13 research outputs found
(The) effect of antioxidant, U-74389G on Paraquat intoxicated rat.
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride)๋ ํํ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์์๋ ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ชฉ์ ๋๋ ํ๋ผ์ฝ๋ผ๋ ์ํ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ ์กฐ, ํ๋งค๋๊ณ ์๋๋ฐ ์์ด ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์ธํ ์ค๋
์ผ๋ก ๋งค๋
์ ๋ฐฑ๋ช
์ด์์ ์ฌ๋ง์๊ฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ค๋
์ฆ์ธ๋ก๋ ์ง์ ์ ์ด๋ ํผ๋ถ๋ ์์ ๋ง์ ๊ดด์ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ํ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ง์ ๋ถ์์ด ์ด๋๋๊ณ ์ธํ๋์ ๊ธฐ๊ด ๋ฑ์ ํธํก๊ธฐ์ ์นจ๋ฒํ์ฌ ๊ธ์ฑ ํธํก๋ถ์ ์ ์ผ์ผํค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ ์ ์ ๋
์ฑ์ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ์ง ์์์ผ๋ก ํ์์์ ์งํ์์ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํธํก๋ถ์ ์ ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ๋ค.
ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ๊ฐ ๋
์ฑ์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์กฐ์ง๋ด์์ ์ฐํ ํ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ํ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ์์ฑ๋ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ธํด ์ง์ง ๊ณผ์ฐํ, ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๋ณ์ฑ DNA ๋ถ์ ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ธํฌ ์์์ ์ผ๊ธฐํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ ์๋
์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์น๋ฃ๋ก ํ๋ฌ์ค์ด์ค๋ ํ์ฑํ, ์ด๋จ์ ๋ฐ ํ์กํฌ์, ํ์ฑํ ํ์ก๊ด๋ฅ(charcoal hemoperfusion) ๋ฑ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ ์ค์ด๋ค. ๋ํ ํด๋
์ ๋ก์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์คํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์๋์ค์ด๋ ๊ทธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ค์ํ๋ค.
์๋ก์ด ํญ์ฐํ์ ์ธ 21-aminosteroid๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ฒ ์์กด์ฑ ์ง์ง ๊ณผ์ฐํ์ ์ต์ ์ ๋ก ์ง์ง ๊ณผ์ฐํ์ ์ํด ์ผ๊ธฐ๋๋ ์ธํฌ๋ง ํ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ๊ณ ์ง์ง ๊ณผ์ฐํ๋ฌผ๊ธฐ(lipid peroxide radical)์ ์ฐ์ ์ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ(oxygen free radical)์ ๊ฑฐ ๋ฑ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํตํด ํญ์ฐํ ์์ฉ์ ๋ํ๋ด๊ฒ ๋๋ค
์ ์๋ ํญ์ฐํ์ 21-aminosteroid์ ์ผ์ข
์ธ U-74389G๋ฅผ ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ์ ์ค๋
๋ ์คํ์ฅ์ ํฌ์ฌํ์ฌ ๋
์ฑ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋๋ ์ง์ง ๊ณผ์ฐํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํน์ ์ต์ ์ํด์ผ๋ก์ ์คํ์ฅ์ ์์กด๋ฅ ์ ํฅ์์ํฌ ์ ์๋์ง ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์คํ ๋๋ฌผ๋ก ์์คํ(Wistar) ํฐ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๊ณ ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ๋ ๊ธฐ์ง์ด ์์ด์ง ์์ ์์ก, 21-aminosteroid๋ U-74389G๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.
ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ ํฌ์ฌ๋์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ ์ฉ๋์ ์ฒด์ค kg ๋น 20, 35, 50mg์ 3๊ฐ์ง๋ก ํฌ์ฌํ์ ๋, 20mg์ ํฌ์ฌํ ๊ตฐ์์๋ 0%์ ์ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ ๋ณด์๊ณ 37mg ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ 25%, 50mg ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ 100%์ ์ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ถ๋ 24์๊ฐ LD5O์ 40mg์ด์๋ค.
U-74389G์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํ ์คํ์์ 35mg/kg์ ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ 30%์ ์ฌ๋ง๋ฅ , ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ์ U-74389G๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฌํ ๊ตฐ์10%์ ์ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ ๋ํ๋๋ค.
24์๊ฐ ์์กดํ ์คํ์ฅ๋ฅผ ํฌ์์์ผ ํ์ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ, ์ ์ฅ, ํ์กฐ์ง์ ๋ํด ์ง์ง๊ณผ์ฐํ ์ ๋๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reacting substance)๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, U-74389G ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ TBARS๊ฐ์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์๋ค. ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ TBARS๊ฐ์ ํ์ฅ, ์ ์ฅ, ํ์กฐ์ง์์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์๋ฏธ์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ง์์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์๋ค. ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ ํฌ์ฌ์ U-74389G๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฌํ ๊ตฐ์์๋ ํ์ฅ, ์ ์ฅ, ํ์กฐ์ง์์๋ ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์ ์ํ ๊ฐ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ ๊ฐ์กฐ์ง์์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ์ ์ค๋
๋ ํฐ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์คํ์ ํตํ์ฌ, ํญ์ฐํ์ 21-aminosteroid์ ์ผ์ข
์ธ U-74389G๋ ํ์ฅ, ์ ์ฅ ๋ฐ ํ ์กฐ์ง์์ ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ์ ์ํ ์ง์ง ๊ณผ์ฐํ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ๋ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ ์ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ ๊ฐ์์ํฌ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ํ๋ผ์ฝฐํธ์ ๋ํด ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ํ์คํ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ํด๋
์ ๊ฐ ์๋ ํ์ฌ ์ํฉ์์ ์์์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ์์ผ๋ U-74389G์ ํฌ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ํฌ์ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํด์๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
Annually hundreds of people's death is reported due to suicidal abuse and accidental intoxication of Paraquat, known as Gramoxone or Paraquo(brand name). The clinical symptom of intoxication is manifestated by necrosis of skin or conjunctiva from direct contact and corrosion of oral, gastrointestinal mucosa as well as
involving the respiratory tract causing acute respiratory failure. Paraquat also induces systemic intoxication like hepatotoxicity and renal failure and lung injury in multiple ways resulting in respiratory failure. The pathogenesis of paraguat
intoxication is cyclic oxidation and reduction in the tissues. The free radicals formed from this reaction induces cellular injury through lipid peroxidaton, protein degeneration and DNA fragmentation. Initial treatment involoves ingestion of Fuller's earth or activated charcoal, diuretics and hemodialysis and chorcoal hemoperfusion. And many antidotes are under experiment, but the results are variably reported. 21- aminostesoid, a new antioxidont is a strong suppressor of lipid peroxidation. It inhibits cellular necrosis and eradicates lipid peroxide and scavenges free radical. The author therefore, tried to verify if the laboratory mortality improved by suppressing lipid peroxidation with the antioxidant, 21-aminosteroid(U-74389G) in paraquat intoxicated rat model.
We used wistar rats, paraguat without any substrate as undiluted solution, and U-74389G as the antioxidant, 21-aminosteroid. In order to decide the amount of paraquat to be used in the experiment, the paraquat was injected intraperitoneally in three different amounts. The group injected 20mg/kg showed 0% mortality, 35mg/kg receiving group showed 25% mortality and none survived from 50mg/kg receiving group therefore showed 100% mortality. Calculated from this data, LD5O with 24hr was 40mg/kg.
In the experiment using U-74389G, the group injected only 35mg/kg of paraquat showed 30% mortality, and 10% mortality in the group injected both paraquat and U-74389G.
In search for the lipid peroxidation, TBARS test was done with plasma, liver, kidney and lung tissue from sacrificed rats. The U-74389G receiving group did not show any significant difference with the control group. The TBARS results of paraquat receiving group showed differences compared to the control group in plasma, kidney and lung. But there was no significant differences in the liver tissue. The results from paraquat and U-74389G receiving group showed significant differences compared to the paraquat only receiving group in plasma, kidney and lung tissue, but there was no differences in the liver. According to these results,
the mortality with U-74389G as the antioxidant, was reduced through the suppression effect of lipid peroxide in the plasma, kidney and lung tissues. Currently there are no definite antioxidant known to treat paraquat intoxicaition, therefore,
U-74389G could be a promising drug for the future, but the amount and infusion route is yet to be studied and determined in the future.ope
Estimation of Design Discharge for Close-to-nature River Restoration
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ฑด์คํ๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2012. 2. ์ด๊ธธ์ฑ.ํ์ฒ๋ณต์(stream restoration)์ด๋ ์์ฐ์ ๋๋ ์ธ์์ ํ์ฒ ๋ณํ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ํ๋๊ฐ ๋ถ์์ ํด์ง๊ฑฐ๋ ์๋ฌผ์์์ฒ๊ฐ ๊ต๋๋ ์ํ์ ํ์ฒ์ ๊ต๋๋๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ๊น๊ฒ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์ ๋ค์ํ ์ํ์์์ฒ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์๋ ์ ์ ํ ์์ ํ๋๋ก ํ์ฒ์ ํ๋ณต์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๊ตญ๋ด์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, 1990๋
๋๋ถํฐ ํ์ฒ๋ณต์์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ฌ ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ์ , ๊ณตํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์์ฐํ ํ์ฒ๋ณต์๊ณต๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ์ฒ๋ณต์์ ๊ดํ ์ด๊ธธ์ฑ ๋ฑ(2011)์ด ์ ์ํ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒ ์ ์ญ์ ์์ฐํ ํ์ฒ๋ณต์ ์ค๊ณ์ ์ฐจ ์ค์์ ํนํ, ํ์ฒ๋ณต์ ์ค๊ณ์ ํ์ํ ์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ ์ค์ ์ ๋์๋ค. ์ฆ, ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ค๊ณ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์๋ ์ค๊ณํ์๋(design flood)๊ณผ ์๋ฌธํ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์์ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ํ์ฒ์ ์ง์ ๋(instream flow), ํ๋ํ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๋(dominant discharge)์ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์๋ ์ ๋ ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ฌ๋ก๊ฐ ์์ง๋ง, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋์๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒ์์์ ๋น์ ์์ฑ(nonstationarity)์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ์ค๊ณํ์๋์ ์ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๊ตญ๋ด์ ์ค๊ณํ์๋ ์ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ธ ์ค๊ณ-ํธ์ฐ๋จ์๋๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ ์ฐจ ์ ์ฉ์ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ ์ง์ ํ์๋น๋๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ฉํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋น๋๋ถ์์ NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ extRemes toolkit์ ํตํ์ฌ ๋น์ ์์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์๋ค. ์ง์ ํ์๋น๋๋ถ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ๋์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ง์ ๋น๋๋ถ์์ ์ํํ๋ค๋ ์ ์์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ๋๋์ง๋ง, ์ ๋์๋ฃ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ค๊ณ-ํธ์ฐ๋จ์๋๋ฒ๋ณด๋ค ๊ณผ์ ์ถ์ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ ๋ ์ค๊ณํธ์ฐ-๋จ์๋๋ฒ์ ์ค๊ณํ์๋(100๋
๋น๋)์ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒ์ ์ค๊ณํ์๋์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์๋ค.
๋์งธ, ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒ์์์ ์์ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ํ์ฒ์ ์ง์ ๋์ ์ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. low-flow๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ํ๊ณ ์์ง์ค๊ฑฐ์น(CCC - Criterion Continuous Concentration, CMC - Criterion Maximum Concentration)์ ํฉ๋นํ low-flow๋ฅผ ์ฐ์ ํด์ฃผ๋ DFlow ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ํ์ ๋์ River2D์ 2์ฐจ์ ์ด๋ฅ์์์ฒ๋ชจ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค. ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, DFlow์ ์ํด ์ฐ์ ๋ low-flow๋ River2D์ ์ํด ์ฐ์ ๋ ์ํ์ ๋๋ณด๋ค ๊ณผ์ ์ฐ์ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ์ฒ์ ์ง์ ๋์ ํน์ฑ์ low-flow์ ์ํ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ค ๋ ํฐ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉํด์ผ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ River2D์ ์ํด ์ฐ์ ๋ ์ํ์ ๋์ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒ์ ์์ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ํ์ฒ์ ์ง์ ๋์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฐ์ ํ์๋ค.
์
์งธ, ํ์ฒ๋ณต์์ ์ํ ์์ ํ์์ค๊ณ์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฐ๋
์ธ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ ์ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฐํฑ์ ๋, ํน์ ์ฌํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๋, ์ ํจ์ ๋์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ์ด๋๋ผ์ธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ฐ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋ถ์ผ์น๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํ์ ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒ์์์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ ์ ์ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ๋ณด์์ ๋ ์ ํจ์ ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ ํธ๋๋ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋จ๋๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ์ฒ๋ณต์์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ ์์ด ์ข ๋ ๊ณตํ์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ช
ํํ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์
๊ฐํ์ฌ ์ํ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ์ ๋์ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋ด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ์ฒ์๋ ์ ์ฉ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ ์ ์๋ค.Stream restoration means to turn a stream, in which biological habitats were disturbed or waterway of the stream is unstable due to natural or artificial changes of streams, into the streams to restore the previous status or functions of the stream closely to provide various habitats through appropriate waterway of the stream. In case of Korea, the process of natural stream restoration has been developed on basis of present technical and engineering continually from the interest of stream restoration since 1990s. In this study, to estimate the flow for the design of stream restoration was focused among the design process for natural stream restoration in Mokgamcheon watershed proposed by Lee et al. (2011). In other words, in terms of hydraulic, the quantity of design flood related to hydraulic structure, instream flow maintaining streams considering aquatic ecosystems in terms of hydrology, and dominant discharge influencing the formation of channel were estimated quantitatively. The purpose of this research is to suggest new ways about estimating the flow though there were practices of this kinds of research about estimating the flow of the stream.
First, the design flood was calculated considering nonstationarity at Mokgamcheon. Storm-unit hydrograph method to calculate design flood existing in domestic and direct frequency analysis to be expected continuously in use was applied and nonstationarity was considered for the analysis of frequency through extRemes toolkit developed at NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research). As a result, the method of direct flood frequency analysis is expected with reliability on the base of completing direct frequency analysis from flow, it was underestimated rather than strom-unit hydrograph method due to the characteristic of the flow data. Therefore, flood of storm-unit hydrograph method (100 years frequency) estimated most significantly was determined as the design flood.
Second, the flow maintaining the stream was calculated considering the aquatic ecosystems at Mokgamcheon. DFlow program that was used to calculate low-flow suitable for water quality criteria of United States (CCC - Criterion Continuous Concentration, CMC - Criterion Maximum Concentration) for low-flow and River2D of the two-dimensional simulation program for fish habitat were used. The results of applying the programs, low-flow calculated by DFlow was estimated less than the ecological flow calculated by River2D. Therefore, ecological values โโof the flow calculated by River2D was determined finally as the streamflow maintaining the stream for aquatic ecosystems Mokgamcheon because a larger value have to be used by characteristic of instream flow.
Third, the dominant discharge was calculated, which is important concepts in the stable bed design, for stream restoration. Bankfull discharge, specified recurrence interval discharge, and effective discharge which are in use as dominant discharge generally were calculated according to international guidelines. As a result from calculating, the values of dominant discharges were in discordance, so the definitive dominant discharges could not be presented at Mokgamcheon. However, effective discharge is preferred for dominant discharge. Because concept and method of effective discharge is close to the definition of dominant discharge.
This study was performed on the basis of engineering and a clear concept to calculate streamflow for the design of river restoration. It is important to suggest a reasonable basis for calculating the design discharge and the procedure for calculating the design discharge could be applied to other rivers in Korea.Maste
Micro-CT๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ํ๊ตญ์ธ์ ๊ด๋์ผ๊ตด๊ด๊ณผ ๊ด๋๊ด์๊ด ์ ํ์ 3์ฐจ์๋ถ์
Dept. of Dentistry/๋ฐ์ฌThe zygomatic nerve (ZN), which originates from the maxillary nerve at the pterygopalatine fossa, enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. Within the lateral region of the orbit, the ZN divides into the zygomaticofacial (ZF) and zygomaticotemporal (ZT) nerves. The ZF and ZT nerves then pass on to the face and temporal region through the zygomatico-orbital (ZO) foramen and enter their own bony canals within the zygomatic bone. Alternatively, the zygomatic nerve itself may enter the bone before dividing. However, multiple zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal canals (ZFC and ZTC, respectively) can be observed, and their detailed intrabony courses are unknown. Clinically, the zygomatic region is an area where many surgical procedures are performed and a region that is vulnerable to maxillofacial trauma. Generally, the foramina on the surface of the zygomatic bone are used as landmarks to avoid damaging the nerves and vessels running inside the zygomatic bone when osteotomy is carried out. Therefore, we performed this study to clarify the three-dimensional intrabony courses and running patterns of the ZFCs and ZTCs, both to obtain a detailed anatomical description and for clinical purposes.Fourteen sides of zygomatic bones were prepared from 7 Korean cadavers (3 males and 4 females with a mean age of 80.8 years). 2D images of all the specimens were scanned micro-CT scanner (1076, SkyScan, Antwerp, Belgium), and the demarcated canal structures of each ZFC and ZTC were three-dimensionally reconstructed using computer software (Mimics, Version 10.01, Materialise, USA). Then, the ZFCs and ZTCs were extracted from the three-dimensional images and classified according to their entry and exit patterns and corresponding foramina.The ZF, ZT, and ZO foramina were observed in every instance, seen on the facial surface (as 1 foramen (3 cases), 2 foramina (5 cases), 3 foramina (5 cases), and 4 foramina (1 case)); on the temporal surface (as 1 foramen (7 cases), 2 foramina (4 cases), 3 foramina (1 case), and 4 foramina (2 cases)); and on the orbital surface (as 1 foramen (1 case), 2 foramina (2 cases), 3 foramina (5 cases), 4 foramina (5 cases), and 5 foramina (1 case)) of the zygomatic bone, respectively. However, the number of ZO foramina at the orbit was not coincident with the exit of the ZF foramen (or foramina) and ZT foramen (or foramina) at the facial surface. In only 4 of the specimens (28.5%) did each single ZFC (2~3) and ZTC (2~3) open at the ZO foramen (or foramina) independently through each of the corresponding zygomaticotemporal (2~3) and zygomaticofacial foramina (2~3), respectively. In contrast, the ZTC(s) originated from the ZFC(s) in 10 of the specimens (71%). Among these 10 specimens, there were cases in which no entry of the ZTC was seen (5 cases) and cases in which the entry of the ZTC(s) was observed within the lateral wall of the orbit (5 cases).ope
(A) survey on the perception of the counterplans of medical accident and dispute of dental hygienist
์น์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]์น์ํ๊ณ์์๋ ์๋ฃ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ผํฌ๋งํ ์คํ์๋ ์๊ธํ์์ ๋น๋๊ฐ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ ํ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ ์์ผ๋ ์์ฆ์์ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ ์ถ์ธ์ด๋ค. ์น๊ณผ์ง๋ฃ์ ํน์ฑ์ ํญ์ ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ, ๋๋ช
์ฉ ์น๊ณผ์์ฌ์ ์ง๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋์์ฃผ์ด์ผ ํ๊ณ , ์น๊ณผ์์ฌ์ ์๋ฃ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ก ์ธํด ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์์ง๋ง ์๋ฃ๋ฒ์์ ์ ํ ์น๊ณผ ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ง๋ฃ์์ญ์์ ์๋ฃ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์น์ ๋, ์๋น์ค ๋ถ๋ง ๋ฑ ์ง๋ฃ์ธ์ ์ธ ์์ธ์ ์น๊ณผ ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ์ ์ญํ ์ ๋ฌด์ํ ์ ์๋ค.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2006๋
ํ์ฌ ์ข
ํฉ๋ณ์, ์น๊ณผ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ ์์์์ ์น๊ณผ์ง๋ฃ ๋ณด์กฐ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์๋ ์น๊ณผ์์์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์๋ค. ํ์๋ 275๋ช
์ ์ค๋ฌธ๋ถ์์ ํตํ์ฌ ์๋ต์์ ๊ดํ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์๋ฃ์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ ํ์์์ ๋ถํ, ๋ถ๋ง ๋ฐ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝํ๋์ ํจ๊ป ์๋ฃ๊ด๊ณ๋ฒ์ ์ดํด๋๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ๊ณ , ์น๊ณผ์ง๋ฃ ๋ฐ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ์์์ฑํฅ์ ๋น๊ต๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.1. ์ค๋ฌธ์๋ต์ ์ค์์ ํฅํ ์๋ฃ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ์ง๋ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋ค๋ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ๋๋ ์๊ตฌ์ฌ์ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 274๋ช
์ค 251๋ช
(91.3%)์ด์๋ค.2. ์น๊ณผ์์์ฌ์ ์
๋ฌด, ์ง๋ฃ์ ๋ํ ํ์์ ๋ถํ, ๋ถ๋ง ๊ฒฝํ๋ฅ ์ 29.5%(81๋ช
)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ ์น๊ณผ๊ด๋ จ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ ์์ธ์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ๋์๋ค.3. ์ ์ฒด์ ํ๋ณ ํญ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง์ ์ ์ธ ์ง๋ฃํ์์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ถ์น์ ๋ฐ ์ง๋ฃ๋น ๋ฑ์ ์ง๋ฃ์ด์ธ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ 1805๊ฑด ์ค 349๊ฑด(19.3%)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.4. ์ธ๋ถ์ ํ๋ณ ํญ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ์๊ฐ ์น๋ฃ์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์ฌ์ ์ค๋ช
์ด๋ ๋์๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ์ง ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 1805๊ฑด ์ค 129๊ฑด(7.1%)์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์๋ค.5. ์น๊ณผ์์์ฌ๊ฐ ์ค์ผ์ผ๋ง ์์ ํ ํ์ ์ง๋ฃ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ 267๋ช
์ค 252๋ช
(94.4%)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋, ์ค์ผ์ผ๋ง ์์ ํ ์ฃผ์์ฌํญ ์ค๋ช
์ฌ์ค์ ์ง๋ฃ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ 55๋ช
(20.8%)์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค.6. ์น๊ณผ์ง๋ฃ์ ์์ด์ ํ์๊ฐ ์ธ๊ธํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ํน๋ณํ ์ ์ ์งํ ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ง ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 6๋ช
(2.2%)๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ๋์๋ค.7. ํ์ ์ง๋ฃ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์๊ธ์ํฉ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๊ธ์กฐ์น๋ฅผ ์ํํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐํ๋ ์น๊ณผ์์์ฌ๋ 104๋ช
(38.0%)์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ๋์๋ค.8. ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง์ ์๊ธ์ํฉ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์กฐ์น์ ํ์ํ ์ฅ๋น ๋ฐ ์ฝํ์ ๊ตฌ๋นํด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ 115๋ช
(41.8%)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.9. ์๋ฃ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ์์ด ์๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ 268๋ช
(97.81%)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.10. ์๋ฃ๋ถ์ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ์์ด์ ์น๋ฃ ์ ์ค๋ช
๋ฐ ๋์์ ์๋ฌด์ ์ดํ ์ฌ๋ถ๊ฐ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 272๋ช
(99.3%)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.11. ์๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์ ์๋ฌด๋ณด๊ด์ฐ๋๊ฐ 10๋
์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ณ๊ฒ ์๋ตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ 160๋ช
(58.4%)์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค.12. ์น๊ณผ์์์ฌ์ ์
๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ํ๋
ธ๋ผ๋ง์ฌ์ง ์ดฌ์์ ํด๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์๋ตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 124๋ช
(45.3%), ์น๊ฒฝ๋ถ ๋ ์ง์๋ณต์ ํด๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์๋ตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 71๋ช
(25.9%), ์ ์น๋ฐ์น๋ฅผ ํด๋ ๋๋ค๊ณ ์๋ตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 37๋ช
(13.5%)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.13. ํ์์ ๋น๋ฐ๋์ค ๊ธ์ง์ ๊ด๋ จํ์ฌ ํ์์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋์ง ์๋๋ค๊ณ ์๋ตํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 24๋ช
(8.8%)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.14. ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋์ฑ
์ ๊ดํ ๊ต์ก์ ํ์์ฑ์ ๋ํด์ 272๋ช
(99.3%)์ด ํ์ํ๊ณ , 167๋ช
(61.0%)์ด ์๊ธํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ตํ์๋ค.15. ์ฌํ ์ค ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋์ฑ
์ ๊ดํ ๊ด๋ จ๊ต์ก์ ์๋ฃํ ์ ์ด ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 186๋ช
(64.2%), ์กธ์
ํ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋์ฑ
์ ๊ดํ ๋ณด์๊ต์ก์ ์๋ฃํ ์ ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ 212๋ช
(77.4%)์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.18. ํฅํ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ ์๋ต์ 256๋ช
(93.4%)์ด์๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ 83.3%๊ฐ ์ธํฐ๋ท, ๋ฐฉ์ก ๋ฑ์ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํตํ ์ ๋ณด์ต๋ ๊ธฐํ์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ๊ผฝ์๋ค.์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข
ํฉํด๋ณด๋ฉด ์น๊ณผ์์์ฌ์ ๊ด๋ จํ ํ์์ ๋ถํ, ๋ถ๋ง ๋ฐ ๋ถ์๋ ๊ฒฝํ๋ฅ ์ด ์๋ตํ ์น๊ณผ์์์ฌ์ 29.5%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฃ๋ฒ์์ ์ ํ ์๋ฃ์ธ์ ์๋ฌด์ ์น๊ณผ์์์ฌ์ ์ง๋ฌด๋ฒ์์ ๋ํ ์ธ์์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ก ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ด ๋์ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ดํฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ์ฃผ์์๋ฌด, ์ค๋ช
๋ฐ ๋์์๋ฌด ๋ฑ์ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋คํจ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ธ์์ ์ ๊ณ ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฃ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์๋ฃ๋ถ์์ ๋ํ ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋์ฑ
๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ต์ก๊ธฐํ๋ฅผ ํ๋ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค
[์๋ฌธ]In the field of dentistry, there existed relatively few emergency patients or patients who need intensive care and thus had low medical dispute rates. However, these days, there is a general tendency of increased medical disputes. Although many medical disputes are caused by medical accidents of the dentists, because dental assistants are also lawfully involved in practicing dentistry, there is a possibility of medical disputes or medical accidents caused by dental assistants. Therefore, the role of the dental assistants cannot be ignored.This study consists of a survey given to dental hygienists currently working in general hospitals, dental hospitals and private dental clinics. Following is the results of the analysis of 275 respondents' backgrounds, medical disputes rates including patients' complaints, their understanding of medical regulations and their general understanding of overall dental practice and medical disputes.1. 251 of 274(91.6%) respondents doubted the risk of medical accident and dispute.2. 81(29.5%) dental hygienist experienced complaint from patients. They have been working in the private dental clinic, the rate of this experience was high.3. 349 case of 1805(19.3%) the complaints by patients, highest percentage among its category, were those regarding dental fees and poor service.4. 129 case of 1805(7.1%) patients' complaints, highest percentage among it's subcategory, were those regarding the absence of explanations of precautions or request of agreements before dental treatment.5. 252 of 267 (94.4%) dental hygienists chart after a scaling treatment. However, only 55(20.7%) dental hygienists chart the fact of explaining the precautions.6. 6(2.2%) dental hygienists do not inspect patients' medical history, if patients don't mention it.7. 104 of 274(38.0%) dental hygienists responded to be capable of administering first aid treatment.8. 115(41.8%) dental hygienists have a first aid kit and equipment.9. In case of medical dispute, 268(97.8%) dental hygienists respond that, charting plays a big role in resolving the dispute.10. In case of medical dispute, 272(93.3%) dental hygienists respond that, explanation and agreement before treatment have an important role in settlement of dispute11. Only 160(58.4%) dental hygienists responded correct answer that the duration of keeping medical records is 10 years.12. 124(45.3%) respondents thought that it is legal for a dental hygienist to take a panoramic dental X-ray, 71(25.9%) respondents thought that it is legal practice cervical resin treatment by dental hygienist, and 37(13.5%) respondents thought that it is legal extract primary teeth by dental hygienist.13. 24(18.76%) respondents thought that it doesn't matter to tell patient's state to others14. 272(99.27%) responded that receiving education for the prevention of medical disputes was needed and of them, 61.0% thought it was urgent.15. 186(64.2%) has never had classes regarding the prevention of medical disputes while in school and 212(77.4%) has not had the same type of classes after graduating from school.16. 256(93.4%) responded that there will be even more of an increased number of medical disputes. Among them, 83.3% of respondents though that due to the increased opportunity of acquiring information through the internet and mass media.The study shows that 29.5 percentage of dental hygienists have experienced the medical disputes and complaints and they are lack of recognition of medical regulations and dental hygienist's official duty. So, there is a big potential of the percentage to increase. Therefore, the correct understanding of explaining precautions and requesting agreement before dental treatments and performing them are mandatory. Moreover, classes regarding the prevention and counterplans of medical disputes need to be widely offered.ope
์คํ๊ท์์ ํ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ถ์ง๋จ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ง์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
Thesis (master`s)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :ํต๊ณํ๊ณผ,2001.Maste
Phase change characteristics of new chalcogenide materials for phase change random access memory application
Thesis(doctors)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณตํ๋ถ,2008.2.Docto
ํ์ฅ์ค์ผ์ผ ์์ธก๋ถ์ฐ๊ณผ ํ์ฅ๊ตฌํํ๊ท ์์ธก๋ถ์ฐ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ ๋ก๋ฒ์คํธ ํ๋ผ๋ฏธํฐ ๋์์ธ์ ๊ทธ๋ํฝ ํ๊ฐ
Thesis(doctors) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :ํต๊ณํ๊ณผ,2010.2.Docto
์ด, ์ ๊ธฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ณ ํ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ ์ธต๊ฐ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ด์ฌ๋ ์ค๋งํธ ๋ณตํฉ์ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ํด์๊ธฐ๋ฒ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ธฐ๊ณํญ๊ณต๊ณตํ๋ถ,2007.Docto