혁신 정책의 중복지원, 반복지원, 순차지원으로 발생하는 보완 효과에 대한 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2014. 8. 이정동.Innovation activity is an important factor in firms growth, and the government has implemented various policies that support the firms innovation activity. There are various rationales for public policy implementations that encourage firms innovation activityfirst, there is the presence of innovation spillover. If innovation activity is only dependent on the private sector, it causes a lower level of innovation than the social optimum. To solve this problem, the public sector, particularly the government, needs to support firms innovation activity. The other problem is asymmetric information in the loan market, known as the Lemon market problem. Due to asymmetric information in the loan market, the marginal costs of capital increases. This makes outside investors reduce their investments in firms innovation activities. Because of the spillover effect and Lemon market problem, firms can fail to manage their innovation activity. Therefore, the government should intervene in the market, and resolve these asymmetric information problems and the uncertainty of the capital market. With government intervention, firms can continue focusing their efforts on innovation activities and increasing their capacities. Alongside the implementation of various government policies, discussions regarding evaluations of public policy have been consistently undertaken in economics, because it is very important to evaluate whether public policies have played a proper role there. These studies on the evaluation of public policy not only include evaluations of a single policy, but also the discussion about which policies can play more effective roles in certain situations. However, all policies have direct or indirect connections with each other, so they cannot be discriminative or exclusive. Consequently, in order to evaluate one policy correctly, its interactions with other policies also require consideration. However, studies on the interactions in innovation policies—that is, studies on cases where many policies have been simultaneously implemented—are insufficient . These interactions and their complementarity effects are quite important factors in real situations, but have not been discussed sufficiently in innovation policy. This paper is focused on these interactions and the complementarity effects of innovation policy. For the analysis, a theoretical framework about interaction and complementarity effects will be suggested based on previous economic concepts. Along with the suggested theoretical framework, various analyses will be conducted in this paper, and various policy implications will be deduced. Various methodologies for estimating impact assessments of public policy have been discussed in previous economic studies. Among these methods, a matching estimator is used in this paper, because it is the most suitable method for estimating the complementarity effect. In particular, in this paper, the multivariate matching estimator considering the propensity score has been applied to reduce the selection bias that can occur in impact assessment studies. The main results of this paper are the following: The complementarity effect of overlapped support in innovation policy is positive when heterogeneous policies are overlappedhowever, in the case of overlapping homogeneous policies, the complementarity effect is negative. Therefore, policy makers have to consider policies that have been given to the firm before supporting any new policies, and it is desirable that supporting homogeneous policies to the same firms is avoided. Second, in the analysis of the effects of repetitive support, firms receiving repetitive support perform better than firms that do not receiving such support. Repetitive support is when the same policies are supported continuouslyhowever, as the number of repetition increases, the marginal effect may stagnate or diminish. That is to say, in public policy, the continuity of support plays an important role in the growth of firms, but excessive repetition can be inefficient in a firms' growth. Therefore, when policy makers select the firms to receive support, they need to consider these characteristics of innovation policy. Finally, the complementarity effect of sequential support in innovation policy is analyzed. Sequential support means that different policies are supported sequentially. In this case, the firms that receive sequential support are superior to firms that receive single support, in terms of their financing and capacity for innovation. This result means that if different policies are well mixed, their effect can be larger than that of a single policy. Therefore, when the policy makers choose the firms that receive policy support, they need to consider the path dependency of the policies of each firm. Compared with previous studies, this paper has some uniqueness in the following way: First, deviating from the view of previous studies that focused on the evaluation of a single policy, this paper has considered interactions and the complementarity effect of innovation policy through "policy mix," an economic term. Based on these concepts, this paper suggests an analysis framework for the analysis of interactions and the complementarity effect of innovation policy. Second, by examining the various methodologies for the evaluation of government support, the most suitable method for estimating the complementarity effect has been developed in this paper. Finally, through various application analyses in the case of overlapped support, repetitive support, and sequential support, this paper suggests varied policy implication to the policy makers.Abstract iii Contents vii List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Overall introduction 1 1.2 Motivation and research purpose 2 1.3 Outline of the study 5 Chapter 2. Theoretical Background 6 2.1 Policy mix and its adoption in innovation policy studies 6 2.2 Conceptualization of interaction in innovation policy 9 2.3 Complementarity effect in innovation policy 18 Chapter 3. Methodology 21 3.1 Rubins casual effect 21 3.2 Alternative Evaluation Estimators 26 3.2.1 Before-After Estimator 26 3.2.2 Difference-in-Differences Estimator 27 3.2.3 Cross-Section Estimator 28 3.2.4 Instrumental Variables 30 3.3 Matching Estimator as an instrument estimating the complementarity effect 30 3.3.1 Matching estimator 31 3.3.2 Why matching estimator is useful to estimate the complementarity effect? 38 Chapter 4. Analysis on the complementarity effect according to overlapped support in innovation policy 42 4.1 Background and purpose of the study 42 4.2 Data and variables 60 4.2.1 Data and variables 60 4.2.2 Descriptive statistics 64 4.3 Estimation Results 73 4.3.1 Complementarity effect according to overlapped credit guarantee 73 4.3.2 Complementarity effect according to overlapped certification 84 4.4 Summary and policy implication 93 Chapter 5. Analysis on the complementarity effect according to repetitive support in innovation policy 99 5.1 Background and purpose of the study 99 5.2 Data and variables 102 5.3 Estimation results 108 5.3.1 Complementarity effect according to repetitive support of KCGF 108 5.3.2 Complementarity effect according to repetitive support of KTFC 114 5.3.3 Complementarity effect according to repetitive support of venture certification 120 5.4 Summary and policy implication 126 Chapter 6. Analysis on the complementarity effect according to sequential support in innovation policy 130 6.1 Background and purpose of the study 130 6.2 Data and variables 134 6.3 Estimation results 135 6.3.1 Estimation of propensity score 135 6.3.2 Complementarity effect of sequential policy 136 6.4 Summary and policy implication 140 Chapter 7. Concluding Remarks 143 7.1 Summary and policy implications 143 7.2 Significance and limitation of study, future research 146 Bibliography 149 Appendix 1. Regression results of complementarity effect according to repetitive support of KCGF 162 Appendix 2. Regression results of complementarity effect according to repetitive support of KTFC 169 Appendix 3. Regression results of complementarity effect according to repetitive support of Venture certification 176 Appendix 4. Regression results of complementarity effect according to sequential support 183 Abstract (Korean) 190Docto

Molecular Genetic Synthesis and Clinical Applications of Single Chain Variable Fragments Antibodies

ope

Follow-up Studies and Clinical Significance of Chromosomal Rearrangement in Childhood Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia.

Purpose : Through routine screening for chromosomal defects present in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia(ALL) by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), we aimed for earlier detection of recurrences, hence evaluating the progress of the disease after treatment, and forecasting the need for further testing. Methods : We analyzed 30 patients who visited the Pediatrics Department of Severance Hospital, from January 2002 to July 2003, in whom pre- and post-chemotherapy(post remission induction, post consolidateion and during maintenance) bone marrow samples were available. Among them, periodic RT-PCR examinations were performed in five bcr/abl positive cases, five TEL/AML1 positive cases, and seven dupMLL positive cases to follow the changes in genetic markers. Results : In patients with bcr/abl, all five cases reached complete remission in hematologic examination after induction chemotherapy, but bcr/abl RT-PCR was positive in one case after the treatment, with complete remission reached in just four patients. In the group with TEL/AML1, all five cases reached both hematologic and molecular complete remission after induction chemotherapy. In seven cases with dupMLL, hematologic complete remission was reached in all patients, except one patient who was six months old at diagnosis, who exhibited positive findings for abnormal precursor after induction chemotherapy. Conclusion : Earlier detection of recurrence was possible through hematologic and chromosomal anaylsis of patients during follow-up. The most essential factor to detect recurrence considered the timing of bone marrow biopsy. So the procedure must be performed at critical intervals in a patient's course of treatment. In patients with ALL, recurrences by drug-resistant cells occur primarily after one year from the initiation of treatment, so we propose that bone marrow acquisitions to detect recurrences are recommended at one year after the start of treatment, and just before the discontinuation of treatment.ope

기업의 이연 급여 및 연금이 이익조정과 회계보수주의에 미치는 영향

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경영학과, 2012. 8. 곽수근.본 논문에서는 CEO보상의 형태에 따라 기업의 이익조정 및 회계 보수주의가 어떻게 바뀌는지를 조사하였다. 즉, 급여(salary), 상여금(bonus), 또는 스톡 옵션(stock option)과 같은 단기적 보상이 주된 비중을 차지하는 CEO의 총 보상체계에서 이연 급여(deferred compensation)나 연금(pension)과 같이 상대적으로 시간이 지난 후에 지급 받는 장기적 보상이 차지하는 비중이 증가함에 따라 기업의 이익 조정 및 회계 보수주의와 같은 회계 품질이 과연 유의미하게 변화하는 지를 WRDS Execucomp의 공개 데이터를 사용하여 미국 기업 중심으로 분석하였다. 이연 급여 및 연금에 관한 연구는 미국에서 Execucomp를 통해 CEO들이 받는 이연 급여 및 연금과 같은 장기적인 보상액수를 의무적으로 공시하기 시작한 2006년부터 활발하게 진행되었다. 하지만 현재까지는 주로 이연 급여 및 연금이 기업의 투자활동, 부채계약, 주가 등과 같은 재무활동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구들이 주를 이루었을 뿐, 회계의 질과 관련된 연구는 행해진 적이 없기에 본 논문의 연구대상으로 삼았다. 이연 급여 및 연금이 CEO의 총 보상체계에서 차지하는 비중이 늘어날수록 CEO들은 좀 더 보수적으로 기업을 운영하고자 투자안을 선택을 할 때에도 위험도가 상대적으로 낮은 대안을 선호한다는 최신 연구를 기반으로 하여 장기적 보상이 증가하면 기업의 이익 조정과 회계 보수주의가 낮아진다고 예상하였고 실제로 나온 실증 결과들도 이러한 예상과 일치하였다. 이연 급여와 연금의 비중이 증가할수록 회계 보수주의가 낮아진다는 결과는 결국 장기적인 보상과 회계 보수주의가 기업지배구조를 향상시키고 대리인 문제를 완화하는데 있어서 보완재가 아닌 대체재로 작용한다는 증거가 될 수 있다. 본 논문의 결과는 미국뿐만 아니라 한국을 포함한 여러 나라의 기업 및 정부들이 이상적인 CEO 보상체계를 설계함에 있어서 장단기 보상을 어떠한 방식으로 수정 및 조정을 해야 하는지에 대한 정책적 함의 또한 내포하고 있다.I. Introduction 5 II. Prior Literatures and Hypothesis Development 9 2.1. Positive view on CEO inside debt 11 2.2. Negative view on CEO inside debt 13 2.3. Linking CEO inside debt to accounting literatures 14 2.4. Hypothesis development 16 III. Sample Selection and Data 17 IV. Empirical Models and Results 19 4.1. Testing H1: Earnings management 21 4.2. Testing H2: Accounting conservatism 24 V. Additional Tests, Limitations, and Conclusion 27 REFERENCES 37Maste

Childhood Chronic Abdominal Pain Observed at A Single Community Hospital

Purpose: Childhood chronic abdominal pain(CAP) is not a rarely encountered problem, but there are a few recent studies about it in Korea and usually done in transfer hospital. I investigated its clinical characteristics to improve the management . Methods: I studied the medical records of children with CAP who had visited and studied at Department of Pediatrics, YongIn Severance Hospital from 2004 to 2007. Clinical features were reviewed retrospectively and organic causes were searched whenever they were suspected. Result: There were 64 patients with CAP. The number of patients from 6 to 8 years old were 44(66.7%) and teenage group were 6(9.7%). Male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Fifty nine patients(92.2%) had functional gastrointestinal disorder(FGD) and functional dyspepsia was most frequent among them. Organic diseases were found in 5 patients and 4 of them were over 10 years old. Follow up more than one time was done only in 5.1% of FGD. Conclusion: The main cause of CAP in children is FGD. Organic causes should be ruled out in teenage patients. Further improved management plan for it would be needed.ope

Pediatric Mycoplasma Pneumonia with Serum Transaminase Elevation at a Single Community Hospital

Purpose: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of community acquired pneumonia and may cause extra-pulmonary manifestations but a few investigation for its liver involvement had been done. The object of this study is to know its recent hepatic manifestations and their effect on prognosis. Methods: I collected the clinical informations of 174 mycoplasma pneumonia patients who had been admitted at the Department of Pediatrics , Yongin Severance Hospital, Yongin, Korea from January 2008 to December 2010. Hepatic involvement cases were defined with serum transaminase level[ 40 IU/mL and over in serum asparate aminotransferase(AST) or 45 IU/ mL and over in alanine aminotransferase(ALT)]. Their clinical characteristics, demographics, laboratory findings, biochemical profiles, treatment outcomes were analysed and compared with no hepatic involvement cases. Results: There were fifty-five cases(31.6%) with serum transaminase elevation among mycoplasma pneumonia children. Thirty cases of them (54.5%) were observed at 2010 year. Their age was 3.3± 2.4 years old and twenty-seven cases(49.1%) were younger than 3 years old. Almost half of them(47.3%) were found in spring. Male to female ratio was 1:1.2. Their nonrespiratory symptoms and sign were loss of appetite(81.8%), nausea(58.2%), vomiting(40.0%), hepatomegaly(9.1%). Almost all of them(90.1%) showed AST elevation only. Their AST and ALT level were 63.7± 56.9 IU/L and 37.8± 68.9 IU/L, respectively. Forty-three cases(78.5%) were discharged within 5 days. The transaminase elevation of 48 cases(87.3%) was recovered within ten days. Patients with hepatic manifestation were significantly younger(P=0.004), more frequent in spring(P=0.039) and not longer admission duration than patients without it. They were comparable with each other in terms of fever, white blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein elevation. Conclusion: It is frequently observed at very young age and in spring. Although it does not impact on prognosis, it should be kept in mind because its prevalence is not uncommon.prohibitio

항암치료의 후기 합병증

ope

Clinical Observation of Recurrent Parotitis in Children

prohibitio

Hypertransaminasemia in Childhood Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Purpose: Rotavirus (RV) infection can result in severe childhood gastroenteritis and its hepatic involvement is not uncommon. There is no recent domestic report for that since the introduction of RV vaccination. I did this study to know the update clinical features of hypertransaminasemia with childhood rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) for proper care. Methods: I collected the clinical informations of RVGE patients who had been admitted at the Department of Pediatrics, Yogin Severance Hospital from January 2012 to December 2015. RV antigen from stool was detected with an immunochromatography. Their data were investigated and compared by the type of hypertransaminasemia. Results: Hypertransaminasemia was found in 52 cases(80%) among 65 RVGE patients. Fortytwo patients showed serum aspartate transaminase (AST) elevation without serum alanine transaminase (ALT) elevation (AST group) and 10 patients had both of ALT and AST elevation (ALT group), and there was no other type. The patients with hypertransaminasemia were younger ( P =0.002) and showed lower tCO2 titer ( P =0.001), higher titer of serum BUN ( P =0.004) and uric acid ( P =0.014) than patients without it (NL group), but no significant difference was found for admission duration between them. Both AST group and ALT group were significantly younger and showed lower tCO2 titer, higher titer of serum BUN and uric acid than NL group. ALT group was younger than AST group ( P =0.025) and that was the only significant difference between them. There was no significant difference for admission duration between the three groups. Serum titer of ALT was positively correlated with that of AST (r=0.517, P =0.0002). Conclusion: Hypertransaminasemia is common in childhood RVGE. ALT and AST elevation are more frequently found in patients with younger age, more serious dehydration. Although they are not associated with acute prognosis in RVGE, the hepatic involvement should be cautioned during the initial care.prohibitio

Clinical Observation of Measles Outbreak in South-East Seoul Metropolitan Area

prohibitio