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    Studies on Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Fluorescent Water-Soluble Turn-on Diarylethene for Bio-imaging

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์˜.์ž๊ทน๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์„ผ์„œ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ „๋‹ฌ, ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๊ด‘ํ•™์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋น›์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ, ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ‘์ด‰์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ์ข์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์ ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋”์šฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ด๋ฏธ์ง•์—์„œ ๊ด‘๋ณ€์ƒ‰์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ˜•๊ด‘์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ˜•๊ด‘์„ ์ผœ๊ณ , ๋„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ˜•๊ด‘์ฒด์˜ ํ˜•๊ด‘์„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€ํ˜•๊ด‘๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ๋ช…์•”๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ณ€์ƒ‰์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ตฐ ์ค‘ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋กœ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ด์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น›์ž๊ทน์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ , ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋Š๋ ค์„œ ๋น›์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์–ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ ๋ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์€ ํ˜•๊ด‘์ฒด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์„ž์–ด์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ˜•๊ด‘์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ด์šฉ ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ˜•๊ด‘์ด ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ช…์•” ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•๊ด‘์ด ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์ด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฐœํŠธ ์ˆ™์„ฑ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ญ‰์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๋ถ„์ž๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์›์ธ ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜•๊ด‘์ด ๊บผ์ง€๋Š” ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•๊ด‘์ด ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜์™€ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ pKa ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ข์€ pH ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹จ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ์จ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ํ˜•๊ด‘์ฒด ์ผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์ ˆํ•œ๊ณ„์ธ 200 nm๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ํฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. Chapter 2 ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ pH ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฉํ•ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ํก์ˆ˜๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ์ˆ˜์œจ, ๋†’์€ ํ”ผ๋กœ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ, ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ™”์˜ ์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๋ช…์•” ๋น„์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ณ€์ƒ‰์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•… ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Chapter 3 ์—์„œ๋Š” Hela ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์„ Hela ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์— ํก์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ดˆ์  ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ณ€์ƒ‰์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์— ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๊ณ , ํ˜•๊ด‘์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊บผ์กŒ๋‹ค ์ผœ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ดˆ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ Hela ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์—์„œ pump-probe ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–‘์ „ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์— ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ณ€์ƒ‰ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ดˆ์  ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ด๋ฏธ์ง• ๋ฐ ์ดˆ๊ณ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1 ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ๊ด‘๋ณ€์ƒ‰์„ฑ ์›๋ฆฌ 1 1.2 ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ… 4 1.3 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ… 10 1.4 ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ 13 1.5 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉํ‘œ 16 1.6 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 19 Chapter 2 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ณ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€ 24 2.1 ๋„์ž… 24 2.2 ์‹คํ—˜ 28 2.3 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 40 2.4 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  68 2.5 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 69 Chapter 3 ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ์ด๋ฏธ์ง•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ณ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ๋””์•„๋ฆด์—ํ…์˜ ์‘์šฉ 71 3.1 ์„œ๋ก  71 3.2 ์‹คํ—˜ 75 3.3 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 80 3.4 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  98 3.5 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 99 Abstract in English 103Maste

    ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ (111) ์œ„์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ธ๋“ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ ๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    DoctorThe physical properties of low-dimensional systems such as surfaces and ultra-thin films can be largely different from those of corresponding bulks due partly to enhanced many-body interactions of their electrons. Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) has providedimportant and direct information on many-body interactions of such low-dimensional systems.In particular, the enhanced electron-phonon coupling (EPC) on metal surfaces and in metal quantum lms has been quantied by ARPES. These systems have played the role of model systems to investigate the EPC of low-dimensional materials in unprecedented accuracy anddetails. However, similar studies on semiconductor surfaces and nanostructures are quite few.Nevertheless, the EPC in semiconductor surfaces could be important to elucidate the interaction of electrons with a specic phonon mode and that in semiconductor nanostructures are crucial to understand their optical properties through the behavior of excitons and polarons.In order to contribute the understanding of EPC between 1D and 2D layers, we performed temperature-dependent ARPES measurements for the metallic In adlayers grown on the Si(111) surface. We quantied the electron-phonon coupling constants lambda's of the quasi 1D surface statesof the 4x1-In surface at one monolayer and the 2D surface states of the sqrt7xsqrt 3-In surfaceformed at a higher In thickness. The lambda values of the 2D surface states of the sqrt7xsqrt 3-In surfacevary between 0.8 and 1.0 being very close to that of bulk In, 0.9. This is thought to be related to the very much bulk-like density of states (DOS) characteristics of the double layersqrt7xsqrt 3-In structure disclosed in a recent theoretical study. This can also explain the relatively highsuperconducting transition temperature of this surface, which is fairly close to the bulk transition temperature. In sharp contrast, the electron-phonon coupling strength of the quasi-1D metallic surface states of the 4x1-In surface was found to be substantially enhanced from thebulk value as 1.3 and even 1.8 for an ideally 1D half-lled band. This enhancement can largely be explained by the enhanced DOS due to the change of the band (Fermi surface) geometry from 2D (or 3D) to quasi-1D and 1D. The role of the enhanced electron-phonon coupling of thehalf-lled metallic band in the periodicity-doubling metal-insulator transition is required to be investigated further, in particular, by theoretical calculations of the phonon spectrum and the Eliashberg function.Moreover, atomic and molecular defects for semiconductors nanowires have been intensivelystudied and expanded carbon-based materials, which often led to fascinating electronic properties. Especially defects can strongly correlate with exotic quantum states and aect the charge density waves (CDW) transition temperature, limit correlation lengths, pin CDW fluctuationand alter the eective dimensionality of the system. Thus a careful analysis of their role is necessary to understand the mechanism of the CDW formation in these 1D atomic wires. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the influence of the oxygen exposure on In atomic wires with increase transition temperature (Tc), we performed temperature-dependent and coverage-dependent low-energy electron diraction (LEED) and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments on Si(111)41-In surface with oxygen defects. So we observed the change in Tc of the structural phase transition of quasi-1D Si(111)4x1-In surface exposed the oxygen 6 L. Tc was found to be increased the oxygen 6 L, 170-180 K. Energydistribution curves (EDCs) of the measured ARPES are shifted to higher binding energy and opened band gap or reduced density of states with increased oxygen coverage and decreased temperature. Also the change of band lling in momentum distribution curves (MDCs) with increased oxygen coverage are obvious evidence of electron doping. Based on two possible causes suggested previous scanning tunneling microscopy studies, mobile defects or hole dopant, our results show the oxygen defects do not the role of hole dopant. We may suggest mechanism ofMIT that the oxygen defects locate at specic position on In wires and favor the new hexagon formation around oxygen defects with local strain and new phonon modes. But we cann't identify obviously mechanism of MIT with increased Tc due to lacks of theoretical and experimentalstudies.์ €์ฐจ์› ์ „์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณ„๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทน์†Œํ˜• ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ €์ฐจ์› ์ „์ž๊ณ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์—๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ธก์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์ง€๋˜ ์ด๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์ด ํฐ 3์ฐจ์› ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณ„์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œ„์— ์ž๊ธฐ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ 1์ฐจ์› ์›์ž๋ง‰์„ ๊ณผ 2์ฐจ์› ์›์ž๋ง‰๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ €์ฐจ์› ์ „์ž๊ณ„๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ €์ฐจ์› ์ „์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šคํ•€/์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ํŒŒ, ๋น„ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์•ก์ฒดํ˜„์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋””๋ฝ์ž…์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ €์ฐจ์› ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™”ํ•™์„ฑ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ €์ฐจ์›์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋„ํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ (111) ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์— ์ž๊ธฐ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ž ํ•œ์ธต ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ "2์ฐจ์› ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž๋ง‰"๊ณผ "1์ฐจ์› ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž์„ "์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ „์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ "1์ฐจ์› ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž์„ "์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ผ์ฐจ์› ๊ธˆ์† ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ 130 K ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ์ €์˜จ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ธˆ์† ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "1์ฐจ์› ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž์„ "์— ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "2์ฐจ์› ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž๋ง‰"์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทน์ €์˜จ์—์„œ 2์ฐจ์› ์ „์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ทน์ €์˜จ์—์„œ ์ดˆ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐํŒ์œ„์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž์„ /์›์ž๋ง‰๊ณ„์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  "๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ"์€ ๊ณง ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ํ•™์œˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ ๊ฐ๋„๋ถ„ํ•ด ๊ด‘์ „์ž ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž์„ /์›์ž๋ง‰ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž์„ ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž์„ ์˜ ๊ด‘์ „์ž ๋ถ„๊ด‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐด๋“œ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ฌ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ๋‘๊ป˜๋Š” ์ „์ž์™€ ํฌ๋…ผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž๋ง‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ด์ „์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ธ๋“ ์›์ž์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๊ฐ’ ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํผ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ๋ฉด์˜ ์ฐจ์›์ด 1์ฐจ์›์—์„œ 2์ฐจ์›, 3์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์ž์™€ ํฌ๋…ผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ ์  ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ „์ž ๋ฐด๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ „์ž์™€ ํฌ๋…ผ์˜ ์—ญํ™œ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ ์›์ž์„  ์œ„์— ํก์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€ ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ, ์ˆ˜์†Œ, ์ธ๋“ ๋“ฑ์€ ์›์ž์„  ์œ„์— ํก์ฐฉ๋˜์–ด 130 K ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ๋„ ์›์ž์„ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์˜จ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํก์ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ 130 K ์œ„์—์„œ๋„ ์›์ž์„ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ €์˜จ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ „์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ ๊ด‘์ „์ž ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํก์ฐฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ๋น„๊ธˆ์†์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์ „์ด์˜จ๋„๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น„๊ธˆ์† ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์ด ์›์ž์„ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์›์ž์„ ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ํฌ๋…ผ์˜ ์—ญํ™œ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ ์ด ํฌ๋…ผ์˜ ์—ญํ™œ์„ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ์ด ๋” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์›์ž์„ ๊ณผ ์›์ž๋ง‰ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์—๋Š” ์ „์ž์™€ ํฌ๋…ผ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‹ค์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๋ฐ€๋„ํŒŒ, ์ดˆ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ €์ฐจ์› ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋ก ์ , ์‹คํ—˜์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค
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