‹ด๋‚ญ์ ˆ์ œ ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์›์‹œ์— ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 58์˜ˆ(91.2%)์˜€๊ณ  ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ์šฐ์ƒ๋ณต๋ถ€์˜ ๋™ํ†ต์ด 46์˜ˆ(72%)๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์—ด 26์˜ˆ(41.3%), ์˜คํ•œ 15์˜ˆ(23.8%)์˜ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋‹ด์„์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๊ฐ„๋‚ด ๋‹ด์„์€ Couinaud์˜ 2, 3๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ„์—ฝ ๋ถ„์ ˆ์˜ ๋‹ด๋„์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์–‘์ธก ๊ฐ„๋‹ด๋„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ 21์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด์˜ 33.3%์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ ์ด์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ด์„์˜ ์ž”์กด(27/33: 81.8%), ๋‹ด๋„์˜ ํ˜‘์ฐฉ(12/33: 12.1%),๊ธฐํƒ€์˜ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ขŒ์—ฝ ์ ˆ์ œ(31/33: 93.9%), ๋ถ„์—ฝ ์ ˆ์ œ(2/33: 6.1%)๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์ขŒ์—ฝ ์ ˆ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ ํ›„์˜ ๋‹ด๋„ ์žฌ๊ฑด์ˆ ์€ T-tube๋งŒ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(39.4%), Roux-en-Y ๊ฐ„๊ณต์žฅ๋ฌธํ•ฉ์ˆ (36.4%), ๋‹ด๋„๊ณต์žฅ๋ฌธํ•ฉ์ˆ (9.1%)์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 5. ๋น„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋‹ด์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋น„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ด์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ stone forceps๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(60.0%), ๋‹ด๋„ ์„ธ์ฒ™(16.7%), ๋‹ด๋„๊ฒฝ(13.3%)์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ด๋„๋ฐฐ์•ก์ˆ ์€ Roux-en-Y ๊ฐ„๊ณต์žฅ๋ฌธํ•ฉ์ˆ (46.7%), T-tube ์‚ฝ์ž… (33.3%)์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ์ž”๋ฅ˜๋‹ด์„ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์˜ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ด์„์€ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ, ๋น„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 6์˜ˆ(18.8%), 17์˜ˆ(56.7%)๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(p=0.002). ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์€ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ, ๋น„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2์˜ˆ(6.1%), 9์˜ˆ(30.0%)๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(p<0.05). 7. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ, ์ฐฝ์ƒ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ, ๋น„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 1์˜ˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ์‹œํ–‰๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ 8์ผ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ƒ๋ถ€ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€ ์ถœํ˜ˆ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹คํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์‡ผํฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ›„ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 8. ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด๋ณ‘ ์ƒ์กด์œจ 5๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ณ‘์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 95.9%, ๋น„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 73.7%๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p<0.05). ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•„ ๊ฐ„๋‚ด๋‹ด์„์ฆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‚ด๋‹ด๋„๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„์‹ค์งˆ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ ํ›„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ ๋‹ด์„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์ค„์ด๋ฉฐ ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Hepatolithiasis is a relatively common disease in east Asia, including Korea. Recent progress in the diagnostic method makes it easy to give a correct diagnosis. Even though many methods have been employed in the treatment of the disease, none have proven to be the best, so residual stones are often left which could complicate some troublesome diseases such as intrahepatic abscess, biliary stricture, liver cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Process in the technique of hepatic resection for the treatment of hapatolithiasis can reduce the number of residual stones and the recurrence of disease. We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics of 63 patients with hepatolithiasis from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 1994 to clarify the relationship between the methods of surgical treatment and the outcome of patients. Of these 63 cases, hepatic resection was performed on 33 and the others underwent non-resectional treatment. The location of the intrahepatic stones were the left hepatic duct in 35 cases(55.6%), the right hepatic duct in 7 cases (11.1%) and bilateral in 21 cases (33.3%). The residual stones were noted in 6 of 33 cases ( 18.8%) of the hepatic resection and 17 of 30 cases (56.7%) of the non-resection group. So the incidence of residual stones was significantly lower in the hepatic resection group ( p<0.05). The recurrence of symptoms was noted in 11 cases; 2 of 33 cases ( 6.1%) in the hepatic resection group and 9 of 30 cases (30.0%)in the non-resection group. So the rate of recurrence was significantly lower in hepatic resection group ( p<0.05). Operative morbidity rate was 27.3% in the hepatic resection group and 23.6% in the non-resection group. Operative mortality was recorded only one case in the hepatic resection group. There was no statistical difference. The 5-year disease free survival rate was significantly (p<0.05 ) higher in the hepatic resection group (95.5%) than in the non-resection group (73,7%) In conclusion, hepatic resection in patients with hepatolithiasis can be performed with safety and it can reduce the incidence of residual stones and the recurrence of symptoms after surgical treatment. So, hepatic resection must be considered in patients with hepatolithiasis for a better quality of lifes.restrictio

    Development of multi-species probiotics against calf diarrhea inducing pathogen and its validation of the effect on growth performance and intestinal microflora composition in Holstein Calves

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2014. 2. ์ตœ์œค์žฌ.Calf diarrhea is the most common and severe disease in young calves in that major economic losses to dairy farms. During a pre-weaning period, young calves are susceptible to many infectious pathogens, especially E.coli K99 causing diarrhea and dysentery with blood and mucus in the feces. The use of antibiotics helps to alleviate diarrhea, lowers the calf mortality and decreases the protein requirement in the young calves. The abuse of antibiotics to animal, however, may lead antibiotics resistance to potential human pathogens. Because of these circumstances, feeding antibiotics have been prohibited since 2011 in Korea. Therefore, development of antibiotic alternatives is required for sustainable livestock production. Probiotics are live microorganisms, suggesting that it may have beneficial effects on a host gut ecosystem. I have chosen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) since LAB are the most common type of microbes producing lactic acid, bacteriocins and other metabolic products which protect pathogen colonization and modulate immune responses. Previously, two strains of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum genome shuffling 1 (LP-GS1) and Pediococcus acidilactici genome shuffling 4 (PA-GS4) with improved antimicrobial activity against E.coli K99 and E.coli O157 were achieved, respectively, by genome shuffling method. In this study, the multi-species probiotics contained LP-GS1 and PA-GS4 were treated in Holstein calves. This newly developed multi-species probiotics include Bacillus subtilis T4 as a digestive enzyme source and Saccharomyces boulardii as an intestinal regulator and supplier of protein and mineral. Total of 40 holstein male calves (age 5-18 days) were randomly assigned to four diet groupsNegative control (NC, no treatment), Positive control (PC, antibiotics treatment), Wild type LAB added probiotics mixture (WPM, mixture of Pediococcus acidilactia PA175, Lactobacillus plantarum LP177, Saccharomyces boulardii SB, and Bacillus subtilis T4), and Genome shuffled LAB added probiotics mixture (GPM, mixture of Genome shuffled Pediococcus acidilactia PA-GS4, Genome shuffled Lactobacillus plantarum LP-GS1, SB, and T4). Test and control groups were fed using a milk replacer and a calf starter with probiotics mixture (109 cfu each strain/d/head), with antibiotics (neomycin sulfate) or no treatment for 8 weeks. Growth effects of multi-species probiotics were tested in Holstein calves. GPM group showed same average daily gain as PC group. And there was 50% mortality in NC and WPM group while 90% of calves were survived in PC and GPM group. Furthermore, GPM showed good modulation effect of intestinal microflora. Potential pathogens such as E.coli and Clostridium perfringens were lower in GPM group than in NC group. In addition beneficial bacteria such as Pediococcus acidilactici, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus spp were higher in GPM group than in NC group. These results suggest that newly developed multi-species probiotics could use as promising antibiotic alternatives for making environment-friendly livestock products.Contents Summary I Contents III List of Tables and Figures VI List of Abbreviations VIII I. Introduction 1 II. Review of Literature 3 1. Neonatal calf diarrhea 3 2. Probiotics 4 1) Concept of probiotics 4 2) Intestinal regulatory effect of probioitcs 6 3. Properties of probiotics 7 1) Lactic acid bacteria 7 (1) Pediococcus acidilactici 9 (2) Lactobacillus plantarum 9 2) Bacillus subtilis 10 3) Saccharomyces boulardii 11 III. Materials and Methods 12 1. Preparation of multi-species probiotics 12 1) Microbial strains 12 2) Lactic acid bacteria strain 13 (1) Anti-microbial activity test 13 (2) Physiological test 14 โ‘  pH curve 14 โ‘ก Growth curve 15 (3) Acid tolerance test 15 (4) Bile resistance test 15 3) Sample preparation of multi-species probiotics 15 4) Probiotics survivability in low temperature storage 18 2. Holstein calves feeding test 19 3. Growth performance 21 4. Fecal microflora analysis 21 1) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 21 2) MCK agar assay 22 5. Blood analysis 23 6. Statistical analysis 24 IV. Results and Discussion 25 1. Characterization of probiotics 25 1) Anti-microbial activity test 25 2) Physiological test 28 3) Acid tolerance test 29 4) Bile resistance test 29 5) Survivability in low temperature 30 2. Probiotics preparation 33 3. Growth performance in Holstein calves 35 4. Intestinal microflora composition 37 1) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 37 2) MCK agar assay 40 5. Blood analysis 41 1) Serum immunoglobulin 41 2) Blood cell counting 45 6. Conclusion 47 V. Literature Cited 49 VI. Summary in Korean 58 VII. Acknowledgement 60Maste

    ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๊ณ ๊ด‘ํ‘œ.ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ๊ท ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋„“์–ด ๋ณ‘์›๊ท  ์™ธ์— ์ธ์ฒด์— ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ๊ท ์ด์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•(dysbiosis)์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๋‚ด ์ •์ƒ ๊ท ์ด์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ™œ๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋œ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด์ด ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 4์ข…์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ(์•”ํ”ผ์‹ค๋ฆฐ(ampicillin), ๋ฐ˜์ฝ”๋งˆ์ด์‹ (vancomycin), ๋„ค์˜ค๋งˆ์ด์‹ (neomycin), ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค์กธ(metronidazole))๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— 14์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„, ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” 16S rRNA ์„œ์—ด๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฒ• (real-time PCR)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋กœ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค์กธ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ(alpha diversity)์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ 14์ผ ํ›„, ๋ฐ˜์ฝ”๋งˆ์ด์‹  ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ Mucispirillum, Sutterella, Akkermansia ์ข…์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋น„(abundance)์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ Th17 ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ(cytokine)์ธ Il17f์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘๊ณผ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋„ค์˜ค๋งˆ์ด์‹  ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š”Bacteroides ์ข…์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋น„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ Th1 ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์ธ Tbet์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์–‘๊ณผ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ท ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž 16S rRNA ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ PICRUSt๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์ฝ”๋งˆ์ด์‹  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋„ค์˜ค๋งˆ์ด์‹  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด์ด ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ด€๋ จ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„ค ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ค‘ ๋ฐ˜์ฝ”๋งˆ์ด์‹ ๊ณผ ๋„ค์˜ค๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์žฅ๋‚ด ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ํŠน์ • ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋œ ์žฅ๋‚ด ๊ท ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Antibiotics have been widely used for treatment of infectious diseases. However, antimicrobial effects of antibiotics are not pathogen-specific and can also target commensal microbes, which can lead to host immune system disruption. In order to investigate the effect of altered gut microbiota on intestinal immune responses, four different classes of antibiotics (ampicillin, vancomycin, neomycin, and metronidazole) were administrated to mice for 14 days. Changes in the gut microbiome after antibiotic treatment were analyzed by 16S rRNA community profiling and immunological gene expression in various tissues was investigated by real time PCR. The alpha diversity of the gut microbiota was reduced after antibiotic administration, with the exception of metronidazole. At day 14, Mucispirillum sp., Sutterella sp., and Akkermansia sp. were significantly increased in the vancomycin-treated group (VAN) and Bacteroides sp. was dominant in the neomycin-treated group (NEO). These dominant bacteria showed significant correlation with the expression of Th17 cell-related cytokine Il17f in the VAN group and Th1 transcription factor gene Tbet in the NEO group, respectively. Additionally, metabolic predictive function, assessed based on PICRUSt analysis of metagenomic 16S rRNA data, was changed significantly in the VAN and NEO groups. These predicted antibiotic-induced metabolic functional changes can in turn affect host immunity. Taken together, these results suggest that microbiota modulated by vancomycin and neomycin, among the four antibiotics, have the most prominent correlation with host immune response. Moreover, the functional potential of gut microbiota shows the possibility that microbiota altered by those antibiotics could cause host immune responses via metabolism modulation.I. Introduction โ€ฆ1 II. Materials and Methods โ€ฆ5 1. Mice and Antibiotic treatmentsโ€ฆ5 2. Gene expression analysis โ€ฆ6 3. DNA extraction โ€ฆ8 4. 16S rRNA gene amplicon and sequencingโ€ฆ8 5. Sequence analysisโ€ฆ9 6. Bioinformatics and statistical analysisโ€ฆ9 III. Results โ€ฆ11 1. Antibiotic treatment changes gut bacterial alpha diversityโ€ฆ11 2. Antibiotic treatment results in different gut microbial composition depending on types of antibiotics โ€ฆ14 3. Comparison of immune related gene expression in tissuesโ€ฆ20 4. The relationship between altered microbiota composition and changes in the expression of genes related to immunityโ€ฆ22 5. Immune related predictive metabolic function of gut microbiota is altered in vancomycin and neomycin treated groupโ€ฆ24 6. The relationship between altered functional potential of gut microbiota and changes in the expression of immune related genesโ€ฆ26 IV. Discussion โ€ฆ28 V. Reference โ€ฆ33 VI. ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋กโ€ฆ38Maste

    J. S. Mill on Liberty and Democracy

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.2. ์ •์ข…์„ญ.Docto

    Effectiveness of various adhesion protectives against postsurgical peritoneal adhesion in rat

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์œ ์ฐฉ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ ์ฐฉ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง ๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์œ ์ฐฉ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ Polyethylene glycol(PEG)4000, N,O-Carboxymethyl chitosan(NOCC)์™€ ํ•ญ์‘๊ณ , ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์œ ์ฐฉ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ €๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ(LMWH)์„ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ๋… ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์œ ์ฐฉ ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๊ฐ€์„ค(null hypothesis)์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์œ ์ฐฉ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์œ ์ฐฉ ์–ต์ œ๋Šฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Sprague-Dawley rat๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งน์žฅ๊ณผ ์ฒด์ธก ๋ณต๋ง‰์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1.5x1.5cm ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณต๋ง‰ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋ฉด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์œ ์ฐฉ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์œ ์ฐฉ ์–ต์ œ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋„ํฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ฐฉ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํŒ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ(CONTROL)์€ ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด์— ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. LMWH ๋‹จ๋… ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ(LMWH)์€ LMWH 100U๋ฅผ ๋„ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PEG ๋‹จ๋… ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ(PEG)์€ 5% PEG 4000 5ml๋ฅผ ๋„ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PEG, LMWH ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ(L+P)์€ LMWH 100U์™€ 5% PEG 4000 5ml๋ฅผ ๋„ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NOCC ๋‹จ๋… ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ์€ 2% NOCC 5ml๋ฅผ ๋„ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. NOCC, LMWH ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ(L+N)์€ LMWH 100 U๊ณผ 2% NOCC 5ml๋ฅผ ๋„ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Hyaluronic acid ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ(SEPRA)์€ Seprafilm&#61666;์„ 2x2cm์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ ๋ณต๋ง‰ ์†์ƒ๋ฉด์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  7, 14, 21์ผ์งธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋ณต๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์œ ์ฐฉ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณต๋ง‰์„ ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ์šฉ์•ก์—์„œ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒ€์ฒด๋ฅผ ํš๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด์˜ hydroxyproline์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. One way analysis of variance(ANOVA), Friedman test, Mann Whiteny U test๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ์˜์ˆ˜์ค€์€ p<0.05๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์œ ์ฐฉ์–ต์ œ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋„ํฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ(LMWH, PEG, L+P, NOCC, L+N, SEPRA) ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ฐฉ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค(p<0.001). PEG, LMWH ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ(L+P)์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ฐฉ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.001).๋ณต๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์•ก์˜ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜์™€ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด hydroxyproline ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์ฐฉ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ, LMWH์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ, NOCC ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ ์ฐฉ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ PEG ๋‹จ๋… ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ PEG, LMWH ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ(L+P)์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์œ ์ฐฉ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.ํŠนํžˆ PEG, LMWH ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ตฐ(L+P)์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์œ ์ฐฉ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ฐฉ ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด๋ณด์•„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š” polyethylene glycol(PEG) 4000๊ณผ ํ•ญ์‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ €๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰ํ—คํŒŒ๋ฆฐ(LMWH)๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์œ ์ฐฉ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋กœ ์‘์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Postsurgical adhesions can occur following virtually all types of surgery, resulting in serious clinical complications. Therefore, prevention of adhesions is an important goal of surgical practice. A peritoneal adhesion model with Sprague-Dawley rats was used to investigate the effectiveness of low molecular weight heparin(LMWH), polyethylene glycol(PEG) 4000, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) alone, carboxymethyl- cellulose - hyaluronic acid(Seprafilm), combination of PEG 4000 and LMWH, combination of NOCC and LMWH in preventing adhesion formation.One hundred and five Sprague-Dawley rats underwent both visceral and parietal peritoneal injury. Study groups(n=15) were as follows: (i) control group, no adjuvant therapy; and those with adjuvant applied, (ii) LMWH group, 100U of LWMH was given (iii) PEG group, 5ml of 5% PEG 4000 was given; (iv) L+P group, 100U of LMWH and 5ml of 5% PEG was given; (v)NOCC group, 5 ml of 2% NOCC gel was given; (vi)L+N group, 100U of LMWH and 5ml of 2% NOCC gel was given and (vii) SEPRA group, 2x2cm piece of hyaluronic acid-carboxymethylcellulose was given.After 7, 14, and 21days, 5 animals in each group were euthanatized, and a standard adhesion scoring system including extent and severity scores was applied by a blinded examiner. The adhesion score in all experimental groups was significantly lower than that of control group. The adhesion score of PEG 4000 plus LMWH group was significantly lower than that of all the other groups (p<0.05). There is no difference in white blood cells and hydroxyproline among the groups. The adhesion score of PEG 4000 plus LMWH group was consistently lowered regardless of postoperative days.In conclusion, PEG 4000 plus LMWH showed most effective anti-adhesion effect and the combination of macromolecular physical barrier such as PEG 4000 with LMWH can effectively prevent postsurgical peritoneal adhesion.ope

    An Attitude of the Poet's World View Shown by Changes of Chuyong

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