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    ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ถ„์ž ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ƒ๋ฌผํ™”ํ•™๊ณตํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2014. 8. ๋ฐ•ํƒœํ˜„.์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋†๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ• ํ›„๋ฉด์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ƒํ”ผ์— ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ํฌ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฌ๋ชจ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋Š” 390์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํŒจํ„ด์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ™•๋ณด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์นผ์Š˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ๋ฐ CRE ๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ ์–ด์„ธ์ด ๋“ฑ ์ธ๊ณต ํ›„๊ฐ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ธ๊ณต ํ›„๊ฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ 1์ฐจ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช… (SPR) ์žฅ๋น„, ํ˜•๊ด‘ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ, ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ๋“ฑ์„ 2์ฐจ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ •์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ฆฌํด๋”ฉ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ SPR ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ 1์ฐจ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์† ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๊ณต ํ›„๊ฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Polyethylene glycol (PEG) ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์›ฐ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ญ ํ˜•์งˆ์ฃผ์ž… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์›ฐ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณ ์† ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์–ด ํ˜•๊ด‘ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์นผ์Š˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์”ฉ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์นผ์Š˜ ์ธก์ •์šฉ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์•ฝ์„ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋™์‹œ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ฐ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์† ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ์ธก์ •์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์ฑ„๋„์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ ์ฑ„๋„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ž…๋œ ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ด์˜จ์„ ๋ง‰์ „์œ„ ์ธก์ •์šฉ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์•ฝ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง•์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์˜จ ์ฑ„๋„์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์ด์˜จ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์ด๋”• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ polycarbonate (PC) ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. PC ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์— ์ธ๊ณต ํ›„๊ฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์ด๋”• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ ์ƒ๋ถ€์— ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฉค๋ธŒ๋ ˆ์ธ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์นผ์Š˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ๊ณผ ์ธก์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ณ ์† ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ถ„์„ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์จ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์— ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Human olfactory system can detect and discriminate numerous odorant molecules with high sensitivity and selectivity using olfactory receptor (OR). Human has about 390 ORs and each OR can bind to various odorant with different affinity and one odorant molecule can also bind to various ORs. The smell is recognized through the various combination of bindings between OR and odorants. Many researchers have developed highly efficient odorant detection system by mimicking natural olfactory system. The artificial olfactory cells or OR protein have been used as a sensing material. However, up to now, only few ORs have been characterized because of the lack of effective screening tool. Thus the characterization of many orphaned ORs via new high-throughput system and the pattern analysis of odorant responses are inevitable for further applications of ORs. In this thesis, the function of ORs and their response patterns in the presence of various compounds were analyzed visually via various optical analysis systems. Using ORs and artificial olfactory cells as sensing material, the odorant binding event or the cellular response upon odorant stimulation was detected and visualized. The ORs, which were expressed in E. coli system with large quantity, were used as effective sensing materials in surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based system after the purification and refolding steps. And for the high-throughput screening and visualization of various odorant responses, the artificial olfactory cells were used as sensing materials. The polyethlyenglycol (PEG) microwell was constructed as a miniaturized screening platform, and various ORs were expressed on the microwell using reverse transfection technique. The odorant response was visualized by CRE reporter assay system which expresses fluorescence protein as a reporter. The conventional odorant screening system has a limitation for high-throughput format because of the complicated experimental steps, while the PEG microwell-based system combined with a reverse transfection technique has advantagesvarious ORs can be expressed simultaneously and the imaging odorant response is stable and effective. However, this system requires a time for protein expression, thus a different approach to immediately detect and visualize the odorant response was also conducted. For the real time detection and visualization of odorant response, ORs were linked to the potassium ion channel. The conformational change of OR by the odorant binding induces the ion channel physically opened. The odorant response was immediately visualized using membrane potential dye by detecting the potassium influx through the ion channel. In this study, various ORs were coupled to the ion channel for the visualization of various odorant response patterns. The odorant detection using ion channel-coupled OR was majorly dependent on the conformational change of the physically linked-protein rather than intracellular transduction pathway. Based on this mechanism, it was demonstrated that the ion channel-coupled OR can be used as an effective protein-based odorant detection material for the real time visualization of odorant response. Natural olfactory system detects the odorant in gaseous phase, thus, in this study, the detection of gaseous odorant is very important. In this study, the detection and visualization system of gaseous odorant was also developed using polycarbonate (PC) membrane and the microfluidic system. The OR-expressing cells were cultured on the PC membrane and placed in the PDMS chamber in the inverted format. Then the gaseous odorant was injected in the upper side of the chamber so that the cells could be exposed to the gas through the pores of the membrane. The odorant response was visualized using calcium imaging method. The visualized odorant response can be used as a code for smell. The visualized patterns of smell can be used not only for understanding human olfactory system but also for various purposes in medical and industrial applications. This study offers various protein- and cell-based optical methods for the visualization of smell in high-throughput screening platform.Contents Chapter 1. Research Background and Objective Chapter 2. Literature review 2.1 Olfaction 2. 1. 1 Olfactory system 2. 1. 2 Olfactory receptor and signal transduction 2. 2. Odorant screening system 2. 2. 1. cAMP assay 2. 2. 2. Calcium imaging 2. 2. 3. CRE reporter assay system 2. 2. 4. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay 2. 3. Bioelectronic nose 2. 3. 1. Quartz crystal microbalance 2. 3. 2. Surface plasmon resonance 2. 3. 3. Microelectrode 2. 3. 4. Field effect transistor 2. 4. Visualizaton of smell Chapter 3. Experimental procedures 3. 1. Molecular cloning 3. 1. 1. Cloning of hOR genes 3. 1. 2. Construction of plasmid containing CRE reporter system 3. 1. 3. Construction of ion channel-coupled hORs 3. 2. Expression of hORs 3. 2. 1. Expression of hOR in E. coli system 3. 2. 2. Expression of hOR in mammalian cell system 3. 2. 2. 1. Electrophoration 3. 2. 2. 2. Lipofectamine 3. 2. 2. 3. Reverse transfection 3. 2. 3. Confirmation of the expression of hOR 3. 2. 3. 1. Western blot analysis 3. 2. 3. 2. Immunocytochemistry 3. 3. Reconstitution of hOR 3. 3. 1. Purification of hOR from E. coli 3. 3. 2. Reconstitution of hOR using liposome 3. 3. 3. Confirmation of reconstituted hOR 3. 3. 4. Size control of liposome containing hOR3A1 3. 4. PEG microwell-based odorant screening system 3. 4. 1. PDMS stamp fabrication 3. 4. 2. PEG microwell fabrication 3. 5. Fabrication of microfluidic system for odorant detection in gas phase 3. 5. 1. Design and assembly of a microfluidic system for odorant detection in the gas phase 3. 5. 2. Cell adhesion on the polycarbonate membrane 3. 5. 3. Preparation of gaseous odorant 3. 6. Detection of odorant response 3. 6. 1. SPR analysis 3. 6. 2. CRE reporter assay 3. 6. 3. Membrane potential assay 3. 6. 4. Calcium imaging 3. 6. 5 Image analysis 3. 7. Reagent Chapter 4. SPR-based odorant detection using liposome containing olfactory receptor 4. 1. Introduction 4. 2. Optimization to form the liposome containing hOR3A1 4. 3. Confirmation and size control of the liposome containing hOR3A1 4. 4. Adsorption of the liposome containing hOR3A1 onto the surface of SPR 4. 5. Odorant binding activity test of the reconstituted hOR3A1 immobilized on the SPR gold surface 4. 6. Selectivity of the reconstituted hOR3A1 4. 7. Conclusions Chapter 5. Optimization of the odorant detection system using CRE reporter system 5. 1. Introduction 5. 2. Optimization of CRE reporter system 5. 3. Construction of the HEK293-12CRE stable cell line 5. 4. Fabrication of the PEG microwells 5. 5. Cell adhesion on the PEG microwell 5. 6. Cellular activity in the expression of reporter protein on the PEG microwell 5. 7. Conclusions Chapter 6. Development of high-throughput odorant detection system on the PEG microwell 6. 1. Introduction 6. 2. Expression of hOR on PEG microwell 6. 2. 1. Optimization of reverse transfection 6. 2. 2. Expression of hOR on the PEG microwell using reverse transfection technique 6. 3. Enhancement of OR membrane expression on PEG microwells using RTP1S 6. 4. Odorant screening by visualization using the CRE reporter system on PEG microwells 6. 5. Dose-dependent response 6. 6. Conclusions Chapter 7. Ion channel-coupled OR for real time visualization of odorant response 7. 1. Introduction 7. 2. Construction of the ion channel-coupled hOR 7. 3. Expression of ion channel-coupled hOR 7. 4. Functional analysis of the ion channel-coupled hOR 7. 5. Visualization of odorant response using fluorescence image scanning 7. 6. Visualized response image to various odorants 7. 7. Visualized response of various hOR-Ks to various odorants 7. 8 Conclusions Chapter 8. Visualization of odorant response in gas phase using microfluidic system 8. 1. Introduction 8. 2. Cell adhesion on the polycarbonate membrane 8. 3. Time-dependent response of cells to gaseous odorant 8. 4. Dose-dependent response 8. 5. Selectivity test 8. 6. Conclusions Chapter 9. Overall discussion and further suggestion Bibliography AbstractDocto
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