54 research outputs found

    κ²°κ³Όμˆ μ–΄κ΅¬λ¬Έμ˜ μ–΄νœ˜-톡사적 뢄석

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    This study deals with the adjectival resultative construction interpreted as X1 CAUSE [Y2 BECOME Z3]. In Spanish, it is impossible to construct this construction with adjectival secondary predicate unlike other languages, especially English. The resultatives are secondary predicates indicating the result of action described by the primary predicate. Contrary to the depictives, the resultative predicate maintains lexically a close relationship with the main verb. Therefore, through the structural approach of adjunct predication we dont have access to all the information contained in the resultative construction. Thats why its necessary to assume the lexical-syntactic derivation and to argue that the lexicon and the syntax are related directly. Based on lexical property of verbs, I argue the lexicalization of motion event across different kinds of languages discussed in Talmy(1985; 2000) and Talmys typological distinction between verb-framed and satellite-framed languages for verb roots with respect to the expression of motion events. Following Talmy(1985; 2000) and Tenny(2000), I propose that the verb-framed languages, such as Spanish, express core predicate on the verb. And I claim that the resultative secondary predicates of pseudo-resultative construction modify and emphasize the path element conflated on the verb

    Angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase increases cancer cell invasion activity in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.

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    We investigated the biological role of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an angiogenic factor, in gastric cancer cell migration and invasion and explored a therapeutic approach for high TP-expressing tumors using TP enzymatic inhibitor (TPI) and rapamycin. We established TP cDNA overexpressing gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-45/TP and YCC-3/TP) and did invasion and adhesion assays with Matrigel-coated transwell membranes. The related signal pathway using recombinant human TP (rhTP), deoxy-d-ribose (D-dRib), and signal pathway inhibitors (wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin) was investigated. First, AGS and MKN-1 gastric cancer cell lines showed dose-dependent up-regulation of invasiveness through Matrigel following treatment with rhTP or D-dRib. TP-overexpressing cancer cell lines displayed increased migration and invasion activity, which doubled with rhTP and D-dRib treatment. This activity depended on the enzymatic activity of TP, and TP stimulated the adhesion of cancer cells onto Matrigel and induced actin filament remodeling. Finally, we showed that this activity is related to increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in TP-overexpressing cells and that combination treatment with rapamycin and TP enzymatic inhibitor produces an additive effect to abrogate TP-induced invasion. Taken together, TP increases the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, especially in TP-expressing cells. Therapies targeting TP might diminish the propensity for invasion and metastasis in gastric cancerope

    λΆ„λΉ„λ‚˜λ¬΄, μ “λ‚˜λ¬΄, μ†Œλ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ ν–₯κΈ°ν™œμ„± μ„±λΆ„

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    Thesis (master`s)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :농생λͺ…곡학뢀,2003.Aroma-active compounds in the needles of Abies nephrolepis (Khingan fir), Abies holophylla (Manchurian fir), and Pinus densiflora (red pine), conifers native to Korea, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spctormetry-olfactometry. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that terpene compounds were found to account for over 95% of total volatile compounds, especially, monoterpenes were contained a large percentage in these conifers. Aroma extract dilution analysis using two types of capillary column with different polarities (DB-5MS and DB-WAX) revealed that Ξ±-pinene was the most predominant aroma-active compound with pine-like aroma, which indicates that Ξ±-pinene contribute the typical conifer aroma to the plants. Also, bornyl acetate, myrcene, Ξ²-phellandrene, Ξ³-terpinene, and terpinolene were found to show typical pine-like aromas. When the overall aroma of A. nephrolepis was compared with A. holophylla, considerable differences were observed. A. nephrolepis was judged to emit a intenser apple-like aroma due to (Z)-3-hexenal and (Ξ•)-2-hexenal, while A. holophylla had a sharper pine-like aroma, which is affected by the terpene compounds showing sharp or pine-like aroma, such as myrcene, 4-terpineol, geranyl actate, and Ξ²-caryophyllene. In Pinus densiflora which has typical conifer aroma, Ξ±-pinene, (Ξ–)-3-hexenal, and bornyl acetate were found to be the important aroma contributors.Maste

    Effect of thymidine phosphorylase on the gastric cancer cell migration

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    μ˜κ³Όν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€]μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동λŠ₯의 νšλ“μ€ μ•”μ˜ 전이에 μžˆμ–΄ μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ 세포 κ°€ μ„Έν¬μ™ΈκΈ°μ§ˆμ— λΆ€μ°©λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜λ©°, 이둜 인해 μ„Έν¬λ‚΄μ˜ λ‹€ μ–‘ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬κΈ°μž‘μ΄ ν™œμ„±ν™”λœλ‹€. 이 쀑 focal adhesion kinase (FAK)λŠ” focal adhesion의 ν˜•μ„±μœΌλ‘œ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜λ©° λ‚΄λΆ€ tyrosineμž” κΈ°λ“€μ˜ 인산화에 μ˜ν•΄ ν™œμ„±ν™”λ˜μ–΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬μ§ˆ, 세포골격 λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ€μ°©λΆ€μœ„μ— κ²°ν•©λ˜λŠ” 것을 μœ λ„ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ„±μž₯μΈμžμ™€ integrin 에 μ˜ν•΄ ν™œμ„±ν™” λ˜λŠ” phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)λŠ” Akt및 κ·Έ ν•˜λΆ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ“€μ˜ 인산화λ₯Ό μœ λ„ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 세포기λŠ₯을 μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λ©°, μ„Έν¬μ˜ 생쑴, 증식, 이동 등에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€.Thymidine phosphorylase (TP)λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ platelet-derived endo- thelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF)와 동일 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œμ„œ thymidine 을 thymineκ³Ό 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dR)둜 μ „ν™˜μ‹œν‚¬ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ‹  μƒν˜ˆκ΄€ μœ λ„λ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œμ„œ μž‘μš©ν•œλ‹€. TPλŠ” λ§Žμ€ μ•”μ’…μ—μ„œ μ£Όμœ„ 정상쑰직 에 λΉ„ν•΄ λ†’κ²Œ λ°œν˜„λ˜λ©°, μ‹ μƒν˜ˆκ΄€μœ λ„ λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό 상관없이 TP의 λ°œν˜„ 은 μž„μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ λΆˆλŸ‰ν•œ μ˜ˆν›„μ˜ μ§€ν‘œλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλ‹€. 이것은 TPκ°€ μ‹ μƒν˜ˆκ΄€μœ λ„ λŠ₯λ ₯뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, κ·Έ μžμ²΄κ°€ μ•”μ˜ 진행에 생물학적 μ—° 관이 μžˆμ„ 것 μ΄λΌλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” TP 와 이의 νš¨μ†Œ μž‘μš©μ˜ 맀개체인 2dR이 μœ„μ•”μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동λŠ₯에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³ , 이와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬κ²½λ‘œλ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.λ³Έ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μœ„ν•΄ MKN-45 세포주에 TPλ₯Ό κ³Όλ°œν˜„μ‹œν‚¨ 세포주 (MKN-45/TP)λ₯Ό ν™•λ¦½ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 세포내 TP의 λ°œν˜„μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” AGS 세포주λ₯Ό 연ꡬ에 ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동λŠ₯κ³Ό λΆ€μ°©λŠ₯을 각각 matrigel을 coatingν•œ μƒνƒœμ—μ„œ migration assay 와 adhesion assay둜 ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. TP와 2dR의 μ–΅μ œμ œμΈ TPI (TP inhibitor)와 2LR (2-deoxy-L-ribose)을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ TP와 2dR이 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동λŠ₯ 에 영ν–₯을 미친 λ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, λ©΄μ—­ν˜•κ΄‘μ—Όμƒ‰λ²•μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜ μ—¬ 세포내 actin의 뢄포λ₯Ό 확인 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ‹ ν˜Έ μ „λ‹¬κΈ°μž‘μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ FAK, Akt, P70S6K 에 λŒ€ν•œ immuno-blotting을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° λͺ¨λ“  κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 평균 Β± ν‘œμ€€νŽΈμ°¨λ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λƒˆλ‹€.1. 세포이동λŠ₯ μ‘°μ‚¬μ—μ„œ MKN-45/TPμ„Έν¬μ£ΌλŠ”, λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ£Όμ™€ mock transfection μ„Έ 포주 (MKN-45/CV)에 λΉ„ν•΄ 이동λŠ₯이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€μœΌ λ©°, μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ TPλ‚˜ 2dR을 첨가 ν•˜μ˜€μ„ 경우 λ°°μ–‘μ•‘λ§Œμ„ λ„£μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ 보닀 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. TPμ–΅μ œμ œλ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ TP κ°€ κ³Όλ°œν˜„λ˜λŠ” μ„Έν¬μ£Όμ˜ 이동이 κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 2dR의 μ–΅μ œμ œμΈ 2LR을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•ŒλŠ” 이동λŠ₯이 μ•½κ°„ κ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 세포내 TPλ₯Ό λ°œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” AGS μ„Έν¬μ£ΌλŠ” μ„Έν¬μ™Έμ—μ„œ μ£Όμž…λœ TP와 2dR에 μ˜ν•΄ 이 동λŠ₯이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. TPI와 2LR에 μ˜ν•œ 이동λŠ₯의 κ°μ†ŒλŠ” λ―Έμ•½ν•˜κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λŠ”λ°, μ΄λŠ” μ„Έν¬μ£Όλ‚΄μ˜ TPλ°œν˜„μ •λ„μ™€ 연관이 μžˆμ„κ²ƒμ΄λΌ μ—¬ 겨진닀.2. μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ€μ°©λŠ₯을 μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ MKN-45세포주와 AGS세포주 λͺ¨λ‘ TP와 2dR의 첨가에 μ˜ν•΄ μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ€μ°©λŠ₯이 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. AGS 세포주에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν˜•κ΄‘λ©΄μ—­μ—Όμƒ‰μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ 세포내 actin의 뢄포λ₯Ό ν™• μΈν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ 세포내에 actin의 λ°œν˜„μ΄ 증가 ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° 세포뢀착면적 의 변화에 μ˜ν•΄ μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ€μ°©λŠ₯이 증가함을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.3. 이와 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ TP와 2dR에 μ˜ν•΄ μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동λŠ₯ 이 μ¦κ°€ν• λ•Œ 세포이동에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬κ²½λ‘œμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€ λ‹€. FAK의 인산화λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ, λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μ‹€ν—˜κ΅° μ—μ„œ Tyr397/576 μž”κΈ°μ˜ 인산화가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° μ‹œκ°„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ λ³€ν™” μ—­μ‹œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹ ν˜Έμ „λ‹¬ 경둜인 PI3K/Akt pathway 의 경우, TP와 2dR 첨가 ν›„ 6μ‹œκ°„ λΆ€ν„° Akt의 인산화가 μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ˜€ 으며, Akt의 ν•˜μœ„μž‘λ™λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμΈ p70S6K μ—­μ‹œ 인산화가 증가함을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” TP와 2dR이 μ•”μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동에 μžˆμ–΄ PI3K/Akt κ²½λ‘œμ— κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λ¦¬λΌλŠ” 것을 μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€.λ³Έ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 세포내 TP의 λ°œν˜„κ³Ό μ™ΈλΆ€μ—μ„œ μ£Όμž…λœ TP와 2dR 이 μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동λŠ₯κ³Ό μ„Έν¬μ˜ λΆ€μ°©λŠ₯을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚΄μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. TP 와 2dR에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μœ„μ•” μ„Έν¬μ˜ 이동λŠ₯ ν–₯상에 PI3K/Akt κ²½λ‘œκ°€ μ—° κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ in vitro μ‹€ν—˜κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” TP의 발 ν˜„μ΄ μΌλΆ€μ•”μ—μ„œ λΆˆλŸ‰ν•œ 예츑인자둜 적용될 수 μžˆλŠ” 기전을 μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ 쀄 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€. [영문]The first step of metastatic process is the movement of cancer cells and the cell migration is initiated by cell adhesion to its extracellular matrix (ECM). Focal adhesion is a site where cell attachment and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is recruited by integrin engagement with ECM. FAK is activated by its own tyrosine-phosphorylation and is accompanied by the recruitment of other cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins to the focal adhesion.Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is identical to human platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), and it is involved both in pyrimidine nucleoside metabolism that catalyzes the reversible conversion of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dR), and in angiogenesis. Expression of TP is higher in cancer compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue, and is correlated with angiogenic activity in various tumor types. However, TP has been reported to an independent indicator of unfavorable clinical outcome in renal and colorectal cancer irrespective of its angiogenic activity, suggesting that TP might be involved in cancer progression independent of its angiogenic activity. Hence, I herein investigated the effects of TP and its catalyte, 2dR on the migration of cancer cell in gastric cancer.The levels of TP expression in various gastric cancer cell lineswere shown to be associated moderately with the movement through matrigel in gastric cancer cell lines (R2=0.473). Then, we established a TP-expressing stable cell line, MKN-45/TP. It showed enhanced migration ability through matrigel compared to parental cells and mock transfectant (MKN-45/CV) in migration assay. Also, the addition of TP or 2dR induced higher chemotaxis compared to media alone in MKN-45/TP and AGS. These suggested that the cancer cells with high expression of TP induced cancer cell migration. Treatment of specific TP inhibitor (TPI) showed suppression of TP-mediated cancer cell migration, confirming the effect of TP on cell migration. In adhesion assay, exogenous TP and 2dR stimulated cell adhesion on matrigel, and TP-transfected cells also enhanced adhesion.Next, signaling pathways that related to cell migration were investigated. First, the level of phosphorylated FAK showed little difference between MKN-45/TP and MKN-45/CV, because the baseline phosphorylation level of FAK level was already high in its own residues. Meanwhile, the phosphorylated level of phos- phatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt and its down-stream effector p70S6K were increased after exposure to TP or 2dR. TP-related cell migratory effect was partially abrogated by the treatment of the PI3K inhibitors. These findings indicate that TP and 2dR is promoting cancer cell adhesion and migration in gastric cancer, at least in part, by regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.ope

    An Analysis of SpanishMultiple FocusMovement and Secondary Predicate Construction

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    λ³Έκ³ μ—μ„œλŠ” μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ΄μ°¨μˆ μ–΄ ꡬ문(secondary predicate construction)μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 닀쀑 초점(multiple focus) 이동 ν˜„μƒμ„ λ‹€λ£¨κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λŠ” 초점 ꡬ문을 ν˜•μ„±ν•  λ•Œ, λ¬Έμž₯의 쒌ν–₯ μ™Έκ³½(left periphery)으둜 μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 초점 μš”μ†Œκ°€ ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯ 내에 ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λ©°, wh-μ˜λ¬Έμ‚¬ κ΅¬λ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ wh-μš”μ†Œλ§Œμ΄ 문두에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 μžˆλŠ” 언어이닀. wh-μ˜λ¬Έμ‚¬κ΅¬μ™€ 초점 μš”μ†Œ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μœ μ‚¬μ„±μ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ wh-μ˜λ¬Έμ‚¬κ΅¬λ„ 초점 μš”μ†Œλ‘œ λ‹€λ£¨μ–΄μ§„λ‹€λŠ” 일반적인 λ…Όμ˜λ₯Ό 톡해, μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 초점 μš”μ†Œλ§Œμ΄ 문두에 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  뢄석할 수 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 기쑴의 λΆ„μ„κ³ΌλŠ” 달리, μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ΄μ°¨μˆ μ–΄ κ΅¬λ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 닀쀑 초점 μš”μ†Œμ˜ 이동이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, λ¨Όμ € μ΄μ°¨μˆ μ–΄ ꡬ문의 λ„μΆœ ꡬ쑰에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ œμ•ˆμ„ ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 그리고 이 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ 닀쀑 초점 μš”μ†Œμ˜ 이동이 κ°€λŠ₯함을 밝히고자 ν•œλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜, μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ΄μ°¨μˆ μ–΄ ꡬ문의 λ„μΆœμ— 병렬 병합(parallel merge)을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„±λΆ„ 톡어 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ 두 μ£Όμˆ κ΄€κ³„κ°€ ν˜•μ„±λœλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜κ³ , 각각의 λ„μΆœ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ μƒμ„±λœ 두 초점 μš”μ†ŒλŠ” νƒμΉ¨μ—κ²Œ λ™μ‹œμ— 보일 수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ©ν‘œ(goal)κ°€ 됨으둜써 닀쀑 초점 이동이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ…Όμ˜ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€.This study intends to treat the multiple focus movement in Spanish secondary predicate construction. Only one focus element can move to the left periphery within a clause in focus construction. Moreover, one wh-element can appear in clause-initial position in Spanish wh-construction. According to the similarities between wh-element and focus element, it is argued that wh-elements could be treated as focus elements. Therefore, in Spanish one focus element appears in the left periphery of the sentence. However, two focus elements can move to the left periphery in Spanish secondary predicate construction. To explain this phenomenon, I will propose a novel structure of derivation for secondary predicate construction and I will argue that multiple focus movement is possible under this structure. Concretely, I will apply the parallel merge to the derivation of secondary predicate construction. Based on this structure, two focus elements derived in different c-command units could be matching goals for the same probe

    El Presente EspaΓ±ol a travΓ©s del Espanglish y Ciberespanglish

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    En este trabajo tratamos el desplazamiento lingüístico del español frente al inglés en los EE.UU, es decir, el espanglish, y el ciberespanglish, cuya expansión se está acelerando por el desarrollo tecnológico de la informática y la Internet. El espanglish es una manera de hablar de los hispanohablantes con palabras sustituidas por todo o parte del inglés y nace por la necesidad de comunicación, por lo cual varias formas se representan y se difunden sin reglas determinadas. Por eso intentamos clasificar el proceso de la transferencia lingüística en el ámbito léxico en dos clases, el préstamo y el calco. El préstamo indica la importación de lexema parcial o total. En este proceso las palabras se recogen del inglés y se españolizan adaptándose al sistema morfológico y fonológico del español. En el calco léxico se toma el significado del inglés y no se crea una nueva forma léxica porque este proceso es la adopción de un significado extranjero para una palabra ya existente del español a través de la semejanza fonética o semántica entre las palabras de dos lenguas. En estos procesos es necesario darse cuenta de que la trasferencia lingüística puede motivar un conflicto lingüístico en el sistema del español

    The effect of group support program for the family caregivers of dementia patient

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    λ³Έκ³ μ—μ„œλŠ” μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ˜ 비인칭 쑴재ꡬ문(impersonal existential construction)이 μ€‘λ‚¨λ―Έμ˜ λ§Žμ€ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ haberλ™μ‚¬μ˜ λ³΅μˆ˜ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ„ ꡬ쑰적으둜 뢄석해 보고자 ν•œλ‹€. 비인칭 μ‘΄μž¬κ΅¬λ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 3인칭 λ‹¨μˆ˜μ˜ 비인칭 동사 hayκ°€ 쑴재의 의미λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ‚¬λ‘œμ„œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λ©°, 동사λ₯Ό λ’€λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” λͺ…μ‚¬κ΅¬λŠ” 직접λͺ©μ μ–΄λ‘œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•œλ‹€. 그런데 μ€‘λ‚¨λ―Έμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ κ΅­κ°€λ“€κ³Ό 슀페인 일뢀 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ μ‘΄μž¬λ™μ‚¬λ₯Ό λ’€λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” λͺ…사ꡬ 논항이 λ³΅μˆ˜ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  λ•Œ, 동사가 이λͺ…사ꡬ에 μΌμΉ˜ν•˜μ—¬ λ³΅μˆ˜ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ ꡴절된 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” haber λ³΅μˆ˜ν™”(pluralization) ν˜„μƒμ΄ 널리 ν™•λŒ€λ˜μ–΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€. haber λ³΅μˆ˜ν˜• κ΅¬λ¬Έμ—μ„œ 동사가 직접λͺ©μ μ–΄μΈ λͺ…사ꡬ λ…Όν•­κ³Ό 수 μžμ§ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것이닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ ν˜„μƒμ„ 비인칭 쑴재ꡬ문과 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ ꡬ쑰적으둜 뢄석해 보고자 ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 비인칭 쑴재ꡬ문과 λ³΅μˆ˜ν™” ꡬ문은 곡히 μž₯μ†Œμ–΄κ΅¬λ₯Ό κΈ°κ²©μ£Όμ–΄λ‘œ μ·¨ν•˜λŠ” ꡬ쑰둜 λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜, 비인칭 μ‘΄μž¬κ΅¬λ¬Έμ€ 기격 주어와 T의 Ξ¦-자질의 μžλ™ 일치(default agreement)λ₯Ό 톡해 ν˜•νƒœμ μœΌλ‘œ 3인칭 λ‹¨μˆ˜λ‘œ μ‹€ν˜„λ˜λ©° λ³΅μˆ˜ν™” ꡬ문은 T의 Ξ¦-자질 의 λΆ€λΆ„ 일치(partial agreement)λ₯Ό 톡해 3인칭 볡수둜 μ‹€ν˜„λœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬, 두 ꡬ문의 λ„μΆœμ„ T의 Ξ¦-자질 일치의 차이에 κΈ°μΈν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€
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