324 research outputs found

    κ³  μ„±λŠ₯ 리튬-ν™© 배터리λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ½”λ°œνŠΈ-μ²  인화물 및 흑연 μ§ˆν™” νƒ„μ†Œ λ‚˜λ…Έμ‹œνŠΈλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ 뢄리막 ν‘œλ©΄ 개질

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μœ΅ν•©κ³Όν•™κΈ°μˆ λŒ€ν•™μ› μ‘μš©λ°”μ΄μ˜€κ³΅ν•™κ³Ό, 2023. 2. 박원철.Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery is a promising next-generation energy storage device due to its high theoretical capacity (1,675 mAh g-1), environment-friendliness, low cost, and natural abundance. However, the shuttle effect and sluggish kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPs) hinder its commercialization. Herein, I report the synthesis of cobalt iron phosphide@graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet (CFP@CN) modified separator for Li-S batteries. The Li-S cell with CFP@CN separator (CFP@CN-PP) exhibits a high specific capacity of 786.4 mAh g-1 at 1C. Furthermore, the Li-S cell with CFP@CN-PP can still retain a discharge capacity of 528.3 mAh g-1 and a capacity decay rate of only 0.084% per cycle after 650 cycles. And, the Li-S cell with CFP@CN-PP maintains high coulombic efficiency above 99% after 650 cycles. These results indicate that the CFP@CN with a large specific surface can alleviate the shuttle effect by strong chemical interaction with lithium polysulfides. Furthermore, thanks to high electrical conductivity of CFP@CN, the utilization of sulfur and redox kinetics can be improved. This study offers useful insights into designing materials for modified separator of lithium-sulfur battery.리튬-ν™© λ°°ν„°λ¦¬λŠ” 높은 이둠 μš©λŸ‰, μΉœν™˜κ²½μ„±, μ €λΉ„μš© 및 μžμ—°μƒμ˜ ν’λΆ€ν•¨μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ£Όλͺ©λ°›κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ°¨μ„ΈλŒ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ €μž₯μž₯μΉ˜μ΄λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 리튬 ν΄λ¦¬μ„€νŒŒμ΄λ“œμ˜ μ…”ν‹€νš¨κ³Ό 및 느린 μ‚°ν™”, ν™˜μ›λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œ 인해 리튬-ν™© λ°°ν„°λ¦¬μ˜ μƒμš©ν™”μ— 어렀움이 μžˆλ‹€. 이 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ, μ½”λ°œνŠΈ-μ²  인화물 및 흑연 μ§ˆν™” νƒ„μ†Œ λ‚˜λ…Έμ‹œνŠΈλ₯Ό 정전기적 인λ ₯을 톡해 ν•©μ„±ν–ˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 리튬-ν™© λ°°ν„°λ¦¬μ˜ 뢄리막 ν‘œλ©΄ 개질 물질둜써 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ μš©ν•΄λ³Έ κ²°κ³Ό μ „λ₯˜ 밀도 1 C μ—μ„œ 786.4 mAh g-1의 λ°©μ „μš©λŸ‰μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ „λ₯˜ 밀도λ₯Ό 1 C 둜 μΈκ°€ν•˜μ—¬ 650회의 좩‒방전을 μ§„ν–‰ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 528.3 mAh g-1의 λ°©μ „μš©λŸ‰κ³Ό μΆ©β€’λ°©μ „ 1회 λ‹Ή 0.084 %의 μš©λŸ‰ κ°μ†Œμœ¨μ„ λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 큰 λΉ„ν‘œλ©΄μ μ„ κ°–λŠ” μ½”λ°œνŠΈ-μ²  인화물 및 흑연 μ§ˆν™” νƒ„μ†Œ λ‚˜λ…Έ μ‹œνŠΈκ°€ 리튬 ν΄λ¦¬μ„€νŒŒμ΄λ“œμ™€μ˜ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 화학적 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ…”ν‹€ 효과λ₯Ό μ™„ν™”ν•  수 μžˆμŒμ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ½”λ°œνŠΈ-μ²  인화물 및 흑연 μ§ˆν™” νƒ„μ†Œ λ‚˜λ…Έ μ‹œνŠΈμ˜ 높은 전기전도도 덕뢄에 λ°˜μ‘μ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜λŠ” ν™©μ˜ μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ„ μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€κ³  μ‚°ν™”, ν™˜μ› λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 리튬-ν™© λ°°ν„°λ¦¬μ˜ 뢄리막 ν‘œλ©΄ κ°œμ§ˆμ„ μœ„ν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ„€κ³„ν•˜λŠ” 데 μœ μš©ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€.1. Introduction 9 1.1. Lithium-Sulfur batteries 9 1.2. Modified separator in Lithium-Sulfur batteries 10 1.3. Objective 12 2. Experimental Section 13 2.1. Materials 13 2.2. Preparation of graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet 13 2.3. Synthesis of Co-Fe Tris-NH2 13 2.4. Preparation of Co-Fe Tris-NH2@g-C3N4 nanosheet 14 2.5. Preparation of Co-Fe phosphide@g-C3N4 nanosheet 14 2.6. Preparation of modified separator 14 2.7. Preparation of Li2S6 solution 15 2.8. Material characterization 15 2.9. Electrochemical measurements 16 2.10. Symmetric cells for cyclic voltammetry analysis 17 3. Results and Discussion 18 4. Conclusions 38 References 39 κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝 (Abstract in Korean) 49석

    Therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles for various kidney diseases: a brief review

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    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from different types of kidney cells under physiologic conditions contribute to homeostasis maintenance, immune-modulation, and cell-to-cell communications. EVs can also negatively affect the progression of renal diseases through their pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic, and tumorigenic potential. Inhibiting EVs by blocking their production, release, and uptake has been suggested as a potential therapeutic mechanism based on the significant implication of exosomes in various renal diseases. On the other hand, stem cell-derived EVs can ameliorate tissue injury and mediate tissue repair by ameliorating apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis while promoting angiogenesis and tubular cell proliferation. Recent advancement in biomedical engineering technique has made it feasible to modulate the composition of exosomes with diverse biologic functions, making EV one of the most popular drug delivery tools. The objective of this review was to provide updates of recent clinical and experimental findings on the therapeutic potential of EVs in renal diseases and discuss the clinical applicability of EVs in various renal diseases.ope

    Association of serum mineral parameters with mortality in hemodialysis patients: Data from the Korean end-stage renal disease registry

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    Background: We investigated the associations between mineral metabolism parameters and mortality to identify optimal targets in Korean hemodialysis patients. Methods: Among hemodialysis patients registered in the end-stage renal disease registry of the Korean Society of Nephrology between March 2012 and June 2017, those with serum calcium, phosphorus, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) measured at enrollment were included. Association of serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and iPTH with all-cause mortality was analyzed. Results: Among 21,433 enrolled patients, 3,135 (14.6%) died during 24.8 Β± 14.5 months of follow-up. After multivariable adjustment, patients in the first quintile of corrected calcium were associated with lower mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.71-0.99; P = 0.003), while those in the fifth quintile were associated with higher mortality (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.20-1.61; P < 0.001) compared with those in the third quintile. For phosphorus, only the lowest quintile was significantly associated with increased mortality (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08-1.43; P = 0.003). The lowest (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02-1.36; P = 0.026) and highest quintiles of iPTH (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.46; P = 0.013) were associated with increased mortality. For target counts achieved according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guideline, patients who did not achieve any mineral parameter targets hadhigher mortality than those who achieved all three targets (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.12-1.67; P = 0.003). Conclusion: In Korean hemodialysis patients, high serum calcium, low phosphorus, and high and low iPTH levels were associated with increased all-cause mortality.ope

    A Study on Market Power Mitigation by Demand Response in Electricity Market

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 전기·컴퓨터곡학뢀, 2015. 8. λ°•μ’…κ·Ό.μ§€λ‚œ 20 μ—¬ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ „λ ₯ μ‚°μ—…μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹œμž₯ 경쟁 λ„μž…μ„ 톡해 νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λ €λŠ” λ…Έλ ₯이 이루어져 μ™”μœΌλ©°, 상당뢀뢄 μ„±κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨μ—ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ „λ ₯ μ‚°μ—…μ—μ„œμ˜ λ°œμ „ 뢀뢄은 과점의 ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 띨 수 있으며, 이에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ°œμ „μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ 지배λ ₯ ν–‰μ‚¬λŠ” 경쟁 λ„μž…μ˜ 효과λ₯Ό μ•½ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 원인이 λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. 이에 λ°œμ „ μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ 지배λ ₯ 행사λ₯Ό μ–΅μ œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 μˆ˜λ‹¨μ΄ λ„μž…λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€. κ·Έ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘μ€ λ°œμ „ μ‚¬μ—…μžμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ 지배λ ₯을 μ™„ν™”ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μ£Όλͺ© λ°›κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” λ°œμ „ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ˜ μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯ ν•˜μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ 지배λ ₯ 행사λ₯Ό μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘μ„ 톡해 μ™„ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 자율적 ν’€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯ ν•˜μ—μ„œ, 각 μ‹œμž₯ μ°Έμ—¬μžλ“€μ˜ μ „λž΅ ν–‰μœ„μ— μ˜ν•œ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜•μ„ κ²Œμž„ 이둠적 접근을 ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ°œμ „ νšŒμ‚¬μ™€ μ†ŒλΉ„μžλ“€μ˜ μ΄μœ€ν•¨μˆ˜λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³ , 가격 κ²°μ •μžλ“€μ˜ μ΄μœ€μ΅œλŒ€ν™” 쑰건인 졜적 λ°˜μ‘ ν•¨μˆ˜λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•˜μ—¬, μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜•μ„ λ„μΆœν•˜κ³ , 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 전일 μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œμ˜ κ· ν˜•μ€ κ°€κ²©κ²°μ •μžλ“€μ˜ λ°œμ „λŸ‰ λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš” μ ˆκ°λŸ‰μ„ ν†΅ν•œ κ²½μŸμ„ λ‹€λ£° 수 μžˆλŠ” μΏ λ₯΄λ…Έ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 톡해 λ„μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 자율적 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ μ°Έμ—¬μ—μ„œλ„ λ°œμƒν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ°œμ „ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ‹œμž₯지배λ ₯의 행사에 μ˜ν•œ μ‹œμž₯ 가격 μƒμŠΉ 및 μž‰μ—¬μ˜λΆˆκ³΅μ •ν•œλΆ„λ°°λ₯Ό λ”μš± κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬, 가격 수용자둜 ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ†ŒλΉ„μžκ°€ κ°€κ²©κ²°μ •μžλ‘œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ†ŒλΉ„μžμ—κ²Œ μˆ˜μš” μ ˆκ°μ— λ”°λ₯Έ μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜μ—¬, κ·Έ μˆ˜μ€€μ„ μ‹œμž₯ κ°œμ„€ 이전에 κ³΅ν‘œν•˜λŠ” μ„ ν–‰ μ „λž΅μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ μˆ˜μš” μžμ› 이용 방법을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ 방법은 사전에 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒκ°€ κ³΅ν‘œλ˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ— κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬, 적정 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ ν›„ν–‰ μ°Έμ—¬μžλ“€μ˜ μ „λž΅μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점에 μ°©μ•ˆν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 순차 κ²Œμž„μΈ μŠˆνƒ€μΌˆλ²„κ·Έ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ 톡해 μ°Έμ—¬μžλ“€μ˜ ν–‰νƒœλ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³  κ· ν˜•μ μ„ λ„μΆœν•˜λŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ°Έμ—¬μž κ΅¬μ„±μ—μ„œ 해석적인 ν•΄λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•΄λ‚΄μ—ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 가격 κ²°μ •μžλ‘œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ°Έμ—¬μžκ°€ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚  경우, 해석적인 방법을 ν†΅ν•œ 뢄석이 νž˜λ“€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, 사둀 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ 사전 κ³΅ν‘œ 상황, 자율적 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ μ°Έμ—¬ 상황, 과점 상황, 이상적인 μ™„μ „ 경쟁 μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ°’κ³Ό 그에 λ”°λ₯Έ μž‰μ—¬λ“€μ„ 비ꡐ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό 사전 κ³΅ν‘œν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ μƒν™©μ—μ„œλŠ”, μ‹œμž₯ κ°€κ²©μ˜ ν•˜λ½ 및 ν”Œλ ˆμ΄μ–΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ³Όμ μ—μ„œμ˜ 후생 뢄배보닀 쒀더 κ³΅μ •ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒ 후생 λΆ„λ°°λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨μ—ˆκ³  이둜 μΈν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œμž₯지배λ ₯을 μ™„ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€.λͺ© μ°¨ 제 1 μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 1.1 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 및 λͺ©μ  1 1.2 λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ κ°œμš” 및 ꡬ성 7 제 2 μž₯ μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯의 ꡬ쑰 9 2.1 μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯의 ꡬ쑰 9 2.2 λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ κ°€μ •ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œμž₯ ꡬ쑰 16 제 3 μž₯ μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘κ³Ό κ²Œμž„ 이둠 18 3.1 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘μ˜ λΆ„λ₯˜ 18 3.2 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒ 후생에 λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯ 23 3.3 κ²Œμž„ 이둠적 접근을 ν†΅ν•œ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• 26 3.3.1 μΏ λ₯΄λ…Έ κ²Œμž„κ³Ό μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œμ˜ κ· ν˜• 29 3.3.2 μŠˆνƒ€μΌˆλ²„κ·Έ κ²Œμž„κ³Ό μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯μ—μ„œμ˜ κ· ν˜• 31 제 4 μž₯ 상황 별 μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯의 κ· ν˜• λͺ¨λΈλ§ 36 4.1 μ™„μ „ 경쟁 μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯의 κ· ν˜• 38 4.2 과점 μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯의 κ· ν˜• 41 4.3 자율적 μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘μ°Έμ—¬λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ κ· ν˜• 45 4.4 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ κ³΅ν‘œκ°€ μš°μ„ λ˜λŠ” μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μƒν™©μ˜ κ· ν˜• 63 4.4.1 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ 사전 κ³΅ν‘œ 효과 적용 λ°©λ²•μ˜ κ°œμš” 63 4.4.2 λŒ€μƒ μ°Έμ—¬μžλ“€μ˜ μ΄μœ€ν•¨μˆ˜ 71 4.4.3 μ°Έμ—¬μžλ“€μ˜ 이윀 μ΅œλŒ€ν™” 쑰건과 μ‹œμž₯κ· ν˜• λ„μΆœ 75 제 5 μž₯ 사둀 연ꡬ 90 5.1 ν™•μž₯된 λ°œμ „ 및 μˆ˜μš” ꡬ성 ν•˜μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• 92 5.1.1 μ™„μ „ 경쟁 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 95 5.1.2 과점 상황 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 96 5.1.3 자율적 μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 99 5.1.4 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό 사전 κ³΅ν‘œν•˜λŠ” μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 103 5.1.5 μ‹œμž₯ 지배λ ₯ 행사 μ •λ„μ˜ 평가 109 5.2 μ†ŒλΉ„μžμ˜ μ „λ ₯에 λŒ€ν•œ 효용 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 119 5.2.1 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 값에 λŒ€ν•œ 뢄석 120 5.2.2 μ‹œμž₯ 지배λ ₯ μΈ‘μ • μ§€μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 뢄석 130 5.3 μ‹€ 사둀 μ μš©μ„ μœ„ν•œ 사둀 연ꡬ 138 제 6 μž₯ κ²°λ‘  144 μ°Έκ³  λ¬Έν—Œ 150 APPENDIX 156 A.1 λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ μ‚¬νšŒ 후생 κ°μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 뢄석 156 A.2 ESS(Energy Storage System)및 λ³΄μ‘°λ°œμ „κΈ°μ˜ 연계 κ³ λ € 158 A.3 λ³Έ 뢄석 방법 μ μš©μ—μ„œμ˜ μ „λ ₯ μˆ˜μš” μžμ› μž¬ν™”μ™€ 일반 μž¬ν™”μ˜ 차이성 161 A.4 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ μ°Έμ—¬ μ†ŒλΉ„μž μž‰μ—¬ λΉ„μœ¨ (k)의 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œμž₯ 지배λ ₯ μ™„ν™” 효과 163 Abstract 170 κ·Έλ¦Ό λͺ©μ°¨ κ·Έλ¦Ό 2.1 영ꡭ NETA μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ μ‹œμž₯ μ°Έμ—¬μž μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계도 11 κ·Έλ¦Ό 2.2 ν’€ λͺ¨λΈκ³Ό 쌍무 계약 λͺ¨λΈμ˜ κ°œλ…μ μΈ ν‘œν˜„ 13 κ·Έλ¦Ό 2.3 μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯ ꡬ쑰 별 μ‹œμž₯ 및 계톡 운영 κ³Όμ • 14 κ·Έλ¦Ό 3.1 보상 지급 방식에 λ”°λ₯Έ μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ λΆ„λ₯˜ 22 κ·Έλ¦Ό 3.2 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒ 후생에 λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯ 24 κ·Έλ¦Ό 3.3 μΏ λ₯΄λ…Έ κ²Œμž„μ˜ κ· ν˜•μ  κ·Έλž˜ν”„ 30 κ·Έλ¦Ό 3.4 μŠˆνƒ€μΌˆλ²„κ·Έ κ²Œμž„μ˜ κ· ν˜•μ  κ·Έλž˜ν”„ 33 κ·Έλ¦Ό 4.1 자율적 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ 참여에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ†ŒλΉ„μž μž‰μ—¬μ˜ 손싀뢄 48 κ·Έλ¦Ό 4.2 λ°œμ „ νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ „λž΅ μž…μ°°λ‘œ μΈν•œ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜•μ˜ λ³€ν™” 64 κ·Έλ¦Ό 4.3 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ 참여에 μ˜ν•œ 영ν–₯을 κ³ λ €ν•œ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜•μ˜ λ³€ν™” 65 κ·Έλ¦Ό 4.4 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ 사전 κ³΅ν‘œλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ „λ ₯ μ‹œμž₯의 흐름도 68 κ·Έλ¦Ό 4.5 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ 사전 κ³΅ν‘œ 효과λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•œ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• 점의 λ³€ν™” 69 κ·Έλ¦Ό 4.6 μ‹œμž₯ μ²­μ‚°μ˜ 흐름과 ν•΄λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 역진 κ·€λ‚©κ³Όμ • 76 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.1 기울기의 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 μ‚¬νšŒ ν›„μƒμ˜ λ³€ν™” 121 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.2 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 μ‹œμž₯ κ°€κ²©μ˜ λ³€ν™” 123 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.3 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 μ™„μ „κ²½μŸ λŒ€λΉ„ μƒμ‚°μž μž‰μ—¬ 증가 125 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.4 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 μ™„μ „κ²½μŸ λŒ€λΉ„ μ†ŒλΉ„μž μž‰μ—¬ κ°μ†Œ 126 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.5 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘ λŸ‰μ˜ λ³€ν™” 127 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.6 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ μ‚¬μ „κ³΅ν‘œ μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘μ˜ μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ μˆ˜μ€€ 및 μ‹œμž₯ 가격 κ°μ†ŒλΆ„μ˜ λ³€ν™” 128 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.7 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 λŸ¬λ„ˆμ§€μˆ˜ 130 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.8 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 CSDI 131 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.9 기울기 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ 별 PSDI 133 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.10 μ™„μ „ 경쟁 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ†ŒλΉ„μž μž‰μ—¬ 및 μƒμ‚°μž μž‰μ—¬μ˜ λ°±λΆ„μœ¨ 134 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.11 과점 상황 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ†ŒλΉ„μž μž‰μ—¬ 및 μƒμ‚°μž μž‰μ—¬μ˜ λ°±λΆ„μœ¨ 135 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.12 자율적 μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘ μ°Έμ—¬ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ†ŒλΉ„μž μž‰μ—¬ 및 μƒμ‚°μž μž‰μ—¬μ˜ λ°±λΆ„μœ¨ 135 κ·Έλ¦Ό 5.13 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒ μ‚¬μ „κ³΅ν‘œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œ μ†ŒλΉ„μž μž‰μ—¬ 및 μƒμ‚°μž μž‰μ—¬μ˜ λ°±λΆ„μœ¨ 136 κ·Έλ¦Ό A.1 ν˜„μ‹€μ—μ„œμ˜ 비탄λ ₯적 μˆ˜μš” 곑선과 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘μ— μ˜ν•œ 후생 증가 156 κ·Έλ¦Ό A.2 Grid, μ—λ„ˆμ§€μ €μž₯μž₯치, λΆ€ν•˜, 그리고 μ‹ μž¬μƒμ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 관계도 159 κ·Έλ¦Ό A.3 생산 보쑰금과 λ°˜μ‘κ³‘μ„ μ˜ 이동 162 κ·Έλ¦Ό A.4.1 μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘μ°Έμ—¬ μ†ŒλΉ„μžμ˜ μž‰μ—¬ λΉ„μœ¨ 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ λŸ¬λ„ˆ μ§€μˆ˜μ˜ λ³€ν™” 165 κ·Έλ¦Ό A.4.2 μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘μ°Έμ—¬μ†ŒλΉ„μžμ˜ μž‰μ—¬ λΉ„μœ¨ 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ PSDI의 λ³€ν™” 166 κ·Έλ¦Ό A.4.3 μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘μ°Έμ—¬μ†ŒλΉ„μžμ˜ μž‰μ—¬ λΉ„μœ¨ 변화에 λ”°λ₯Έ CSDI 의 λ³€ν™” 168 ν‘œ λͺ©μ°¨ ν‘œ 5.1 상정 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ“€μ˜ ꡬ뢄 및 μ„€λͺ… 90 ν‘œ 5.2 사둀 연ꡬ에 이용된 λ°œμ „κΈ°λ“€μ˜ 정보 93 ν‘œ 5.3 μ—­μˆ˜μš” ν•¨μˆ˜μ˜ 정보 94 ν‘œ 5.4 μ™„μ „ 경쟁 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 95 ν‘œ 5.5 과점 μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 97 ν‘œ 5.6 자율적 μˆ˜μš” λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό .100 ν‘œ 5.7 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒμ˜ μ‚¬μ „κ³΅ν‘œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 105 ν‘œ 5.8 과점 μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ PSDI 113 ν‘œ 5.9 자율적 μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ PSDI 113 ν‘œ 5.10 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒμ˜ 사전 κ³΅ν‘œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œμ˜ PSDI ..113 ν‘œ 5.11 과점 μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ CSDI 116 ν‘œ 5.12 자율적 μˆ˜μš”λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μƒν™©μ—μ„œμ˜ CSDI 116 ν‘œ 5.13 μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒμ˜ 사전 κ³΅ν‘œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ—μ„œμ˜ CSDI 116 ν‘œ 5.14 μ‹€ 사둀 연ꡬ에 이용된 λ°œμ „νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ˜ μƒμ‚°λΉ„μš©ν•¨μˆ˜ 정보 140 ν‘œ 5.15 κΈ°μ€€ 탄λ ₯성이 -0.8 일 λ•Œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 141 ν‘œ 5.16 κΈ°μ€€ 탄λ ₯성이 -0.5 일 λ•Œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 141 ν‘œ 5.17 κΈ°μ€€ 탄λ ₯성이 -0.3 일 λ•Œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 142 ν‘œ 5.18 κΈ°μ€€ 탄λ ₯성이 -0.1 일 λ•Œμ˜ μ‹œμž₯ κ· ν˜• κ²°κ³Ό 142Docto

    SMPDL3b modulates insulin receptor signaling in diabetic kidney disease

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    Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3b (SMPDL3b) is a lipid raft enzyme that regulates plasma membrane (PM) fluidity. Here we report that SMPDL3b excess, as observed in podocytes in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), impairs insulin receptor isoform B-dependent pro-survival insulin signaling by interfering with insulin receptor isoforms binding to caveolin-1 in the PM. SMPDL3b excess affects the production of active sphingolipids resulting in decreased ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) content as observed in human podocytes in vitro and in kidney cortexes of diabetic db/db mice in vivo. Podocyte-specific Smpdl3b deficiency in db/db mice is sufficient to restore kidney cortex C1P content and to protect from DKD. Exogenous administration of C1P restores IR signaling in vitro and prevents established DKD progression in vivo. Taken together, we identify SMPDL3b as a modulator of insulin signaling and demonstrate that supplementation with exogenous C1P may represent a lipid therapeutic strategy to treat diabetic complications such as DKD.ope

    KRCP's past and future path

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    The Prevalence and Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Result from the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD)

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    Anemia is a common and significant complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, its prevalence and current management status has not been studied thoroughly in Korea. We examined the prevalence of anemia, its association with clinical and laboratory factors, and utilization of iron agents and erythropoiesis stimulating agents using the baseline data from the large-scale CKD cohort in Korea. We defined anemia when hemoglobin level was lower than 13.0 g/dL in males and 12.0 g/dL in females, or received by erythropoiesis stimulating agents. Overall prevalence of anemia was 45.0% among 2,198 non-dialysis CKD patients from stage 1 to 5. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) as a cause, CKD stages, body mass index (BMI), smoking, leukocyte count, serum albumin, iron markers, calcium, and phosphorus concentration were identified as independent risk factors for anemia. Considering the current coverage of Korean National Health Insurance System, only 7.9% among applicable patients were managed by intravenous iron agents, and 42.7% were managed by erythropoiesis stimulating agents.ope
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