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    (The) effect of antioxidant, U-74389G on Paraquat intoxicated rat.

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ(1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride)๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์ดˆ์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ผ๋ชฉ์† ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝ”๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ, ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž์‚ด ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ค‘๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋… ์ฆ์„ธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ ์ ‘์ด‰๋œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์ ๋ง‰์˜ ๊ดด์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ ์ ๋ง‰์˜ ๋ถ€์‹์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ์ธํ›„๋‘์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์— ์นจ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ํ˜ธํก๋ถ€์ „์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋…์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ „์‹ ์  ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ์†์ƒ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ˜ธํก๋ถ€์ „์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์€ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฐํ™” ํ™˜์›์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์  ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€์งˆ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋ณ€์„ฑ DNA ๋ถ„์ ˆํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ ์†์ƒ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ ์Œ๋…์‹œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ›Œ๋Ÿฌ์Šค์–ด์Šค๋‚˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํƒ„, ์ด๋‡จ์ œ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„, ํ™œ์„ฑํƒ„ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ด€๋ฅ˜(charcoal hemoperfusion) ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•ด๋…์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋„์ค‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ์ธ 21-aminosteroid๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ฒ ์˜์กด์„ฑ ์ง€์งˆ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์˜ ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋กœ ์ง€์งˆ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์งˆ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๊ธฐ(lipid peroxide radical)์™€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ(oxygen free radical)์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค ์ €์ž๋Š” ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ 21-aminosteroid์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ U-74389G๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ์— ์ค‘๋…๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์ฅ์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์งˆ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ˜น์€ ์–ต์ œ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹คํ—˜์ฅ์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์œ„์Šคํƒ€(Wistar) ํฐ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ์„ž์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์›์•ก, 21-aminosteroid๋Š” U-74389G๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฒด์ค‘ kg ๋‹น 20, 35, 50mg์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, 20mg์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 0%์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  37mg ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์€ 25%, 50mg ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์€ 100%์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ LD5O์€ 40mg์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. U-74389G์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ 35mg/kg์˜ ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์€ 30%์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ , ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ์™€ U-74389G๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์€10%์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ฅ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„, ์‹ ์žฅ, ํ์กฐ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์งˆ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reacting substance)๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, U-74389G ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์˜ TBARS๊ฐ’์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์˜ TBARS๊ฐ’์€ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ, ์‹ ์žฅ, ํ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์™€ U-74389G๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์žฅ, ์‹ ์žฅ, ํ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ์— ์ค‘๋…๋œ ํฐ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ 21-aminosteroid์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ U-74389G๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์žฅ, ์‹ ์žฅ ๋ฐ ํ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€์งˆ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ์ฝฐํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ํ•ด๋…์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ U-74389G์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Annually hundreds of people's death is reported due to suicidal abuse and accidental intoxication of Paraquat, known as Gramoxone or Paraquo(brand name). The clinical symptom of intoxication is manifestated by necrosis of skin or conjunctiva from direct contact and corrosion of oral, gastrointestinal mucosa as well as involving the respiratory tract causing acute respiratory failure. Paraquat also induces systemic intoxication like hepatotoxicity and renal failure and lung injury in multiple ways resulting in respiratory failure. The pathogenesis of paraguat intoxication is cyclic oxidation and reduction in the tissues. The free radicals formed from this reaction induces cellular injury through lipid peroxidaton, protein degeneration and DNA fragmentation. Initial treatment involoves ingestion of Fuller's earth or activated charcoal, diuretics and hemodialysis and chorcoal hemoperfusion. And many antidotes are under experiment, but the results are variably reported. 21- aminostesoid, a new antioxidont is a strong suppressor of lipid peroxidation. It inhibits cellular necrosis and eradicates lipid peroxide and scavenges free radical. The author therefore, tried to verify if the laboratory mortality improved by suppressing lipid peroxidation with the antioxidant, 21-aminosteroid(U-74389G) in paraquat intoxicated rat model. We used wistar rats, paraguat without any substrate as undiluted solution, and U-74389G as the antioxidant, 21-aminosteroid. In order to decide the amount of paraquat to be used in the experiment, the paraquat was injected intraperitoneally in three different amounts. The group injected 20mg/kg showed 0% mortality, 35mg/kg receiving group showed 25% mortality and none survived from 50mg/kg receiving group therefore showed 100% mortality. Calculated from this data, LD5O with 24hr was 40mg/kg. In the experiment using U-74389G, the group injected only 35mg/kg of paraquat showed 30% mortality, and 10% mortality in the group injected both paraquat and U-74389G. In search for the lipid peroxidation, TBARS test was done with plasma, liver, kidney and lung tissue from sacrificed rats. The U-74389G receiving group did not show any significant difference with the control group. The TBARS results of paraquat receiving group showed differences compared to the control group in plasma, kidney and lung. But there was no significant differences in the liver tissue. The results from paraquat and U-74389G receiving group showed significant differences compared to the paraquat only receiving group in plasma, kidney and lung tissue, but there was no differences in the liver. According to these results, the mortality with U-74389G as the antioxidant, was reduced through the suppression effect of lipid peroxide in the plasma, kidney and lung tissues. Currently there are no definite antioxidant known to treat paraquat intoxicaition, therefore, U-74389G could be a promising drug for the future, but the amount and infusion route is yet to be studied and determined in the future.ope

    Estimation of Design Discharge for Close-to-nature River Restoration

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2012. 2. ์ด๊ธธ์„ฑ.ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ณต์›(stream restoration)์ด๋ž€ ์ž์—ฐ์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์œ„์  ํ•˜์ฒœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„œ์‹์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ต๋ž€๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ์„ ๊ต๋ž€๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์„œ์‹์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋กœ ํ•˜์ฒœ์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, 1990๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ณต์›์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ , ๊ณตํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐํ˜• ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ณต์›๊ณต๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ณต์›์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๊ธธ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ(2011)์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒœ ์œ ์—ญ์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ˜• ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ณต์› ์„ค๊ณ„์ ˆ์ฐจ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ, ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ณต์› ์„ค๊ณ„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์‚ฐ์ •์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰(design flood)๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฌธํ•™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์œ ์ง€์œ ๋Ÿ‰(instream flow), ํ•˜๋„ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰(dominant discharge)์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋„ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์‚ฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์„ฑ(nonstationarity)์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ์„ค๊ณ„-ํ˜ธ์šฐ๋‹จ์œ„๋„๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ ์ฐจ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘ํ™์ˆ˜๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„์€ NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ extRemes toolkit์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง์ ‘ํ™์ˆ˜๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ๋นˆ๋„๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„-ํ˜ธ์šฐ๋‹จ์œ„๋„๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ์†Œ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ˜ธ์šฐ-๋‹จ์œ„๋„๋ฒ•์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰(100๋…„ ๋นˆ๋„)์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒœ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ™์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์œ ์ง€์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. low-flow๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์ค€๊ฑฐ์น˜(CCC - Criterion Continuous Concentration, CMC - Criterion Maximum Concentration)์— ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ low-flow๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” DFlow ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒํƒœ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ River2D์˜ 2์ฐจ์› ์–ด๋ฅ˜์„œ์‹์ฒ˜๋ชจ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, DFlow์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ low-flow๋Š” River2D์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ์†Œ ์‚ฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์œ ์ง€์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ low-flow์™€ ์ƒํƒœ์œ ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ’ ์ค‘ ๋” ํฐ ๊ฐ’์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— River2D์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒœ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์œ ์ง€์œ ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ณต์›์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜์ƒ์„ค๊ณ„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ„ฑ์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ํŠน์ •์žฌํ˜„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ์œ ํšจ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ง€๋ฐฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ’๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ™•์ •์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ๊ฐ์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ฐ์ •์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์œ ํšจ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ๋ณต์›์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์‚ฐ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ข€ ๋” ๊ณตํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์‚ฐ์ •์— ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์‚ฐ์ •์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜์ฒœ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Stream restoration means to turn a stream, in which biological habitats were disturbed or waterway of the stream is unstable due to natural or artificial changes of streams, into the streams to restore the previous status or functions of the stream closely to provide various habitats through appropriate waterway of the stream. In case of Korea, the process of natural stream restoration has been developed on basis of present technical and engineering continually from the interest of stream restoration since 1990s. In this study, to estimate the flow for the design of stream restoration was focused among the design process for natural stream restoration in Mokgamcheon watershed proposed by Lee et al. (2011). In other words, in terms of hydraulic, the quantity of design flood related to hydraulic structure, instream flow maintaining streams considering aquatic ecosystems in terms of hydrology, and dominant discharge influencing the formation of channel were estimated quantitatively. The purpose of this research is to suggest new ways about estimating the flow though there were practices of this kinds of research about estimating the flow of the stream. First, the design flood was calculated considering nonstationarity at Mokgamcheon. Storm-unit hydrograph method to calculate design flood existing in domestic and direct frequency analysis to be expected continuously in use was applied and nonstationarity was considered for the analysis of frequency through extRemes toolkit developed at NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research). As a result, the method of direct flood frequency analysis is expected with reliability on the base of completing direct frequency analysis from flow, it was underestimated rather than strom-unit hydrograph method due to the characteristic of the flow data. Therefore, flood of storm-unit hydrograph method (100 years frequency) estimated most significantly was determined as the design flood. Second, the flow maintaining the stream was calculated considering the aquatic ecosystems at Mokgamcheon. DFlow program that was used to calculate low-flow suitable for water quality criteria of United States (CCC - Criterion Continuous Concentration, CMC - Criterion Maximum Concentration) for low-flow and River2D of the two-dimensional simulation program for fish habitat were used. The results of applying the programs, low-flow calculated by DFlow was estimated less than the ecological flow calculated by River2D. Therefore, ecological values โ€‹โ€‹of the flow calculated by River2D was determined finally as the streamflow maintaining the stream for aquatic ecosystems Mokgamcheon because a larger value have to be used by characteristic of instream flow. Third, the dominant discharge was calculated, which is important concepts in the stable bed design, for stream restoration. Bankfull discharge, specified recurrence interval discharge, and effective discharge which are in use as dominant discharge generally were calculated according to international guidelines. As a result from calculating, the values of dominant discharges were in discordance, so the definitive dominant discharges could not be presented at Mokgamcheon. However, effective discharge is preferred for dominant discharge. Because concept and method of effective discharge is close to the definition of dominant discharge. This study was performed on the basis of engineering and a clear concept to calculate streamflow for the design of river restoration. It is important to suggest a reasonable basis for calculating the design discharge and the procedure for calculating the design discharge could be applied to other rivers in Korea.Maste

    Micro-CT๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๊ด‘๋Œ€์–ผ๊ตด๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ด‘๋Œ€๊ด€์ž๊ด€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ 3์ฐจ์›๋ถ„์„

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    Dept. of Dentistry/๋ฐ•์‚ฌThe zygomatic nerve (ZN), which originates from the maxillary nerve at the pterygopalatine fossa, enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. Within the lateral region of the orbit, the ZN divides into the zygomaticofacial (ZF) and zygomaticotemporal (ZT) nerves. The ZF and ZT nerves then pass on to the face and temporal region through the zygomatico-orbital (ZO) foramen and enter their own bony canals within the zygomatic bone. Alternatively, the zygomatic nerve itself may enter the bone before dividing. However, multiple zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal canals (ZFC and ZTC, respectively) can be observed, and their detailed intrabony courses are unknown. Clinically, the zygomatic region is an area where many surgical procedures are performed and a region that is vulnerable to maxillofacial trauma. Generally, the foramina on the surface of the zygomatic bone are used as landmarks to avoid damaging the nerves and vessels running inside the zygomatic bone when osteotomy is carried out. Therefore, we performed this study to clarify the three-dimensional intrabony courses and running patterns of the ZFCs and ZTCs, both to obtain a detailed anatomical description and for clinical purposes.Fourteen sides of zygomatic bones were prepared from 7 Korean cadavers (3 males and 4 females with a mean age of 80.8 years). 2D images of all the specimens were scanned micro-CT scanner (1076, SkyScan, Antwerp, Belgium), and the demarcated canal structures of each ZFC and ZTC were three-dimensionally reconstructed using computer software (Mimics, Version 10.01, Materialise, USA). Then, the ZFCs and ZTCs were extracted from the three-dimensional images and classified according to their entry and exit patterns and corresponding foramina.The ZF, ZT, and ZO foramina were observed in every instance, seen on the facial surface (as 1 foramen (3 cases), 2 foramina (5 cases), 3 foramina (5 cases), and 4 foramina (1 case)); on the temporal surface (as 1 foramen (7 cases), 2 foramina (4 cases), 3 foramina (1 case), and 4 foramina (2 cases)); and on the orbital surface (as 1 foramen (1 case), 2 foramina (2 cases), 3 foramina (5 cases), 4 foramina (5 cases), and 5 foramina (1 case)) of the zygomatic bone, respectively. However, the number of ZO foramina at the orbit was not coincident with the exit of the ZF foramen (or foramina) and ZT foramen (or foramina) at the facial surface. In only 4 of the specimens (28.5%) did each single ZFC (2~3) and ZTC (2~3) open at the ZO foramen (or foramina) independently through each of the corresponding zygomaticotemporal (2~3) and zygomaticofacial foramina (2~3), respectively. In contrast, the ZTC(s) originated from the ZFC(s) in 10 of the specimens (71%). Among these 10 specimens, there were cases in which no entry of the ZTC was seen (5 cases) and cases in which the entry of the ZTC(s) was observed within the lateral wall of the orbit (5 cases).ope

    (A) survey on the perception of the counterplans of medical accident and dispute of dental hygienist

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ๋งŒํ•œ ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž๋‚˜ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ํœ˜๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์š”์ฆˆ์Œ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์น˜๊ณผ์ง„๋ฃŒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•œ, ๋‘๋ช…์”ฉ ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์น˜๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ •ํ•œ ์น˜๊ณผ ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์นœ์ ˆ๋„, ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถˆ๋งŒ ๋“ฑ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์€ ์น˜๊ณผ ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2006๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›, ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฐ ์˜์›์—์„œ ์น˜๊ณผ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๋ณด์กฐ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๊ณผ์œ„์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋œ 275๋ช…์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๋‹ต์ž์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ํ™˜์ž์™€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰, ๋ถˆ๋งŒ ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฒ•์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์น˜๊ณผ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์˜์‹์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. ์„ค๋ฌธ์‘๋‹ต์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 274๋ช… ์ค‘ 251๋ช…(91.3%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.2. ์น˜๊ณผ์œ„์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด, ์ง„๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰, ๋ถˆ๋งŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋ฅ ์€ 29.5%(81๋ช…)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์น˜๊ณผ๊ด€๋ จ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.3. ์ „์ฒด์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถˆ์นœ์ ˆ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋น„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ 1805๊ฑด ์ค‘ 349๊ฑด(19.3%)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.4. ์„ธ๋ถ€์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์ œ์‹œ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 1805๊ฑด ์ค‘ 129๊ฑด(7.1%)์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค.5. ์น˜๊ณผ์œ„์ƒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ์‹œ์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ™˜์ž ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ถ€์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 267๋ช… ์ค‘ 252๋ช…(94.4%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜, ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ์‹œ์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ฃผ์˜์‚ฌํ•ญ ์„ค๋ช… ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ถ€์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 55๋ช…(20.8%)์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.6. ์น˜๊ณผ์ง„๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ „์‹ ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 6๋ช…(2.2%)๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.7. ํ™˜์ž ์ง„๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์‘๊ธ‰์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์‘๊ธ‰์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๊ณผ์œ„์ƒ์‚ฌ๋Š” 104๋ช…(38.0%)์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.8. ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€์— ์‘๊ธ‰์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์กฐ์น˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ๋น„ํ•ด๋‘” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 115๋ช…(41.8%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.9. ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 268๋ช…(97.81%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.10. ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์‹œ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐ ๋™์˜์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ดํ–‰ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 272๋ช…(99.3%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.11. ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ณด๊ด€์—ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ 10๋…„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ณ๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 160๋ช…(58.4%)์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.12. ์น˜๊ณผ์œ„์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 124๋ช…(45.3%), ์น˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€ ๋ ˆ์ง„์ˆ˜๋ณต์„ ํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 71๋ช…(25.9%), ์œ ์น˜๋ฐœ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 37๋ช…(13.5%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.13. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ˆ„์„ค ๊ธˆ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 24๋ช…(8.8%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.14. ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ 272๋ช…(99.3%)์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , 167๋ช…(61.0%)์ด ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.15. ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ๊ต์œก์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฃŒํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 186๋ช…(64.2%), ์กธ์—… ํ›„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ต์œก์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฃŒํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 212๋ช…(77.4%)์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.18. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‘๋‹ต์€ 256๋ช…(93.4%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 83.3%๊ฐ€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท, ๋ฐฉ์†ก ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์Šต๋“ ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ผฝ์•˜๋‹ค.์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์น˜๊ณผ์œ„์ƒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰, ๋ถˆ๋งŒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๋„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋ฅ ์ด ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ์น˜๊ณผ์œ„์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ 29.5%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์™€ ์น˜๊ณผ์œ„์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง๋ฌด๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜์˜๋ฌด, ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐ ๋™์˜์˜๋ฌด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•จ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค [์˜๋ฌธ]In the field of dentistry, there existed relatively few emergency patients or patients who need intensive care and thus had low medical dispute rates. However, these days, there is a general tendency of increased medical disputes. Although many medical disputes are caused by medical accidents of the dentists, because dental assistants are also lawfully involved in practicing dentistry, there is a possibility of medical disputes or medical accidents caused by dental assistants. Therefore, the role of the dental assistants cannot be ignored.This study consists of a survey given to dental hygienists currently working in general hospitals, dental hospitals and private dental clinics. Following is the results of the analysis of 275 respondents' backgrounds, medical disputes rates including patients' complaints, their understanding of medical regulations and their general understanding of overall dental practice and medical disputes.1. 251 of 274(91.6%) respondents doubted the risk of medical accident and dispute.2. 81(29.5%) dental hygienist experienced complaint from patients. They have been working in the private dental clinic, the rate of this experience was high.3. 349 case of 1805(19.3%) the complaints by patients, highest percentage among its category, were those regarding dental fees and poor service.4. 129 case of 1805(7.1%) patients' complaints, highest percentage among it's subcategory, were those regarding the absence of explanations of precautions or request of agreements before dental treatment.5. 252 of 267 (94.4%) dental hygienists chart after a scaling treatment. However, only 55(20.7%) dental hygienists chart the fact of explaining the precautions.6. 6(2.2%) dental hygienists do not inspect patients' medical history, if patients don't mention it.7. 104 of 274(38.0%) dental hygienists responded to be capable of administering first aid treatment.8. 115(41.8%) dental hygienists have a first aid kit and equipment.9. In case of medical dispute, 268(97.8%) dental hygienists respond that, charting plays a big role in resolving the dispute.10. In case of medical dispute, 272(93.3%) dental hygienists respond that, explanation and agreement before treatment have an important role in settlement of dispute11. Only 160(58.4%) dental hygienists responded correct answer that the duration of keeping medical records is 10 years.12. 124(45.3%) respondents thought that it is legal for a dental hygienist to take a panoramic dental X-ray, 71(25.9%) respondents thought that it is legal practice cervical resin treatment by dental hygienist, and 37(13.5%) respondents thought that it is legal extract primary teeth by dental hygienist.13. 24(18.76%) respondents thought that it doesn't matter to tell patient's state to others14. 272(99.27%) responded that receiving education for the prevention of medical disputes was needed and of them, 61.0% thought it was urgent.15. 186(64.2%) has never had classes regarding the prevention of medical disputes while in school and 212(77.4%) has not had the same type of classes after graduating from school.16. 256(93.4%) responded that there will be even more of an increased number of medical disputes. Among them, 83.3% of respondents though that due to the increased opportunity of acquiring information through the internet and mass media.The study shows that 29.5 percentage of dental hygienists have experienced the medical disputes and complaints and they are lack of recognition of medical regulations and dental hygienist's official duty. So, there is a big potential of the percentage to increase. Therefore, the correct understanding of explaining precautions and requesting agreement before dental treatments and performing them are mandatory. Moreover, classes regarding the prevention and counterplans of medical disputes need to be widely offered.ope

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